Pre-independence Era Research Articles

Changing public policy on expenditure in Namibia after independence and its impact on healthcare and education

In this paper, we examined whether changes in fiscal measures through increasing government expenditure on education and healthcare services adopted after independence has made significant impact on the welfare of the Namibian people. Time series data from Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education of Government of Namibia, Namibia Statistics Agency and World Bank during the period between 1980 and 2015 has been used for the purpose of analysis. A comparison of growth in such expenditures, GDP and other human development indicators has been made between the pre- and post-independence periods. Finally, impacts of changes in healthcare and education expenditure on reduction in mortality, increase in life expectancy at birth, rising literacy and growth of people acquiring higher/technical education, etc. have been examined by using regression analysis. It is revealed that the Namibian people are better off now as compared to the pre-independence era. However, policy changes adopted at the time of independence has not been highly successful in transforming life of the Namibian people as expected. There are still a lot of scopes for the improvement of fiscal management in the country.

Changing public policy on expenditure in Namibia after independence and its impact on healthcare and education

In this paper, we examined whether changes in fiscal measures through increasing government expenditure on education and healthcare services adopted after independence has made significant impact on the welfare of the Namibian people. Time series data from Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education of Government of Namibia, Namibia Statistics Agency and World Bank during the period between 1980 and 2015 has been used for the purpose of analysis. A comparison of growth in such expenditures, GDP and other human development indicators has been made between the pre- and post-independence periods. Finally, impacts of changes in healthcare and education expenditure on reduction in mortality, increase in life expectancy at birth, rising literacy and growth of people acquiring higher/technical education, etc. have been examined by using regression analysis. It is revealed that the Namibian people are better off now as compared to the pre-independence era. However, policy changes adopted at the time of independence has not been highly successful in transforming life of the Namibian people as expected. There are still a lot of scopes for the improvement of fiscal management in the country.

"Focus in Your Study and Don't Worry": Exploring the Roles of Student Mother in Higher Education Institution in Malaysia

The role of a mother alone is very challenging. With an additional role as a student or a worker add more burden to them. It is undeniable that Malaysian women in the 21st century has more roles than women in the pre-independent era. Nowadays, women have equal opportunities to work and pursue higher education like men. The need to provide quality life to the children has also encouraged women to contribute more in the family income. Despite the multiple roles play by women, the household tasks are still managed by them. For this phenomenological research, in-depth interviews were conducted with two participants who studied in public university in Malaysia. By using thematic analysis, four themes were emerged from this study. The themes were challenges, role management, assistance/support and coping strategies. In this study, the major challenge was to balance the role of mother and student. But whatever challenges they faced; family was their priority. Furthermore, spousal support also helped the mothers in managing their multiple roles. From the findings, it is hoped that it gives some insights on the type of support that student mother needs and ways of coping in challenging situation.

PESANTREN: ANTARA ORIENTALISME DAN OKSIDENTALISME

From modern perspective, pesantren are often regarded as the basis of resistance to modernization that is often associated with the West. This resistance comes from the strong roots of the pesantren as a subculture. This study attempts to elaborate on how the pesantren's view of the West as a part of occidentalism. Using literary sources and content analysis methods, this study has resulted several conclusions. First, in the pre-independence era where the West was represented by the Dutch, The West had a bad image among the pesantrens. The Dutch was viewed as invaders who exploit people and stab them from behind. In addition, with public schools filled with aristocrats, the Netherlands became a competitor to civil education which was rooted in community based pesantren education. On the other hand, from the standpoint of religion, pesantren viewed the West as infidels

