Predetermined Level Research Articles

Equity protection swaps: investment insurance for superannuation accounts

A novel type of an investment insurance product for holders of superannuation accounts in Australia, tentatively named an Equity Protection Swap (EPS), is proposed and examined. An EPS shares some features with the variable annuity known as the registered index-linked annuity (RILA) but it is a standalone financial derivative, which makes it appropriate as a protection tool against downside risk for holders of superannuation accounts. Its basic forms, dubbed buffer and floor EPSs, offer a partial protection against losses on a reference portfolio below a predetermined threshold in exchange for a share of portfolio's gains if the realised return on a reference portfolio is above a predetermined level. Model-free explicit pricing formula for a generic EPS is obtained by considering its static hedging by a portfolio of European options. As opposed to classical insurance products, the structure of an EPS allows for the fair initial premium to be null through a judicious selection of the provider's participation rate in portfolio's gains. A theoretical study of forward performance of EPSs based on the cross-currency market model and an empirical cost/benefit analysis based on market data for S&P 500 and S&P/ASX 200 indices demonstrate tangible benefits of EPSs as an efficient investment insurance tool for superannuation accounts.

Troubleshooting heparin resistance.

The term heparin resistance is likely best defined as the failure of an appropriate dose of unfractionated heparin (UFH) to achieve a predetermined level of anticoagulation. Unfortunately, and despite many prior reports, there is no established consensus as to what either the appropriate dose or the predetermined level should be. Traditionally, assays used to monitor anticoagulation with UFH have been clot based, including the activated partial thromboplastin time, used for patients on the ward or intensive care unit, and the activated clotting time, used for patients undergoing vascular interventions and cardiopulmonary bypass. Unfortunately, these tests may be highly influenced by other factors occurring in many patients, especially those with inflammation or acute infection, as noted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many hospitals have thus moved to anti-Xa testing for heparin monitoring. Another important factor in defining heparin resistance includes dosing, whether weight-based or total daily dosing is used, as initial reports of heparin resistance described daily doses independent of body weight. Multiple causes of apparent heparin resistance include hypercoagulability, antithrombin deficiency, andexanet alfa used for direct oral anticoagulant reversal, thrombocytosis, and antiphospholipid antibody syndromes. Treatment options for managing patients with heparin resistance include weight-based dosing and administration of additional UFH, antithrombin supplementation, or the use of an alternative anticoagulant such as the direct thrombin inhibitors bivalirudin or argatroban.

A joint-threshold Filippov model describing the effect of intermittent androgen-deprivation therapy in controlling prostate cancer

Intermittent androgen-deprivation therapy (IADT) can be beneficial to delay the occurrence of treatment resistance and cancer relapse compared to the standard continuous therapy. To study the effect of IADT in controlling prostate cancer, we developed a Filippov prostate cancer model with a joint threshold function: therapy is implemented once the total population of androgen-dependent cells (AC-Ds) and androgen-independent cells (AC-Is) is greater than the threshold value ET, and it is suspended once the population is less than ET. As the parameters vary, our model undergoes a series of sliding bifurcations, including boundary node, focus, saddle, saddle-node and tangency bifurcations. We also obtained the coexistence of one, two or three real equilibria and the bistability of two equilibria. Our results demonstrate that the population of AC-Is can be contained at a predetermined level if the initial population of AC-Is is less than this level, and we choose a suitable threshold value.

Optimization of hydrogen production in multi-Electrolyzer systems: A novel control strategy for enhanced renewable energy utilization and Electrolyzer lifespan

In large-scale water electrolytic hydrogen production system based on renewable energy, the allocation strategy of hydrogen production power among multi-electrolyzers plays a critical role in the efficiency of renewable energy utilization and the quantity of hydrogen production, given a fixed power output from renewable energy sources. This paper considers the minimum hydrogen production power constraint of electrolyzer and proposes a novel control strategy for multi-electrolyzers. The operational phase of multi-electrolyzers is divided into two distinct phases: 1) the rapid start-up phase; 2) the equal power allocation phase. During the rapid start-up phase, by reducing the power of electrolyzer that has reached its rated power to a predetermined level and using this saved power to start another electrolyzer, this strategy ensures that electrolyzers can proactively and quickly exceed the minimum operational power threshold. Upon the activation of all electrolyzers, the system enters second phase, wherein the power is evenly allocated among all electrolyzers. Besides, this strategy employs a priority scheduling method to ensure the uniformity of operating times across all electrolyzers. Compared to the existing three control strategies, this proposed strategy demonstrates significant advantages in minimizing unused wind energy and optimizing the lifespan of electrolyzers. The effectiveness of proposed strategy is validated by the simulation result.

