pre-Islamic Times Research Articles

Implementation of Islamic Inheritance Law: Study of History, Law and Its Principles

Islamic inheritance plays a pivotal role in Islamic teachings, holding significant importance. Within certain Muslim societies, conflicts often emerge among heirs regarding the distribution of inheritance. Consequently, it becomes imperative for the Muslim community to comprehend the intricacies of inheritance in Islam. This study conducts a literature review to delve into the subject matter. The authors gather data through a comprehensive search of various books, articles, and scholarly works. The findings of the study elucidate the extensive historical practice of Islamic inheritance, dating back to pre-Islamic times and the revelation of the Qur'an. In the practical implementation of Islamic inheritance, it becomes essential to understand the legal framework, principles, and related aspects such as pillars, conditions, causes, and barriers.

Perkembangan Ilmu Kaligrafi Pada Masa Pra-Islam

The science of calligraphy appeared in pre-Islamic times, because of the writings around the walls of the Kaaba called Al-Mu'allaqat. However, at that time the Arabs preferred their minds and memories to remember something rather than write. This research uses literature study, in which the researcher takes references from several books and journals related to research. The results of this study show that, in pre-Islamic times, the science of calligraphy was not of interest to the Arabs. However, after the arrival of Islam, calligraphy became one of the Islamic arts. Because the science of calligraphy has a very big influence on the writing of the Qur'an. Until now there are many calligraphy sciences that have developed greatly such as Tsulus, Naskhi, Diwani, Rayhani, Pharisees, Diwani Jali, Kufi, Riq'a

Praktik Asketisme Pra Islam dan Rekonsiliasi terhadap Islamisasi di Gunung Kumbang, Brebes, Jawa Tengah (Abad XVI-XXI M)

Mount Kumbang, located in Ketanggungan Subdistrict, Brebes Regency, has been utilized as a site for ascetic practices since pre-Islamic times up to the present. This research aims to discuss the transition of ascetic practices due to Islamization on the slopes of Mount Kumbang from the 16th century to the present. The research focuses on the narrative of the encounter between pre-Islamic asceticism and Islamization, the forms of cultural reconciliation between pre-Islamic traditions and Islam, and how the ascetic community on Mount Kumbang has been politically portrayed in the process of Islamization. The historical method, encompassing heuristic processes, criticism, interpretation, and historiography, was employed in this research. The results demonstrate that the encounter between pre-Islamic asceticism and Islamization proceeded peacefully and was full of reconciliation. The narrative of Islamization and pre-Islamic asceticism appears in the "Babad Cirebon" and local folklore, which recount the continuation of ascetic traditions such as meditation practiced by Islamic disseminators on Mount Kumbang. Cultural reconciliation between pre-Islamic asceticism and Islamization is also evident in historical narratives, oral sources, and the culture of the community on the slopes of Mount Kumbang, such as taboos, the "ngasa" ritual, and religious practices that exhibit archaic characteristics and are well-documented in historical sources from both the colonial period and the present. The ascetic community has also politically contributed to Islamization by being portrayed as peacefully accepting Islamization, albeit not fully in its entirety. The ascetic community has been utilized as agents to depict the acceptance of Islam, even though it was not shown through perfect Islamic practices. The conclusion of this research indicates the continuity of ascetic practices from pre-Islamic traditions to Islamic traditions, as recorded in historical sources from the Islamic, colonial, and contemporary periods.

Riba dalam Al-Qur’an: Analisis Komparatif Muhammad Abduh dan Quraish Shihab

Usury "excess" is a transaction that scholars firmly agree on its prohibition. The problem then is whether every double (adh'âfan mudh'afah) is categorised as usury, this then raises various interpretations by the mufassir both classical and contemporary scholars today. This research seeks to explore the concept of usury according to the understanding of Muhammad Abduh as the foundation of modern-contemporary tafsir and M. Quraish Shihab as a contemporary tafsir. This type of research is library research (librari reseach) with a descriptive-comparative research model, and focuses on tafsir Al-Manar and tafsir Al-Mishbah as primary sources. While tafsir books, articles-journals, dictionaries, web pages, as secondary sources. The results showed that Muhammad Abduh argued that usury is forbidden which is multiple and contains elements of exploitation as it happened in pre-Islamic times. And he allows usury that contains benefits. While M. Quraish Shihab interprets usury as "excess" which contains elements of persecution and oppression so it is prohibited. Both agree on the dangers posed by usury and even Shihab quotes Abduh's expression that the usurer can be considered a disbeliever.