Indigenous Management Practices- A Case Study on Street Vendors

Street vending a very ancient and critical occupation found in each and every country with far reaching economic and social impact. Even before the pre independence era, in India, street vending was by far the only recourse to sales activities in an informal space. Even to this day in smaller semi urban localities and pockets of the country we see a congregation of sellers and buyers getting together in vacant spaces for an informal marketing activity. They are called by various names as in sandy bazaars, santhe’s etc which could happen once a week in most places. Not just food, every possible and essential good and in certain cases services are also bought and sold here. While there is a lot of study on formal sales management, marketing mix, product life cycles stages and a plethora of marketing concept, this street vendors business management have been given very little thought and study. In the absence of a shop, any perceivable brand building exercises, advertisements the street vendor is successful in getting very good returns on the minimal capital expenditure invested. This paper is a case study approach to viewing the successful business practices of street vendors. How do these street vendors manage competition amongst them and still continue to attract a growing numbers of customers. Certain sellers have become brands in themselves for certain unique services they offer and able to sustain their product and service through the years successfully. In this paper, we have discussed certain critical practices of street vendors that could be of much use in furthering management theories and practices.

EKSISTENSI PARTAI POLITIK DI INDONESIA MASA PRA DAN PASCA KEMERDEKAAN

The political system in Indonesia always has a close relationship with political parties. Basically, the emergence of political parties is the actualization of the various sects or political views that lie behind them. Through a theoretical and law approach, this paper discusses the existence of political parties in Indonesia, especially in the pre and post independence period. The author concludes that in terms of basic ideological aspects, the emergence of Indonesian political parties in the pre-independence era is the actualization of three political streams or views that found momentum in the 20th century. The three streams referred to are Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism/Socialism. After the proclamation of independence, the emergence of the concept of multiple parties gave rise to several new political parties. The formation of political parties after the proclamation of independence is often based on the values or principles of divinity, nationality, and Marxism. However, this does not prevent the emergence of parties that were born based on values or other principles.

Godan, The Film: What It Replicates and What It Hides

The present research paper compares the novel Godan by Munshi Premchand written in 1936 in pre independence era and the film directed by Trilok Jetly in 1962 in post independence era. It simply underlines the scene, plot, persons and events etc. the cinema replicates or hides. Literature and cinema seems to have one similar motif or seems to work on the similar ground that is to reflect society. Literature doesn’t lie but “not mentioning something” or “saying it in different way” also ruins history. Generally we consider literature as a piece of history and what is written in it, we take it as a reality or truth. And if this literature dosent mentions anything we don’t think it ever exit or nothing worthy of considering. But is this the only truth? isn’t there not a world beyond literature? There is a very big scenario outside the frame of literature, which the so called literary persons forget to mention. About the cinema also we have the same formation, we think that what it shows reflects reality or is strongly influenced by the reality. And cinema has one big advantage of reaching out to the largest amount of people. It has the tremendous amount of audience compared to literature. It can influence people in a great amount. The adaptation of literary classics to films has surged as one of the most appealing topics in the twenty-first century in interdisciplinary studies. Literature and Cinema both are an inevitable part like the heart of the society. They are known as the mirror which reflects the true and somehow in some extent the actual image of the society. They are always influenced by and to the society. The book Godan, a masterpiece in which the theme of social evil’s is successfully depicted and marvelously knitted around the novel is all about the sensibility of lack of humanity, famine, poverty and exploitation of Indian peasantry.

‘Think imperially’: Indian journalists’ goodwill visits to White Australia, 1927 and 1947

ABSTRACTAcademic research on the White Australia Policy has spanned the history of Asian migration and policy-making initiatives in Australia. However, the role of popular transnational media images and stories of the past that inform the socio-cultural understanding of Australia–India cross-cultural relations has been under evaluated. In this paper, using unexplored archival material from popular newspaper reports and columns, I will examine the ‘goodwill visits’ of two Indian journalists, K. K. Lalkaka and Sir R. Srinivasa Sarma, to Australia in 1927 and 1947. By assessing the role of these two journalists, this paper will highlight transnational issues such as migration, ethnicity, race, class and trade between the two countries. Borrowing from Vineet Thakur’s research highlighting the role of first diplomats in the pre-independence era India, this article will contribute to the field of history in Indian diplomatic studies and historiography of Australian–Indian cross-cultural relations.

