Pre-engineered Building Research Articles

Multifunctional Smart Ball Sensor for Wireless Structural Health Monitoring in a Fire Situation.

A variety of sensor systems have been developed to monitor the structural health status of buildings and infrastructures. However, most sensor systems for structural health monitoring (SHM) are difficult to use in extreme conditions, such as a fire situation, because of their vulnerability to high temperature and physical shocks, as well as time-consuming installation process. Here, we present a smart ball sensor (SBS) that can be immediately installed on surfaces of structures, stably measure vital SHM data in real time and wirelessly transmit the data in a high-temperature fire situation. The smart ball sensor mainly consists of sensor and data transmission module, heat insulator and adhesive module. With the integrated device configuration, the SBS can be strongly attached to the target surface with maximum adhesion force of 233.7-N and stably detect acceleration and temperature of the structure without damaging the key modules of the systems even at high temperatures of up to 500 °C while ensuring wireless transmission of the data. Field tests for a model pre-engineered building (PEB) structure demonstrate the validity of the smart ball sensor as an instantly deployable, high-temperature SHM system. This SBS can be used for SHM of a wider variety of structures and buildings beyond PEB structures.

Additive manufacturing assisted van der Waals integration of 3D/3D hierarchically functional nanostructures

Van der Waals (vdW) integration, in which pre-engineered two-dimensional building blocks are physically assembled together in a chosen sequence through weak vdW interactions, holds promise toward previously unattainable applications. However, when extended to create 3D/3D monoliths, the lack of physical bonding coupled with the inherent rigidity and surface roughness between 3D building blocks makes it challenging for broader implementation of composites, catalysis, and energy applications. Here we demonstrate that electrostatically exfoliated two-dimensional layered materials can be additively manufactured to create complex layouts with selectively engineered composition in both lateral and vertical directions. Subsequent room-temperature dewetting creates non-covalent hinges through folded edges to concurrently interlock and nanostructure the two-dimensional inks into 3D building blocks. The result is the 3D/3D vdW mono- and heterostructures that are mechanically robust, electrically conductive, electrochemically active over a broad pH range and even radiation tolerant in nature.

A Review on Pre-Engineered Building design of an Industrial Warehouse

A Review on Pre-Engineered Building design of an Industrial Warehouse

Advantages of Pre-Engineered Building over Conventional Building

In these days, the cost and time of construction is in more priority for the client with the large working area for various uses. For the economically and minimum loss of material, pre-engineered building system (PEBs) has many advantage, because it gives more column free space at low cost. Pre-engineered metal buildings are more reliable for various uses like complex industrial facilities, warehouses and distributioncenters, stock-house, shopping malls, resort, motor court, office, cabin, service complex, aircraft-hanger, athletics and fun stadium, study places, temples, hospitals, and any types of industrial structures. In the pre-engineered metal building system, the rigid frame consists of slab, wall are connected with primary member (beam and column). This frame can spanlarge spacing without any intermediate columns. The frameswidths are spaced at spacing between 15 m to 60 m and span can increase with column-free up to 300 m in proposed building structures. Therefore in this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze a pre-engineered metal building with a span of 40 m with the help of finite element based software ETABS (2013). For the comparison, for the same span of 40 m length a conventional steel building is analyzed in same software. The results were found from both analysis indicated the pre-engineered steel building is economic with the conventional steel building as well as stablealso.

An analytical study on pre engineered buildings using staad pro

Pre-engineered building concept involves pre-designed and prefabricated steel building systems. The current construction approach calls for the best architectural look, high quality & quick construction, cost-effective & creative touch. One has to think of alternative building systems such as pre-engineered steel buildings. The implementation of the Pre Engineered Building (PEB) is a modern-day concept in which utilizing the steel structure and optimizing the design by ensuring economical integrity. The main objective of this paper is to understand the concepts of PEB and to minimize the usage of cost and time. While compared to other technologies in construction Pre Engineered Building is more sustainable and stands top position when compared with other technologies. If we go for standard steel structure the time frame will be longer and the price will be higher in comparison with PEB. The materials which are used in this concept are reusable, recyclable and eco-friendly.

