Pre-competition Period Research Articles

Динаміка показників уваги кваліфікованих альпіністів під впливом гіпоксичного тренування під час подолання різних висотних рівнів гори Ельбрус

Purpose : to determine the effect of hypoxic training on the attention indicators at different altitudes when crossing the Mount Elbrus . Material & Methods: the study of various attention indicators with the participation of control (n=16) and experimental (n=12) groups with the use of interval hypoxic training (IHT) in the 15–15 mode with breathing through the system into a confined space in the experimental group and using the methods of mathematical statistics are carried out. Result: studies have made it possible to determine that the use of the regime of discontinuous hypoxia 15–15 in the training process of the pre-competitive period contribute to an increase in attention rates that affect adaptation to the load under hypoxia conditions. Conclusion: results of the conducted studies indicate that the use of IHT in the 15–15 mode in the period before the ascent to Mount Elbrus allows to significantly increase the attention rates of qualified climbers at different altitude levels.

Exploring temporal patterning of psychological skills usage during the week leading up to competition: Lessons for developing intervention programmes.

Background and purposeAlthough sport psychology literature focuses on psychological skills use to promote proficiency, it is still puzzling that current research has focused on psychological skills use only during competition. There remains a scarcity of empirical evidence to support the timing, and content of psychological skill application during the time preceding competition. This study examined the extent to which psychological skills usage are dynamic or stable over a 7-day pre-competitive period and whether any natural learning experiences might have accounted for the acquisition of these skills across gender and skill level.Methods and resultsNinety elite and sub-elite table tennis players completed the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) at three different periods (7 days, 2 days, 1 hour) before competition. A MANOVA repeated measures with follow-up analyses revealed significant multivariate main effects for only skill level and time-to-competition with no interactions. Specifically, elite (international) athletes reported more usage than sub-elite (national) counterparts for self-talk, imagery and relaxation respectively. Time-to-competition effects showed imagery use decreased steadily across the three time points while reported usage of relaxation were almost at the same level on two time points (7 days and 1 hour) but decreased 2 days before competition.ConclusionsFindings suggest an implementation of formalized and periodized psychological skills training programs over continuous training cycles. This may foster a positive long-term athletes’ psychological state prior to the onset of competition.

Nutritional Habits and Performance in Male Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players During a Precompetitive Period.

Physical condition and an optimized diet are relevant to enhance performance and recovery. The diet composition and meal frequency of eleven elite wheelchair basketball players were estimated using a 3-day food-weighing diary in two months during the precompetitive-period. Performance was determined through a 20 m sprint test. The players consumed 4.2 ± 0.8 meals/day in May and 4.5 ± 0.9 meals/day in June, resulting in total energy intakes of 2492 ± 362 kcal/d and 2470 ± 497 kcal/d, respectively. The macronutrient distribution was 3.8 ± 1.3 g/kg carbohydrates, 1.7 ± 0.6 g/kg protein, and 36 ± 5% of energy derived from fat in May, and 4.2 ± 1.9 g/kg carbohydrates, 1.5 ± 0.5 g/kg protein and 32 ± 5% of energy derived from fat in June. The maximum velocity of the sprint test improved from 4.77 ± 0.31 m/s in May to 5.19 ± 0.23 m/s in June. Our results revealed carbohydrate intake below and fat intake above recommendations, but improvements of dietary patterns. Further nutritional advice is necessary to ensure health and performance improvements.

Preseason Workload Volume and High-Risk Periods for Noncontact Injury Across Multiple Australian Football League Seasons.