The Evolution of 'Kafir' in the Qur’an: A Diachronic Study on the Socio-Political Influences Shaping Its Meaning

The term 'kafir' in the Qur’an possesses a complex meaning, which is one of the most pivotal elements of the Qur’an, influenced by the context from the time of revelation to the practice of the interpretive community. Considering the element of time, the meaning of 'kafir' has changed over the years; it is dynamic and dependent on temporal, spatial, and socio-political contexts. This paper explores the historical-critical changes in the meaning of 'kafir' over time, known as a diachronic study, by considering the socio-political backgrounds accompanying these emerging meanings. The objective of this paper is to foster a more comprehensive understanding of 'kafir' as a dynamic and discursive term throughout history. The findings indicate that with the continuous evolution of context, different understandings and meanings have surfaced, rendering the meaning of 'kafir' fluid. The term dates back to pre-Islamic times and was later used in the Qur’an within a new conceptual framework. Within the interpretive community, political divisions in the first centuries of Islam contributed to diverse meanings of 'kafir.' In the modern era, the predominance of the nation-state concept has brought the term 'kafir' into debates concerning the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims and their status within the nation-state. This type of historically grounded diachronic study helps to avoid essentialism in the study of historically significant terms and concepts related to Muslim societies, which are still often examined in popular academic discourse.

Peran Gender Dalam Masyarakat Arab Pra-Islam

The term gender has been heard by many people, but there are nevertheless many people who do not really understand the term correctly. Gender Equality is one of the problems that is generally often discussed by people to accompany the development of contemporary thinking, both inside the pre-Islamic period and in the period after the arrival of Islam. This paper discusses how gender roles were in the pre-Islamic period which at that time was still very thick with patriarchal culture. And the technique used in this study is within the shape of a literature study, namely by using data sources through literature data such as journals, articles, and internet sites without having to conduct interviews and observations to the field. The result of this paper is that inside the pre-Islamic times of arab society the women were in a time of disgrace and were so demeaned that they became a symbol of the scum and filth of society in that era, but everything changed When the Messenger of Rasulullah SAW came to bring islam to this world, and in those days it positioned women in a noble place. Which means that among men and women there's no distinction when in social life.

A narrative about the Defense of Muslim Sacred Space in Arab Folklore of the Modern Era

For many centuries, the history of the Levant and Arabia have been marked by the conflicts for control of sacred spaces between representatives of various faiths, and this confrontation continues to this day. One of the most intense periods of this struggle was the era of the Crusades, the study of the memory of which in folklore sources is an important scientific task. Of significant interest in this case is the narrative about the defense of Muslim sacred space, which developed in the socalled Arabic Folk Epics. Although the threat to sacred space in this type of sources often comes not from the Franks (ifranj), but from the Byzantines (rūm), and the action itself in some monuments takes place in pre-Islamic times, the whole complex of stories about the threat to sacred space in Folk Epics can be considered an echo of the Crusades. The Franks and Byzantines in the Epics regularly threaten both Jerusalem and Mecca. It can also be assumed with a high degree of confidence that, thanks to the great popularity of Folk Epics in the Modern Era, the idea of a European threat to Muslim sacred space survived in the collective memory of the Arabs of Egypt and the Levant until the 19th century.