Bridge loading in Malaysia : past, present and the future

A rapid growth of development in our country has demanded our road network to be expanded over the last few decades. To cope with rapid development, the transport industry has deployed larger vehicles with heavier axle loads. In many instances, the level of services of our road network governed by the bridge load capacity. Since pre-independence era, our bridges have been designed based on the British Code. Begin with British developed code of DSIR at early 20s to British Code (BS) and eventually to Eurocode, our bridge loadings have been evolved substantially. In the midst of foreign code, our National Axle Load study conducted in mid 80s has also marked a significant finding to our local bridge capacity in which three major groups of load carrying capacity have emerged from namely STAL, MTAL and LTAL. This paper presents the journey of our local bridge loading code of practice and the corresponding impact to the structural design and construction. Comparisons are made as early as in 20s at the time where the code was based on British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) to the early age of British Code and to the migration of Eurocode. A typical concrete bridge deck spanning of 20m to 60m are modeled and analyzed with respective live loading derived from these established code of practice. Discussion on the way forward of implementing the Eurocode into our local design practices are also included.

The Trajectories of Science Education in Nigeria and its Challenge to Sustainable Development

The paper reviewed science education in Nigeria from the pre-independent era to date and its challenge to sustainable development. The various efforts of the government and other stakeholders at developing science education were highlighted in the paper. It was argued that science education is crucial to the sustainable development of a nation. However, achieving sustainable development in Nigeria has been difficult due to the challenge of the quality teacher. Most teachers have poor knowledge of integrating technologies in teaching and also do not have an adequate understanding of authentic learning in science. The review considered the teacher as a link between science education and sustainable development. The article was of the view that the solution to the challenge is teacher possessing adequate technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Others include teacher enhancing the scientific literacy of students and critical thinking skills.

Santri dan Nasionalisme

This Paper clarifies the close connection between santri and nationalism. Asking the nationalism of santri it means forgetting the history of NKRI (Unitarian State of Indonesia). The history book of indonesia from colonial era or pre-independence era, independence era to post-independence era told the big contribution of santri in all era. Pesantren as the genuine institution of islamic education in indonesia which creates santri was built for educating indonesian resources. So, nationalism for santri as graduate of pesantren is contributes in various filelds of life in Indonesia. Keywords: Santri, Nasionalism, Indonesia

Emerging volunteerism for Indonesian millennial generation: Volunteer participation and responsibility

ABSTRACTVoluntary activities have been a part of Indonesian society since the pre-independence era until now. Volunteerism began implemented effectively in many countries after the Second World War, including in Indonesia. Currently, voluntary activities have grown in the community social life, especially volunteer involvement in the festival event. This article explores the involvement of young volunteers in the Krakatau Festival. The data were collected from the volunteers who were involved in the festivals. An ethnographic approach implemented to reveal the engagement of the individual during the event conducted. This article identifies the festival as a medium for young volunteers to strengthen self-civic virtue in the life of the millennial generation participation in the community. The result shows that young millennial generation’s activities cannot be separated from engagement with information technology, which can be used to strengthen social integration, active participation, and responsibility.

Ghanaian Educational System: A Deviation from Cultural and Socioeconomic Structure; A Bane for Unemployment

There is a growing concern of youth unemployment among tertiary graduates. Skills acquired in school provide an opportunity to grab. Unemployment sounds unusual in the preindependent colonial era when people learn the trade of the family. After independence, schooling for government jobs became a mantra. There is a shift from the culture and socioeconomic structure to governmental employment structure. This study determines how the population structure is outpacing public government business creating employment deficit and how the curriculum is defeating entrepreneurial development in Ghana. The literature is reviewed, and discussion with students as focused group addresses the unemployment problem. The study concludes that the educational curriculum that is not incorporating the traditional industries is creating unemployment.