On-demand airport slot management: tree-structured capacity profile and coadapted fire-break setting and slot allocation

We propose an on-demand airport slot management (ODASM) approach to guide slot fire-break capacity setup and airport slot allocation. The ODASM consists of a tree-structured capacity profile and a coadapted fire-break setting and slot allocation model. The tree-structured capacity profile that is constructed using a decision tree aims to capture various fire-break capacity settings and their corresponding delays. It provides diversified fire-break schemes and delay references in the airport slot allocation process. The coadapted fire-break setting and slot allocation model are able to generate good coadaptation. That is, the fire-breaks are set to adapt to the preferences of airlines' requests to minimise the total displacements, and the airlines' requests are modified to adapt to the fire-breaks to satisfy a predetermined delay level. The approach has been tested at Shanghai Pudong Airport, and the results suggest that the ODASM can generate a moderate level of rescheduling while resulting in the expected delay that does not exceed a given acceptable delay level. It has been demonstrated that the ODASM can offer substantial advantages in contrast to a classic slot allocation method where the capacity are set as the maximum of the declared capacity. Moreover, due to the refined relationship between fire-break configuration and delay, the computation process of slot optimisation only takes a few minutes, which is completely viable for the application. This approach is compatible with the current slot guidelines while showing significant potential to improve the collaboration among stakeholders in slot management.

The Effect of Group Guidance With Cognitive Therapy Techniques To Lower Social Phobia Anxiety

Social phobia is an illogical concern for the negative view of the individual. People with social phobia consider that the individual who sees them judges him, therefore the individual tends to avoid social situations. Cognitive therapy techniques in group guidance are techniques contained in group guidance that aim to enable students to speak in front of many people; Students are also able to provide opinions, ideas, suggestions, responses, and feelings to the public.This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy techniques through group guidance services for social megataphobia in adolescents. This study uses a quantitative method with a pre-experiment design with a one-group pretest posttest design. The population of this study is class VII at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Private Islamiyah Hessa Air Genting as many as 56 people. The research sample was 8 people who had a high category of social phobia. Samples were taken using the purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through a questionnaire using a Likert scale. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test with an asymp significance value, Sig (2-tailed) of 0.012 (?) from the predetermined significance level of 0.05. This means that cognitive therapy techniques through group guidance services are effective in preventing social phobia in adolescents.

Two-Area Automatic Generation Control for Power Systems with Highly Penetrating Renewable Energy Sources

Currently, renewable energy sources (RESs) are gradually replacing traditional power sources that use fossil fuels. In some countries, such as Vietnam, RESs are developed on a massive scale and are concentrated in some key areas. This causes negative impacts on a power system when its transmission system is not deployed synchronously to release their capacity from these new renewable energy plants. An important challenge today is to ensure frequency stability in power systems with high uncertainty in RES output power. Additionally, the system requires solutions to prevent transmission line overloads during periods when RESs make a substantial contribution to the electricity generation capacity. Therefore, this paper builds an automatic generation control (AGC) system for a two-area power system with high penetration of RESs. This AGC system model aims to maintain system frequency stability amid unpredictable changes in RESs while also ensuring that tie-lines transmit the predetermined power levels to mitigate frequent congestion. By continuously monitoring and adjusting the system’s frequency, the challenges posed by the inherent variability of RESs can be effectively mitigated. The AGC model is simulated on DIgSILENT PowerFactory software and tested with a 106-bus system. The simulation results of this study show that the AGC system operates effectively, ensuring that the frequency returns to the rated value and maintaining the exchange capacity on the tie-lines after occurrences of RES power decrease events.