Automated BIM-based process for wind engineering design collaboration

Building information modeling (BIM) can be considered a collaborative design process that allows all project stakeholders in different disciplines to contribute during the design phase of a construction project. However, interoperability issues between wind, structural engineering tools, and BIM design authoring software platforms have acted as a barrier to such collaborative design processes. This research pursued an evaluation-based approach to propose and develop a workflow for resolving the interoperability issues as well as automating significant parts of the collaborative design process. In this paper, the development of an automated modelling system to facilitate integrated structural design and wind engineering analysis using BIM is presented. The research was focused on pre-engineered building (PEB) as a case study. This research introduces some novel BIM concepts to facilitate the implementation of automation in the model development processes. These concepts facilitate engineering analysis integration and overcome challenges associated with creating and working with different level of development (LOD) models. The proposed system uses a central element level database and outputs a 3D model of the building and the computational domain for use by the computational fluid dynamics software. A BIM-based application program interface (API) and stand-alone software was developed to evaluate the proposed concepts and process and their feasibility. The results suggest a successful integration that could significantly improve the building design quality and further facilitate wind, or other, engineering design collaborations. It is also observed that the resulting process could be applied (extended) to the general architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.

Experimental and analytical study on structural performance of polyurethane foam-filled built-up galvanized iron members

Abstract The sandwich members are widely adopted in building structures in particular pre-engineered building (PEB) as cladding and roof members due to its light-weight and thermal properties. PEB based Polyurethane foam (PUF) insulated structure is an alternative to the conventional PEB. The PUF filled sandwich structural members significantly reduces the structural steel weight and improves thermal performance. In this study, experiments were carried out to evaluate the flexural, shear and axial compression performance of PUF filled built-up sandwich beam/column, and purlin members which are fabricated with cold-formed sections made of thin galvanized iron (GI) sheets. In total 22 specimens were tested, in which ten beam/column specimens and twelve purlin specimens. The tests were conducted both in bare and PUF filled frames (specimens). The experimental results revealed that the PUF core material prevents premature failures which are common in cold-formed members and enhances the structural performance. As the observed failure mechanisms were not in line with the conventional cold-formed steel members. Hence, the capacity estimation based on the design guidelines given in Indian standard (IS) 801: 1975 (working stress method) and European standard (EN) 1993-1-3: 2006 (limit state method) may not be appropriate as these standards are based on the effective cross-section area. In this study, the applicability of existing design guidelines given in IS 800: 2007 for the hot-rolled section is verified through the estimation of flexural, shear and axial compression capacity. The estimated capacity was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Also, this method of estimation is found to be very simple in comparison with conventional cold-formed steel member design guidelines.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND HIGH-TENSION BOLT AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

This paper presents the test results of the mechanical properties of three types of structural steel at high temperature, which are generally used for the Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) system. The PEB system is generally used for non-residential buildings, such as factories and warehouses. The structural steel members are installed without fire resistance protection, which means they are very weak in the case of fire. The end-plate connection could be critical in the case of fire because most of the moment is resisted by the tensile force of the bolts. Therefore, the mechanical properties of bolts at elevated temperatures are tested. Coupon test specimens for SS400(SS275), SM490(SS355), and F10T bolts were tested according to ASTM E8M. The high-temperature coupon tests were performed at 20°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. The test results were compared with the design reduction factors obtained from the American and European standards. The yield strength and tensile strength satisfied the minimum strength of the specified standards at 20°C. However, the reduction factor for yield strength obtained at a high temperature was lower than that of the standard value suggested by the code. In particular, the reduction factors for the high-strength bolt (F10T) were lower than those of the structural steel members (SS400(SS275), SM490(SM355)).