Employing Characters in the (Shayout's Novel) By (Hatem Hussein Hatem): Study in Narrative Mechanism

The Arabic novel has witnessed great demand at the present time by readers, critics, and researchers. This is due to the importance of the novel; In that it was one of the most famous types of prose literary arts in absorbing reality and portraying it in a brilliant artistic manner. Given the remarkable development that the Saudi novel has witnessed and its prominent position in the Arab literary space; I devoted my studies to talking about a novel from Najran literature (Shayuot) by the writer (Hatem Hussein Hatem). In my research, I focused on the personality element. Its role in constructing the novel and presenting its events. It also focused on the mechanisms of recruiting the main characters in the novel, and the relationship of the character element to other narrative elements: (place, time, language, and plot). Based on the structural approach; In that it was the most appropriate method for analyzing and studying fictional works. In this study, I tried to answer the following problems: Mechanisms for the writer’s use of novel characters in his novel? How were the main characters embodied in the novel?  The extent to which the writer linked the main characters of the novel to the other artistic elements of the narrative, and how did that linking affect the pace of narration in the novel? Research goals:  Introduction to storytelling, and clarifying the elements of narrative in the Arabic novel.  The study of the character in the Arabic novel: its concept, its dimensions.  Extrapolation of the main characters in the novel (Shayout) by Hatem Hussein Hatem.  Clarification of the character's relationship - being an essential element of the narrative - to other narrative elements (place, language, events).  Revive the Najran environment by revealing the accent, and the Najran heritage of the main characters in the novel. Research literature: The idea of the project has come to support the link between literature and society, as the specialized studies in Najran literature are almost too few, including:  The Poetry Movement in Najran in Pre-Islamic times and the beginning of Islam, Fayza Raddad Al-Otaibi, published by the Najran Literary Club 1430 (published master’s thesis).  Boys' games in ancient Arabic poetry and the extent to which they are associated with Najran games in modern times, Dr. Essam Muhammad Qabisi, Dr. Zuhair bin Hassan al-Omari, Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Fayoum, 2014.  The Proverbs of Najran region: Objective study, Dr. Zuhair bin Hassan Al-Omari, Journal of the Faculty of Dar Al-Ulum, Cairo University, 2016.  Zaid bin Abdul Madan Al-Najrani: His political role and literary heritage between two times, Dr. Awad bin Abdullah bin Nahi, dr. Essam Muhammad Qabisi, Journal of the University of Pesha for Humanities, 2022. Research curriculum: In my study, I relied on the structural curriculum and the analytical curriculum; In clarifying the mechanisms for the recruitment of narrative elements, the character's relationship with other narrative elements, as well as the use of some other curricula, such as psychological curriculum and descriptive; who help reach the depths of the novelist's character and analyze it. Research Plan:  First topic, the concept of narrative, and the definition of its elements.  The second topic: Character concept, dimensions.  Third topic: The main characters, and their dimensions in Shyuot's novel.  Fourth topic: The relationship between characters and other narrative elements.  Fifth topic: Reviving the Najran environment in the Shyuot novel.  Then the conclusion: with the most important conclusions and recommendations, and then indexes.

The ramparts of Khaybar. Multiproxy investigation for reconstructing a Bronze Age walled oasis in Northwest Arabia

The multidisciplinary investigation carried out between 2020 and 2023 by the Khaybar Longue Durée Archaeological Project (CNRS-RCU-AFALULA) demonstrates that the Khaybar Oasis was entirely enclosed by a rampart in pre-Islamic times, like several other large regional walled oases in north-western Arabia (Tayma, Qurayyah, Hait, etc.). The cross-referencing of survey and remote sensing data, architectural examinations and the dating of stratified contexts have revealed a rampart initially some 14.5 km long, generally between 1.70 m and 2.40 m thick, reinforced by 180 bastions. Preserved today over just under half of the original route (41 %, 5.9 km and 74 bastions), this rampart dates back to the Bronze Age, between 2250 and 1950 BCE, and had never been detected before due to the profound reworking of the local desert landscape over time. This crucial discovery confirms the rise of a walled oasis complex in northern Arabia during the Bronze Age, a trend that proved to be central to the creation of indigenous social and political complexity.