An analysis of linguistic features in the selected speeches of Bishop Kleopas Dumeni in the pre-independence era in Namibia

Linguistic features were used by Bishop Kleopas Dumeni of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) in the pre-independence era to persuade the audience to support the struggle for independence. Bishop Kleopas Dumeni used linguistic devices in an attempt to convince his target audience that the Namibians suffered a great deal at the hands of the colonial authorities. Thus international community support was desired to break the shackles of colonialism. Although Bishop Kleopas Dumeni employed various linguistic features in his speeches as a tool to whip up support for struggle for independence of Namibia, his language choices were never subjected to a critical examination to unravel their contribution to the effectiveness of the speeches. This paper thus examines how Bishop Dumeni used linguistic devices in his speeches to appeal to his audience as well as the effects these features had on the audience to support the struggle for Namibian independence. The paper is pegged on Aristotelian theory to reveal how language choice affects the three appeals of Aristotle namely, ethos, logos and pathos. Content analysis was used to deconstruct the selected speeches of Bishop Dumeni thereby identifying and evaluating the linguistic features in the speeches. The conclusion from this investigation is that Bishop Kleopas Dumeni effectively used the linguistic devices to woo his audience to his side to support in his efforts to end the wickedness of colonialism in Namibia.

Menakar Progresivitas Hukum Wakaf dalam Pengembangan Wakaf Uang di Indonesia

This study explained the progressivity of waqf law in Indonesia, especially cash waqf development. The progressivity of waqf law is good enough to respond to global challenges or field needs. The progressivity of waqf law in Indonesia can be observed from the development of waqf’s act regulations from pre-independence era until the post-reformation era. In cash waqf, there is fundamental law progressivity. It marked by act No. 44 year 2004 about waqf. Those act described new paradigm must be built on waqf management in Indonesia. Furthermore, those act also gave a space for cash waqf as a part of waqf development in Indonesia. Another progressivity which appeared in those act is waqf treasure object. Act No. 44 year 2004 confirmed that waqf treasure object is not only immovable object, as public understanding, but also applied on the movable object. Furthermore, the progressivity of waqf law has reached on waqf management and its institutional aspect. At least, this progressivity described collective awareness on the strategic role of waqf in Indonesia’s economics.

Menakar Progresivitas Hukum Wakaf dalam Pengembangan Wakaf Uang di Indonesia

This study explained the progressivity of waqf law in Indonesia, especially cash waqf development. The progressivity of waqf law is good enough to respond to global challenges or field needs. The progressivity of waqf law in Indonesia can be observed from the development of waqfs act regulations from pre-independence era until the post-reformation era. In cash waqf, there is fundamental law progressivity. It marked by act No. 44 year 2004 about waqf. Those act described new paradigm must be built on waqf management in Indonesia. Furthermore, those act also gave a space for cash waqf as a part of waqf development in Indonesia. Another progressivity which appeared in those act is waqf treasure object. Act No. 44 year 2004 confirmed that waqf treasure object is not only immovable object, as public understanding, but also applied on the movable object. Furthermore, the progressivity of waqf law has reached on waqf management and its institutional aspect. At least, this progressivity described collective awareness on the strategic role of waqf in Indonesias economics.

Ethnic boundaries and everyday understanding: The case of Malay and Chinese parental choice of National and National Type School in Peninsular Malaysia

Since the pre-independence era, the Malaysian schooling system has remained ethnicized by two cultural boundaries: language and religion. To explain this situation, this article focuses on how these ethnic boundaries work within Malay and Chinese parents’ decisions for National and National Type of Schools, respectively. Thirty Malaysian Malays and 25 Chinese students born between the 1970s and the 1990s were interviewed in this research. The data showed that the majority of them had been enrolled in a primary and secondary school which could be associated with their ethnic identity. Analysis of the findings also suggested that despite the importance of future career planning, regionality and family socioeconomic background in the choice of schooling, it was the language and religious factors which had determined their parents’ final decision. It also suggested that a schooling pattern based on the factors of language and religion has been sustainably maintained for three decades. The parental decision was not a simple action as it is also related to the ‘everyday’ understanding of what kind of school is appropriate to a particular ethnic group. The results of this study offer a theoretical explanation of ethnicity in everyday life from the constructivist perspective. This study also highlights how ethnic boundaries are the end-product of a social process rather than a taken-for-granted, natural and primordial fact of life ascribed through birth. Keywords : boundaries, cultural boundaries, ethnicity, primary school, schooling decision, secondary school