Transformer partial discharge fault diagnosis based on improved adaptive local iterative filtering‐bidirectional long short‐term memory

AbstractInsulation deterioration, which is mainly caused by partial discharge (PD) occurring inside power transformers, is one of the prime reasons to cause transformer faults. Therefore, an effective diagnosis of PD is crucial to ensure the safe and stable operation of transformers. To extract more effective features that characterise transformers PD signals and enhance the recognition accuracy, a novel transformer PD fault diagnosis model based on improved adaptive local iterative filtering (ALIF) and bidirectional long short‐term memory (BILSTM) neural network is proposed. Addressing the issue of predetermined decomposition levels and accuracy in ALIF decomposition, the golden jackal optimisation (GJO) algorithm is introduced to optimise the parameters. The proposed fault diagnostic model extracts dominant PD features employing the improved ALIF and Refined Composite Multi‐Scale Dispersion Entropy and improves the diagnostic accuracy with the optimised BILSTM by introducing GJO. Experimental data evaluates the performance of support vector machine, long short‐term memory and BILSTM. The results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model.

Developing guidelines for selection-deselection in high performance sport for athletes, coaches, and organisations: A delphi study

ABSTRACT The process of athlete selection and deselection in sport involves not only athletes but also coaches, managers, performance directors, talent pathway coordinators and the wider organisation. Athlete selection and deselection can be viewed as the opposite sides of the same coin in that the process may be the same for all athletes but the outcome is very different. The outcome of this process can evoke extremely powerful emotions ranging from elevation to devastation. While selection and deselection are part of competitive sport regardless of type, level, gender or age, research is scarce. Employing the Delphi method, a total of 20 participants comprised the expert panel (coaches, athletes and other key personnel in high performance) from various sports, and ages ranged from 21 to 59 years old. Following three rounds, 60 items reached the pre-determined consensus level of 75%. The 60 items were then further content analysed and grouped with respect to the three key stakeholders: athlete (14), coach (21) and organisation (25). Within each of these categories, subcategories emerged: personal, interpersonal, procedural, educational, supportive, communicative and reviewing behaviours and actions that athletes, coaches and organisations can take to ease the navigation, apply consistency and establish a common ground during this challenging situation.

Filter generators with variable transition functions over finite fields of characteristic 2

Filter generators are a traditional basis for creating synchronous stream ciphers. They are built with the help of linear shift registers (usually over a field of two elements) and nonlinear complexity functions, which are subject to a number of requirements in terms of the generators security against known attacks. Intensive researches of filter generators during the last decades show that meeting these requirements without degrading the performance of the generators is a very difficult task. Despite a large number of publications devoted to the construction of complexity functions with known “good cryptographic properties”, the usage of such functions in practice often becomes unacceptable due to the bulkiness of their constructions, which slows down the functioning of the corresponding generators, especially during software implementation. The way to overcome the noted difficulties by using an additional secret parameter that determines the appearance of the generator transitions’ function is proposed. Such a modification makes it possible to increase the security of generator (compared to traditional filter generators) against known attacks without increasing the length of its initial state. In particular, a specific version of a generator construction with a complexity function, which is determined with the help of substitutions used in the “Kalyna” encryption scheme, is considered. A lower estimate of the output sequences periods of the proposed generators was obtained. A research of their security to known attacks, in particular, Babbage-Golic balancing attack; an attack associated with a small number of terms in the polynomial representation of the complexity function (which negatively affects the value of the equivalent linear complexity of the output sequences of the generator); a natural correlation attack associated with the specifics of the proposed generator construction scheme; algebraic attacks of the Courtois-Mayer type were also conducted. At the end of the article, it is indicated how to choose the components of the proposed generators to ensure their security at a predetermined level.