Worldview, Strategy, and Strategic Principles in Three Muslim Military Treatises

This study looks into the origins of strategy in Islām and its development from metaphysical, historiographical, and textual perspectives. Corresponding “strategy” with the terms siyāsah, ḥiyal, and tadbīr in Muslim lexicology, it uses semantic field analysis to examine how the term and concept have been used by the Muslims, particularly within the Sunnī-Ashʿarite metaphysical framework. Historiographical method is used to examine the development of strategy from pre-Islamic times, during the Prophetic period, and in the significant periods of the ʿAbbasid-Ayyūbid partnership and the beginning of the Timūrid era. The study also examines the text of three Muslim military treatises, each representing a different Muslim era in order to postulate the existence of an Islamic military tradition. Finally, the study analyses interpretatively the recurrent themes across the selected works and summarises them into strategic principles.

The Image of the Woman in the Poetry of al-Sharīf al-Raḍī

Abstract From pre-Islamic times onwards, the themes of love and the beauty of women occupied a prominent place in Arabic poetry. This article seeks to describe the image of the woman in the poetry of the prominent Abbasid-era poet, al-Sharīf al-Raḍī. It begins with a discussion of love poetry in Arabic in general, from pre-Islamic times until the era of al-Raḍī in the 4th/10th century. Attention is given to the various techniques employed by poets to describe and praise the beloved as well as to the developments witnessed by this genre, especially during the Umayyad and early Abassid eras. Following a biographical sketch of al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, the article proceeds to discuss his relationship to women, in all its different manifestations, with particular attention to his Hijāziyyāt, poems of passion and longing. The article concludes with the opinions of both medieval and modern critics of al-Raḍī’s poetry. Al-Raḍī is seen as an accomplished poet who successfully combined the beauty of the nomadic world with the refinement of civilization.

دور هعهذ األكاديوي ضياء تٌيادوف للذراسات الشرقية تأكاديوية أررتيداى الىطٌية للعلىم في دراسة األدب العرتي خارج الىطي العرتي

Language‟s definition varies in the literature. One of the most accurate definitions of language is that the language is the voice through which people express their purpose, it is a tool for communication, understanding and interaction between people, and this is a phenomenon that reflects human knowledge and culture. At the same time, it is a powerful factor that animates people and helps them to develop and thrive. The beauty of the language is reflected in examples of poetry and prose of folk literature. It is one of the most famous and widely spoken languages in the world. Arabic is the language of science and culture and helps to transmit religious, scientific and literary knowledge throughout history. There is no doubt that Arabic literature emphasizes the beauty of the Arabic language from preIslamic times to the present day. Arabic literature attracts the attention of the whole world, both ancient and modern. One of the countries where the Arabic language and its literature is taught is Azerbaijan. There are universities and institutes that contain faculties of Arabic literature and its departments. One of the scientific institutions that study the Arabic literature is the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Ziya Bunyadov of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. It should be noted that the most important results of scientific research and books of the Institute are used in educational institutions within the country and abroad.

The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith

Abstract Scholarly debate on the nature of the Hajj before Muhammad and radical questions of whether Mecca was a ritual site at all in pre-Islamic times are answerable from the large corpus of pre-Islamic poetry, which has been underutilised as a source for pre-Islamic history. This paper reveals the poetry to be both a reliable and valuable witness. It demonstrates that the Hajj was performed in the generation before Muhammad in substantially similar terms to subsequent Muslim practice. Some modifications and shifts are discernible, but ritual continuity emerges as a major theme. The poetry also underscores the restricted ambit of the pre-Islamic Hajj: we uncover a highly-localised ritual followed primarily by groups living near Mecca – the expansion of the Hajj into a pan-Arabian phenomenon with an intimate role in informing communal identity and political power are new in the Islamic period. This paper closes with comparison of the poetry and hadith on the Hajj, which reveals a major Muslim-era reinterpretation of the pilgrimage as an Abrahamic rite.