Colby, MJ, Dawson, B, Heasman, J, Rogalski, B, Rosenberg, M, Lester, L, and Peeling, P. Preseason workload volume and high-risk periods for noncontact injury across multiple Australian Football League seasons. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1821-1829, 2017-The purpose of this study was to assess the association between preseason workloads and noncontact injury risk in Australian football players. Individual player injury data were recorded over 4 full seasons (2012-15) from one professional club. Noncontact injury incidence (per 1,000 "on legs" field training and game hours) was compared across the preseason, precompetition, and in-season phases to determine relative noncontact injury risk. Preseason workloads (global positioning system-derived total distance run and sprint distance) and individual (fixed) injury risk factors (age, previous injury history) were incorporated into the analysis. A generalized estimating equation with a binary logistic function modeled potential risk factors with noncontact injury for selected periods across the annual cycle. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the relative injury risk. The (preseason) precompetition phase (19.1 injuries per 1,000 hours) and (in-season) rounds 12-17 (16.0 injuries per 1,000 hours) resulted in the highest injury incidence. Low cumulative total distances in late preseason (<108 km) and precompetition (76-88 km) periods were associated with significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater injury risk during the in-season phase. In conclusion, these results suggest players are at the greatest injury risk during the precompetition period, with low preseason cumulative workloads associated with increased in-season injury risk. Therefore, strength and conditioning staff should place particular emphasis on achieving at least moderate training loads during and leading into this phase, where competitive game play is first introduced.

Antioxidant status evaluation in sportsmen using in their ration natural concentrated food products made by cryogenic technology

The authors evaluated the level of products of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic component of antioxidant defense in 30 sportsmen (19-22 years) going in for boat racing at pre-competition period, after competition and during one month of subsequent planned training. At the same time, the authors assessed some indices of vitamin (А, Е, В1, В2) and mineral status of human organism (zinc, copper, iron). As the criteria of antioxidant defense status, catalase activity and ceruloplasmin level were detected in blood serum, content of products of lipid peroxidation was evaluated according to levels of malon dialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolites. To assess influence of food ration upon antioxidant defense in sportsmen, natural concentrated food products made by cryogenic technology were administrated to persons of the main group (n=15). The food products were administrated as powder in second course during organized diner. The food products were not given to persons in control group (n=15). First food product consisted of vegetable components and animal protein: cryopowders of rabbit meat, celery, onion, pumpkin, hips. Second food product consisted of cryopowders of red grape, topinambour, beet root and verdure of parsley. Both food products were given 10 grams during 15 days. Results showed before study 40% of sportsmen had high level of products of lipid peroxidation. It probably provided evidence about inadequacy of physical loads. These changes were detected against the background decreased content of vitamins А (10.0% persons), Е (40.0% persons), В2 (43.3% persons), В1 (100.0% persons), copper (30.0% persons) and iron (53.3 % persons). The preparation for sportive competitions led to augmentation of products of lipid peroxidation in control group. In persons of main group using the food products during pre-competition period, the increase of micronutrient saturation was noted; it probably positively influenced upon metabolic processes in human organism and prevented the augmentation of production of malon dialdehyde and nitric metabolites. The enzymatic component activity in control group did not change and was in the range of standard. Since the level of lipid peroxidation metabolites in blood serum in main group significantly decreased at the end of observation, but enzymatic component activity remained high (it provided evidence of higher antioxidant defense), the authors supposed aftereffect due to using in ration food products with elevated content of biologically active substances. Probably, sportsmen of main group more sufficiently endured planned physical loads. Obtained results provided evidence about availability of using food products made by cryogenic technology in ration of sportsmen of different kind of sport.

Зміни показників гемодинаміки під впливом інтервального гіпоксичного тренування протягом передзмагального етапу підготовки кваліфікованих альпіністів

Purpose: to study the effects of the use of interval hypoxic training (IHT) in the 15–15 mode with breathing through the system into a confined space with a regulated composition of inhaled air in the integrated training process of climbers of the level of preparation of SP-I. Material & Methods: a study was conducted with the participation of the control and experimental groups using medical-biological methods and IHT in the experimental group with using mathematical statistics methods. Results: conducted studies have allowed to determine that the use of the regime of discontinuous hypoxia 15–15 in the training process of the precompetitive period contribute to an increase in the parameters of hemodynamics that affect the adaptation to the action of the load under conditions of hypoxia. Conclusion: reliable changes that are determined during the research testify to the effectiveness of the use of interval hypoxic training 15–15 in the precompetitive training of qualified climbers.