The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model on the Level of Breastfeeding Self-efficacy in Mothers Referring to Qazvin Health Centers: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study

Background and Objective: The increasing of early discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran has been observed in recent years. Enhancing maternal awareness is a pivotal factor in advancing exclusive breastfeeding rates. One of the best teaching methods about health challenges is the health belief model. The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of an educational intervention grounded in the health belief model on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Materials and Methods: This research constitutes a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 120 pregnant women who sought care at Qazvin health centers. Through the random allocation method of 4 blocks, the participants were assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. Commencing from the 36th week of pregnancy, the intervention group underwent 4 virtual breastfeeding training sessions, structured around the principles of the health belief model. Meanwhile, the control group received standard prenatal care. Prior to delivery and at 1, 4, and 6 weeks postpartum, participants completed the breastfeeding self-efficacy questionnaire and health belief model assessments. Data analysis was carried out tilizing SPSS26 software, with a predetermined significance level of 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: Following the intervention, a statistically significant difference was noted in the mean values between the two cohorts with regard to the components of the health belief model (p<0.05). Furthermore, the mean self-efficacy ratings during the initial week post-intervention were 52.23±4.65 in the control group and 55.8±4.09 in the experimental group, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Educational intervention utilizing the health belief model has demonstrated the potential to enhance the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy among mothers. Consequently, healthcare professionals can consider employing this approach as a dependable and easily accessible educational tool.

Investment planning framework for mitigating cascading failures

Critical component outages can lead to widespread cascading propagation, which is however typically ignored in existing investment planning approaches. To address this gap, this paper seamlessly integrates advanced cascading failure analysis into resilient investment planning. It first deploys a stochastic simulator to generate spatiotemporal high-impact low-probability (HILP) events, which are then assessed using a cascading failure model, generating various cascading quantification metrics (CQMs). The framework explicitly quantifies tail risks (i.e., HILP events) using Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) with a confidence level determined by unsupervised clustering, instead of using a predetermined confidence level. This enables the more tailored identification of a set of worst-case scenarios for the system under investigation, improving its practicality. An optimization model then utilizes the outputs of the cascading analysis and the defined CVaR confidence level to identify investment portfolios that provide a hedge against cascading failures. The proposed work is demonstrated on the IEEE 39-bus system, revealing reduced cascading propagation.

Ventricular late gadolinium enhancement by cardiac MRI as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) increases stroke and mortality in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Cardiac MRI (CMR) is increasingly used to detect late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) as a reliable indicator of left ventricular fibrosis, a potential predisposing factor of AF. Our research explored the correlation between left ventricular LGE and AF prevalence in HCM. MethodsThis retrospective study involved 351 HCM patients who underwent CMR. LGE percentages (0%, 1–5%, 6–14%, ≥15%) on CMR were compared with AF prevalence in HCM patients. Demographic, comorbidity, and imaging data were analyzed using appropriate univariate and multivariate analyses assessing for significant differences in AF prevalence. The predetermined significance level was p < 0.05. ResultsCMR demonstrated increased LGE in those with AF (p = 0.004). Increased LGE correlated with increased AF rates: 27.6% (0% LGE), 38.5% (1–5% LGE), 44.4% (6–14% LGE), and 54.7% (≥15% LGE) (p = 0.101, p = 0.043, p = 0.002, respectively, vs. 0% LGE). Adjusted for age, differences persisted and were most evident for LGE >15% (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis, factoring age, gender, BMI, RVSP, and LVEF, supported LGE (odds ratio of 1.20, p = 0.036) and LAVI (odds ratio 1.05, 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001) as predictive markers for AF prevalence. ConclusionsOur study suggests a correlation between ventricular LGE and AF in patients with HCM. LGE exceeding 15% was associated with a significant increase in AF prevalence. These patients may require more frequent AF monitoring.

The Effectiveness of Direct Instructional Strategy on Speaking Skills Of 7th Grade At SMP Tri Dharma Palembang

This study was conducted to assess the English speaking proficiency of students. The students' English speaking achievement was abysmal. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) the extent of improvement in speaking skills with and without the use of the direct instructional strategy, and (2) whether there was a notable improvement in the speaking skills of students who received the direct instructional strategy compared to those who did not. This study employed quasi-experimental research methodology. A total of 16 students were selected as a sample, with 16 students assigned to the experimental class and another 16 students assigned to the control class. The data were gathered by the administration of an oral examination. The data were analysed using both paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests. Through data analysis, it was determined that there was a notable surge in pupils' proficiency in oral communication. The paired sample t-test yielded a t-test statistic of -28.428 and a significance value of 0.00, which was less than the predetermined significance level of α (0.05). This demonstrates an enhancement in students' oral communication abilities. Furthermore, the results of the independent sample t-test indicate that the calculated t-test value (-13.075) and the corresponding p-value (0.00) were both below the predetermined significance level (α) of 0.05. The results indicate a substantial disparity in the average speaking abilities of pupils who received teaching through the direct instruction technique compared to those who did not get such instruction.