Behaviour of Cold-Formed Z Purlin with and without Edge Stiffner (Lip) in Pre-Engineered Building

Behaviour of Cold-Formed Z Purlin with and without Edge Stiffner (Lip) in Pre-Engineered Building

Comparative Study on Two Storey Car Showroom Using Pre-engineered Building (PEB) Concept Based on British Standards and Euro Code

Majority of steel structures are used for low-rise single storey buildings mainly for industrial purpose. Steel structures are preferred for industrial buildings due to its higher strength to weight ratio as compare to RCC structures and steel structures also gives more free internal space by allowing long clear span between columns. Pre-engineered building (PEB) is a modern age concept of utilizing structural steel and optimizing the design by ensuring the economical integrity of the structure. The structural members are designed and fabricated in the factory under controlled environment to produce optimum sections by varying the thickness of the sections along the length of the member as per the bending moment requirement. The aim of the research paper is to analyses and design a PEB car showroom of two storey (G+1) using STAAD Pro in accordance to British standards (BS 5950-1:2000) and Euro codes (EC3 EN-1993-1) with wind and seismic analysis. In order to achieve the above aim of the project, two models of the car showroom were created namely British Standard (BS) model and Euro code (EC) model using STAAD Pro. The member property for BS model is assigned with tapered frame sections while the EC model is assigned with universal standard section frames. The load cases were assigned to the models for analysis include dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load. Wind load and seismic load being the critical dynamic loads that will be analyzed for the stability of the structure against lateral forces. The results from the analysis and design of the two models were within the allowable limits for ultimate and serviceability limit state since the internal stresses in all the members satisfies the unity check ratio requirements for both design codes. The dynamic analysis results suggest that EC model has higher resistance to seismic loading as compare to BS model since the maximum displacement with time in X-direction for EC model is 8.83 mm and for BS model is 10.5 mm. The total weight of the structure for BS model is 1125.431 kN and for EC model is 1214.315 kN, which makes EC model 7.9% heavier than BS model. Moreover, the total weight of all the portal frames for BS model is 457.26 kN and for EC model is 574.725 kN, which makes tapered frame sections to utilize and reduce the amount of steel by 25.7%. Therefore, BS model proved to be an economical model when compared to Euro code.

Design Solutions for Sustainable Construction of Pre Engineered Steel Buildings

Sustainable construction of ecofriendly infrastructure has been the priority of worldwide researchers. The induction of modern technology in the steel manufacturing industry has enabled designers to get the desired control over the steel section shapes and profiles resulting in efficient use of construction material and manufacturing energy required to produce these materials. The current research study is focused on the optimization of steel building costs with the use of pre-engineered building construction technology. Construction of conventional steel buildings (CSB) incorporates the use of hot rolled sections, which have uniform cross-section throughout the length. However, pre-engineered steel buildings (PEB) utilize steel sections, which are tailored and profiled based on the required loading effects. In this research study, the performance of PEB steel frames in terms of optimum use of steel sections and its comparison with the conventional steel building is presented in detail. A series of PEB and CSB steel frames is selected and subjected to various loading conditions. Frames were analyzed using Finite Element Based analysis tool and design was performed using American Institute of Steel Construction design specifications. Comparison of the frames has been established in terms of frame weights, lateral displacements (sway) and vertical displacements (deflection) of the frames. The results have clearly indicated that PEB steel frames are not only the most economical solution due to lesser weight of construction but also have shown better performance compared to CSB frames.

Ultimate strength of long-span buildings with P.E.B (Pre-Engineered Building) system

With the improvement of the quality of construction materials and the development of construction technologies, large-scale long-span steel frame buildings have been built recently. The P.E.B system using tapered members is being employed as an economically-efficient long-span structure owing to its advantage of being able to distribute stress appropriately depending on the size of sectional areas of members. However, in December 2005 and in February 2014, P.E.B buildings collapsed due to sudden loads such as snow loads and wind gusts. In this study, the design and construction of the P.E.B system in Korea were analyzed and its structural safety was evaluated using the finite element analysis program to suggest how to improve the P.E.B system in order to promote the efficient and rational application of the system.