Slavery in First Millennium Arabia: Epigraphy and the Qurʾān

Abstract It is commonly assumed that slavery was a widespread practice in pre-Islamic Arabia. This assumption is based on references to enslaved people in the Qurʾān. At the same time, it replicates biased accounts of the region’s inhabitants found in (mostly Graeco-Roman) “external” sources. Finally, the claim builds on the existence of “societies with slaves”' and “slave societies” in the surroundings of late antique Arabia. No thorough attempt to examine slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia has been carried out by engaging with the abundant epigraphical records. People in subordinate positions towards other men could carve inscriptions in bronze and leave them in temples (which were open to people of all stations), but it is unclear if these people should be considered “servants” or “enslaved people”. As such, it is impossible to tell if the people mentioned as ʿbd, for example, offered their services as servants or were obliged to do so and worked against their will as enslaved people. Prisoners and privileged guests at royal courts were often one and the same. The presence of captives in these inscriptions points to the fact that some people were bought or sold as personal property in the first millennium. As religious and secular practices overlapped in ancient times, bronze votive inscriptions should not be considered mere votive objects but as holding legal value with a profound ceremonial role in the correct functioning of the stratified society of pre-Islamic South Arabia. In continuity with pre-Islamic times, the Qur’ān regards servants as part of the master’s household and the community of the believers (Ummah): Islam was neither a rupture nor an alien product in the region.

The Sin, Evil, Ugliness and Horror of Blue: Blue Eyes in 14th-15th Century Divan Poetry

In Turkish poetic and prose works written during the 14th and 15th centuries, the blue eye color was synonymous with danger, hatred, repulsion and wickedness, both in this world and in the afterlife. According to some stories and texts, blue eyes, which the Turks accepted as sacred, chosen, and superior in pre-Islamic times, became associated with liars, sinners, terrifying, wicked, and ruthless people and beings in Turkish poetic and prose works written in and outside of Anatolia during the 14th and 15th centuries. This article traces the use of blue eyes in 14th and 15th century Divan poetry. First, the works that depict blueeyed wicked, terrifying, ruthless, ugly, and deceitful characters and beings are identified. Later, the reason behind this notable negative attitude towards blue eyes is explored and revealed by examining its origins.

ظاهرة التعريب في لغة هوسا

Arabization is one of the manifestations of the convergence of the Arabic language with other languages at the level of vocabulary. It is also a genius means of enriching the language. It is a unique phenomenon that enriches verbal wealth in any scientific or social field. Arabization is not a new phenomenon in the Arabic language because it was not an isolated area in the Arab nation. In pre-Islamic times, it was used for connections with neighboring nations, such as the Persians, Ethiopians, Romans, Syriacs, Nabataeans, and others. Naturally, this contact was followed by linguistic friction between Arabic and the languages of those nations. The circumstances led to many other languages borrowing words from Arabic. Hausa is a clear example where a large diction of Arabic loaned words is in use. Arabization is a long-standing communicative relationship between the Arabs and the Hausas. The abundance of Arabization in the Hausa language is due to three things: (i) commercial activities and relationships, (ii) the spread of the Hausa language and its place in academia, and (iii) religious activities. So far, Arabic loan words are being used in the Hausa language, covering varieties of socio-economic domains of life.

Rising Star Paradigms: Encoding Seasonal Times in Arabic Sajʿa Rhymes

An ancient art form which may have predated classical Arabic poetry, Arabic rhymed prose—a piece of which is called sajʿa—contains a rhyme at the end of each phrase, but no internal meter, making it easy to memorize and transmit orally. This form of Arabic literature found many uses in pre-Islamic times for orations and in early Islamic times for both religious formulaic practices and secular aphorisms. Among these was a growing set of maxims that used rhymed prose to describe the seasonal conditions that occurred at the heliacal rising of a star or asterism. These pieces of rhymed prose addressed changes in the weather itself, as well as floral, faunal, and social behaviour that occurred during this time. This collection of astronomically-inspired rhymed prose grew over time to incorporate more star names and new rhymed phrases within many of the pieces. This paper draws from original Abbasid-era Arabic sources—including Quṭrub (d. 821 CE), Ibn Qutayba (d. 889 CE) and his contemporary Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 896 CE), and al-Marzūqī (d. 1030 CE)—to provide insight into the content and structure of these pieces of rhymed prose, using the stars of the Scorpion (al-ʿaqrab) as a representative sample.