Characterizing infraocclusion in primary molars: prevalence, accompanying findings, and infraocclusion severity and treatment implications

BackgroundThis manuscript investigates the prevalence, classification, accompanying findings, and treatment modalities associated with infraoccluded primary molars. The aim of this study categorizing primary molars based on the severity of infraocclusion and assessing their respective treatment interventions across different severity groups.MethodsThe classification, treatment types, accompanying findings, and the condition of succeeding premolars of infraoccluded molars were documented. Chi-square tests, including Fisher’s Exact Chi-square test, Fisher Freeman Halton Exact Chi-square test, and One Sample Chi-square test, were conducted. The predetermined significance level was less than 0.05.ResultsThe study population consisted of 3132 subjects aged 3 to 15 years, with a prevalence of 4.3% for infraocclusion. Infraocclusion typically manifests between 6 and 9 years of age and predominantly affects mandibular primary molars. Treatment interventions varied based on infraocclusion severity, with more invasive procedures required for severe cases. Accompanying findings associated with infraocclusion include adjacent teeth tipping, significant deviation in midline shifts towards the affected side and increased caries. Additionally, succeeding premolar agenesis was observed in 2% of infraoccluded molars, with extraction rates higher in cases where the successor tooth was mesially or distally located.ConclusionsThe study offers novel insights to dental practitioners concerning the severity and distribution of treatment interventions for infraocclusion. It suggests that more severe cases may necessitate more invasive procedures, with the aim of enhancing patient outcomes through timely intervention and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Pengaruh Media Audiovisual terhadap Minat Ibu Usia Reproduktif Dalam Pemeriksaan Inspeksi Visual Asam Asetat (IVA)

Cervical cancer, which primarily affects women between the ages of 30 and 50, ranks as the second most lethal disease following breast cancer. This disease is correlated with engaging in unprotected sexual activity, individuals who smoke often, and individuals with compromised immune systems. The study revealed that a mere 30% of individuals diagnosed with cervical cancer are identified at an early stage. Individuals who have encountered cervical cancer typically present with an advanced stage of the disease. Efforts aimed at enhancing public awareness and engagement in IVA examinations are primarily facilitated by socialization and health education initiatives. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of audiovisual media on the level of interest among women of reproductive age in IVA screening. The research design employed for this study was a pre-experimental design with a one-group pre-post-test design. The study population consisted of women of reproductive age who had not undergone screening for IVA. A total of 50 moms were included in the study utilising a complete sampling technique. The study instrument employs a Likert scale for data collection. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was conducted to examine the hypothesis, with a resulting ρ-value of 0.000, which is less than the predetermined significance level α of 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of audiovisual media on the interest of women of reproductive age in IVA screening. The incorporation of novel digital technologies, such as audiovisual media, can be regarded as a strategy for promoting health, particularly in the context of cervical cancer screening.

Implementasi Formulasi Grafik Raygor Dalam Uji Perbandingan Tingkat Keterbacaan Buku Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas IX

Textbooks are one of the central learning tools in achieving a predetermined level of competency. One of the main aspects of a good textbook is the suitability of its readability level to the level of cognitive development of students. This research aims to determine the readability level of the Class IX Indonesian Language Textbook, 2013 Curriculum Edition and the Merdeka Curriculum based on the Raygor Graphic formulation. The research method used was qualitative, with 5 text samples from each book edition. The research results showed that all text samples in both editions of the book had a readability level that did not match the cognitive level of class IX students. This is because all text samples have too many difficult sentences and words, so the text needs to be simplified. More than that, it is hoped that the results of this research can provide advice to textbook authors to pay more careful attention to readability aspects before inserting texts into textbooks. This is to ensure that the texts presented in textbooks are appropriate to the cognitive level and reading abilities of students at their grade level.