Comparison of Design Procedures for Pre Engineering Buildings (PEB): A Case Study

In recent years, the introduction of Pre Engineered Building (PEB) concept in the design of structures has helped in optimizing design. The adoptability of PEB in the place of Conventional Steel Building (CSB) design concept resulted in many advantages, including economy and easier fabrication. In this study, an industrial structure (Ware House) is analyzed and designed according to the Indian standards, IS 800-1984, IS 8002007 and also by referring MBMA-96 and AISC-89. In this study, a structure with length 187m,width 40m,with clear height 8m and having R-Slope 1:10,isconsidered to carry out analysis& design for 2D frames (End frame, frame without crane and frame with 3 module cranes). The economy of the structure is discussed in terms of its weight comparison, between Indian codes (IS800-1984, IS800-2007) & American code (MBMA-96), & between Indian codes (IS800-1984, IS800-2007). Steel is the material of choice for design because it is inherently ductile and flexible. In structural engineering, a pre-engineered building (PEB) is designed by a manufacturer, to be fabricated using a pre-determined inventory of raw materials and manufacturing methods that can efficiently satisfy a wide range of structural and aesthetic design requirements. PEB can be fitted with different structural accessories including mezzanine floors, canopies, fasciae, interior partitions, etc. The concept of PEB is the frame geometry which matches the shape of the internal stress (bending moment) diagram thus optimizing material usage and reducing the total weight of the structure. The complete designing is done at the factory and the building components are brought to the site in knock down condition. These components are then fixed/ jointed at the site and raised with the help of cranes. Structure Configuration Selected structure is located in Rajasthan, India. Structure having the dimensions length 187m, width 40m, eave height 8m(clear), &roof slope 1:10.Structure suited in seismic zone IV with wind speed 47 m/sec considered life span of structure as 5 years. Complete structure configuration details can be found in Table I as follows [1]-[2], [10]-[11]: Dead Load Calculation Dead load calculation includes the weight calculation of sheeting, sag angles, purlins and insulation material as follows in Table II [2]. G. Sai Kiran METEY Engineering Consultancy, Hyderabad Location Rajasthan, India. Length 187 m

Comparative Study of Analysis and Design of Pre-EngineeredBuildings and Conventional Frames

Long Span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfill this requirement along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional structures. The present work involves the comparative study of static and dynamic analysis and design of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames. Design of the structure is being done in Staad Pro software and the same is then compared with conventional type, in terms of weight which in turn reduces the cost. Three examples have been taken for the study. Comparison of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames is done in two examples and in the third example, longer span Pre Engineered Building structure is taken for the study. In the present work, Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames structure is designed for dynamic forces, which includes wind forces and seismic forces. Wind analysis has been done manually as per IS 875 (Part III) - 1987 and seismic analysis has been carried out as per IS 1893 (2002).

판폭두께비에 따른 유공 보의 내력에 관한 실험

Web openings can be used to pass utilities through beams and to minimize story height. Decreasing building height reduces both the exterior surface and the interior volume of a building, which lowers operational and maintenance cost, as well as construction cost. Recently, using composite structures and PEBS(Pre-Engineered Building System) has steadily increased. Sometimes it requires non-compact section for web to reduce steel usage. According AISC Design Guide, the web opening should be only provided in the compact section. In this study, the changes in buckling load, yielding strength, and the deformation of specimens were evaluated experimentally for the non-compact section steel beam.

Design of Lightly Loaded Steel Column Base Plates

One of the least-studied structural elements are column base plates. Even less attention has been paid to lightly loaded base plates, defined here as relatively flexible plates of approximately the same size as the outside dimensions of the column supported by the plate. Such base plates are found in low-rise conventional construction and in preengineered metal building applications. In this class of construction, relatively small dead loads and low slope roofs commonly result in uplift loads which must be transferred to the foundation through the base plates. At present, there is no generally accepted practice for the design of such base plates that is not unduly conservative. From results of yield-line analyses and limited supporting experimental data, design procedures for lightly loaded base plates supporting H-shaped columns are proposed. Both concentric axial compression (gravity loading) and concentric axial tension (uplift loading) are considered. Base plate strength for erection safety is also discussed.

Solar Air Heater in a Pre-Engineered Metal Building

ABSTRACT A pre-engineered metal building was modified to in-corporate an active solar collector air heater as an in-tegral part of the south wall. The solar collector system and the rock heat storage chamber performed well dur-ing tests. The modifications to the structure involved simple construction and readily available materials.