Historiografi Islam

In pre-Islamic times, the Arab people did not record the historical events they experienced; instead, they relied on memorization and oral traditions to preserve information related to their history. As time progressed, Islamic historiography emerged in the writing of Islamic history. Based on what has been stated, the author tends to write about Islamic historiography. This research is a type of library research. The analysis is conducted by collecting, exploring, and focusing on the substance of Islamic historical data related to the development of Islamic historiography. In its development, Islamic historiography consists of several stages or periods, namely the early stage, middle stage, early modern stage, and modern stage. Each stage has its own prominent figures. Moreover, in the writing of Islamic history, various polemics exist, including those related to the credibility of sources, differences in perspectives and interpretations, and the use of history for political purposes. Through Islamic historiography, historians are able to identify important events in Islamic history that have influenced the development of political and social culture, the effects of which can still be felt today.
 Keyword: Historiography, Islam, History

Sejarah Perkembangan Pendidikan Islam dari Masa ke Masa

Indonesian Islamic education is dynamic and in line with the educational progress of Islamic communities in other countries. With a history dating back 1400 years, it dates back to the 13th and 17th centuries and was a form of education. Modernization is needed in Indonesian Islamic educational institutions to improve living conditions and address social problems, offering a variety of benefits and capabilities. The aim of this research is to find out and understand the growth and development of Islamic education from pre-Islamic times to the present and to establish the relevance between the past, present and future in Islamic education. The research method uses literature study methods to understand the subject of the development of Islamic education. Data collection method through documents. This study is consistent with data collection using documents. The Ministry of Islamic Education introduces Islamic education, focusing on the development of modern individuals and Islamic knowledge. Despite challenges such as discrimination and religious diversity, the government has implemented policies to improve Islamic education. Islamic education, which is based on hadith and the Koran, has a long history in Indonesia. The Ministry of Religion established religion in 1946, solving problems related to education, and establishing national government. Globalization changes the direction and goals of Islamic education, developing critical thinking skills.

Interpretation of Hadith-Sunnah from Schacht's Perspective: Multidisciplinary Study

This article aims to clarify that there is a group of people who study hadith but differ from the majority of hadith scholars. Some of them argue that most of the sunnahs or hadiths are incorrect, the authenticity of the hadiths is doubtful as the words of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, because according to him hadiths are only the result of the interaction of various schools of thought and trends which later emerged in Islamic society during their maturity. Schacht believes that the Sunnah has nothing to do with the Prophet, but is only the result of the culture of Middle Eastern (Arab) society which was renewed and continued by Muslims and then attributed to the Muhammad. Schacht said, the sunnah of the Prophet was not fully translated into the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad separately. The Tabi'in version of the hadith is considered more complete than the hadith of the Companions so that its existence is doubted. Researchers in writing use a type of library research, which is to collect material in the form of scientific papers with literary research objects to solve problems, especially focusing on a comprehensive study of related literal data. The results of this study indicate that Schacht's view of sunnah states that sunnah does not originate from the Prophet but is a tradition adopted from pre-Islamic times. Meanwhile, according to hadith experts, as-sunnah and haqul hadith are sure that they came from the Prophet, not from outside Islam, so that it can be seen in the substance of the hadith and as-sunnah which are never the same as the contents of other books. Hadith and sunnah are very much in accordance with the values ​​and rules in the Koran. The position of the Prophet has a role as a legislator based on God's revelation, not following the traditions and customs of his forefathers.