Assessment of reliability measures and cost optimization of a solar seed sowing machine

PurposeIn this research work, the general form of reliability measures, which include availability, mean time to failure (MTTF), and sensitivity analysis, are investigated with their graphical representation, which would help designers and engineers improve the reliability of the system. Along with reliability assessment, a mathematical model is developed and solved to achieve the minimum cost of the system as well as maximum reliability.Design/methodology/approachIn the proposed work, a general model of a solar seed sowing machine is considered for reliability evaluation using the Markov model process. The proposed system is a series-parallel arrangement of components where three components, namely the solar panel, batteries and direct current (DC) motor, are connected in series while all the operators are connected in parallel. The implemented Markov model approach assesses several parameters of reliability, which opens the scope for improvement in reliability and other measures like mean time to failure (MTTF) and sensitivity of the proposed system. So that the machine can deliver the desired output on the field. Also, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to optimize the cost of the system with the desired level of reliability.FindingsImplementation of PSO provides the optimal cost for the proposed system with a predetermined level of reliability, which shows the relationship between reliability and cost of the system. Also, the Markov process approach provides the availability function, reliability function, reliability at different time values, MTTF and sensitivity of the proposed system.Originality/valueThis work evaluates the crucial characteristics of reliability for the proposed solar seed sowing machine using the Markov model which is a stochastic model. The assessment of reliability measures such as MTTF, availability and sensitivity plays a vital role in measuring and improving the performance of the machine in the actual environment. Examining the data obtained in this research is of great importance for the manufactures and system designers. Also, the powerful optimization technique PSO is implemented to solve a non-linear mixed-integer programming problem that provides the optimal cost for the system with desired reliability.

Development of interactive learning media based on website chatbots on plant tissue material

The utilization of learning media is a valuable instrument in enhancing the learn-ing process, hence maximizing the attainment of learning objectives. The objec-tive of this study is to create an educational tool for biology instruction in the form of a website chatbot focused on plant tissue content. The research also seeks to evaluate the viability and efficacy of this tool when used by students. The pre-sent study used the ADDIE model, a widely recognized framework in the field of development research. This model encompasses five distinct stages, namely anal-ysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The data utilized in this study was collected via interviews, questionnaires, and tests, and afterwards analyzed employing qualitative and quantitative descriptive statistical methods. The present study developed an educational tool in the form of a website chatbot focused on plant tissue materials. The validation process involved obtaining feed-back from media experts, material experts, and students. The assessment con-ducted by media experts resulted in a 91% rating, categorizing the chatbot as "very feasible." Similarly, the material expert's assessment yielded an 86.5% rat-ing, also falling into the "very feasible" category. Furthermore, students' respons-es indicated a 97.7% rating, categorizing the chatbot as "very feasible." Moreo-ver, based on the study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of learning media goods, the t-test findings revealed a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores, as indicated by a Sig value (2-tailed) of 0.000, which is less than the predetermined significance level of 0.05. The mean gain for the website chat-bot learning media product is 0.77, falling inside the "high" category. This sug-gests that the product is very suited and effective as a learning medium.

Spectrum sensing in uncalibrated MIMO-based cognitive radios

This paper addresses the problem of spectrum sensing (SS) in cognitive radio networks utilizing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, even when the receivers are not calibrated. The study develops a framework by formulating various composite hypothesis testing SS problems based on different assumptions about the parameter space of the alternative hypothesis. To accomplish this, four new detectors are designed using the likelihood ratio test (LRT), Rao, and matrix information geometry (MIG) principles. We demonstrate analytically that three of the proposed detectors maintain a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) despite noise covariance matrix uncertainty. For the non-CFAR detectors, we introduce a novel analytical threshold-setting method to ensure that their false alarm probabilities remain below a predetermined level, thereby making them useful for practical situations. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results, assess false alarm regulation, and compare the proposed SS algorithms with existing approaches in terms of detection probability.