The History of Feminism and Doing Gender in India

Abstract: The present paper looks at the historical background of the rise of feminism and women’s movement and doing gender in India. Not only in India but all over the world there has been a close link between feminism and the women’s movement, each inspiring and enriching the other. In the Indian context, while the women’s movement is a much earlier phenomenon, the term Feminism is a modern one. Feminism comprises a number of social, cultural and political movements, theories and moral philosophies concerned with gender inequalities and equal rights for women. In the pre-independence era, the women’s movement began as a social reform movement in the 19th century. At this time, the western idea of liberty, equality and fraternity was being imbibed by our educated elite through the study of English and the contact with west. This western liberalism was extended to the women’s question and was translated into a social reform movement. In the post-Independence period during the first few decades, the major concern was for overall economic growth. This was immediately followed by another decade, which witnessed an increased concern for equity and poverty alleviation. Gender issues were subsumed in poverty related concerns and there were no such specific programs, which aimed at women. In the post-independence period, the women’s movement has concerned itself with a large number of issues such as dowry, women’s work, price rise, land rights, political participation of women, Dalit women and marginalized women’s right, growing fundamentalism, women’s representation in the media etc. and a large number of Non-Government organizations have taken up this issue. Women’s studies and now Gender studies is also an off shoot of the long history of women’s movement in India. Various women’s studies Centres have been set up and today again these are at the brink of disappearing from the radar and there is a struggle which is now going on. Though a lot needs to be achieved and there are various impediments in making this reality available to a large section of women, the women’s movement has brought women’s issues center stage and made them more visible.

Berebut Ruang Publik Sekolah Pasca Orde Baru: Studi Kasus Pertarungan Politik Ideologi di Kerohanian Islam (ROHIS)

The Burgeoning of the Islamic Movements in Indonesia –especially originated from the Middle East- that growing up since authoritarian era have been influencing various institutions in Indonesia, including educational institution in Ex Karesidenan Surakarta region. In this research, I exhibit that Ex-Karesidenan Surakarta region has become a centre of Islamic movement turbulence in Indonesia. Since pre-Independence era, various Islamic ideologies actualize and compete with each other –from traditionalist, modernist, and radical movement- for gaining influence in these regions. This research discusses the implication of contestation among Islamic ideologies in Senior High School that affect the scramble of educational public sphere and interchange cultural symbols in these institutions. This paper attempts to address two main issues; 1) to examine various contestation and hegemony models performed by each of Islamic ideologies for gaining influence in the public educational sphere –epecially Kerohanian Islam (ROHIS); 2) to explore various political ideologies in each Islamic movement that led to different meanings towards Islam, state, and democracy.

SOCIAL CHANGE IN YOGYAKARTA: PAST AND NOW A SELO SOEMARDJAN PERSPECTIVE

Yogyakarta is one of Javanese cultural centers that still exist both nationally and internationally. Historically, social and cultural developments in the pre-Independence era until the Reformation era experienced significant social change. This research wants to analyze and find the process of social change in Yogyakarta. Selo Soemardjan's perspective approach was used in analyzing social change in the pre-Independence era in Yogyakarta. While at the contextual level of social phenomenology analysis used in analyzing the development of social change in Yogyakarta in the post-independence period. The findings in this study are that Yogyakarta experienced a sense of value and culture in the pre-independence and post-independence period. Yogyakarta people who previously put great ethical values of Javanese culture has shifted to the culture of consumptive, business and hedonist. The role of the Sultan and the government is less strong in stemming the various global currents that enter the territory of Yogyakarta. Social control is weak in building and stemming cultural values that are not in accordance with the ethical norms of the old Yogyakarta community. Suggestion of this research is socialization of social and cultural system strengthening from local government to the smallest level of society and family. Second, the need for government to work together with social organizations and religious communities in strengthening cultural identity, ethics and religious norms of society