ДИНАМИКА ПОСТУРАЛЬНОГО БАЛАНСА В ВЕРТИКАЛЬНОЙ ПОЗЕ ТХЭКВОНДИСТОВ ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ В ГОДОВОМ МАКРОЦИКЛЕ

Сарайкин Дмитрий Андреевич, кандидат биологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры безопасности жизнедеятельности и методико-биологических дисциплин, Южно-Уральский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет, г. Челябинск, saraykind@cspu.ru. Епишев Виталий Викторович, кандидат биологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры теории и методики физической культуры и спорта, Институт спорта, туризма и сервиса, Южно- Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск, epishev74@mail.ru. Павлова Вера Ивановна, доктор биологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры безопасности жизнедеятельности и методико-биологических дисциплин, Южно-Уральский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет, г. Челябинск, pavlovavi@cspu.ru. Камскова Юлиана Германовна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры безопасности жизнедеятельности и методико-биологических дисциплин, Южно-Уральский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет, г. Челябинск, kamskovaug@cspu.ru. D.A. Saraykin1, saraykind@cspu.ru, V.V. Epishev2, epishev74@mail.ru, V.I. Pavlova1, pavlovavi@cspu.ru, Y.G. Kamskova1, kamskovaug@cspu.ru 1South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 2South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

Effects of Sparring Load on Reaction Speed and Punch Force During the Precompetition and Competition Periods in Boxing

Seven, male, national-level boxers (age, 20.3 ± 2.7 years; height, 1.80 ± 0.06 m; mass, 73.8 ± 11.1 kg) participated in this study to investigate the effects of sparring on reaction time and punch force of straight punches measured during the precompetition and competition periods. Heart rate and blood lactate concentrations were also monitored. Sparring load was chosen in accordance with the current rules: 3 × 3-minute bouts with 1-minute break in between. Reaction time of rear straight lengthened (p < 0.01) during the sparring load of the precompetition period after the third round (to 390 milliseconds) in comparison to the competition period (to 310 milliseconds). Reaction time of lead straight lengthened (p ≤ 0.05) between the first and third round during the precompetition with no differences during the competition period. Both rear and lead straight punch forces were greater at all measurement points during the precompetition compared with the competition period. Punch forces increased for both rear and lead straight between the first and third rounds with the highest forces after third round during the precompetition (rear straight, 209 kg) and competition (rear straight, 176 kg) periods. Blood lactate levels increased after every round during both periods being at its greatest after the third round (17 mmol·L during the precompetition and 13 mmol·L during the competition period). The present sparring-induced differences in reaction time and punch forces of straight punches during the precompetition compared with the competition period may be the result of different volume and intensity of training with different goals in boxing-specific and explosive strength training.

INDIVIDUAL TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ADAPTATION MECHANISMS AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN ROWERS DEPENDING ON THE DIRECTION OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY

Objective: to study the individual features of adaptation mechanisms for the direction of the training and competitive process at stages of a year-long training of rowers-canoeists. Material and methods. We have studied the typological features of vegetative regulation in rowers, members of the national kayak-paddling and canoeing rowing team by the method of cardiointervalography with PAK «Omega-C». The features of restoration of adaptation reserves were evaluated with parameters of the spectral analysis of HRV in the preparatory and precompetitive periods during two years of the training at the beginning of the weeklong microcycle after a day of rest. Results. We have identified three types of muscular metabolic activity in the rowers: aerobic «stayer», anaerobic «sprinter» and aerobic-anaerobic, which corresponded to the character of the competitive activities of the sportsmen. The studied rowers revealed individual typological features of autonomic providing of HRV which are implemented by inclusion of different regulatory systems. Conclusion. The level of manifestation of decrease of the parameters of HRV spectral analysis in the sportsmen reflects the physiological price of adaptation to the direction of the competitive activity.

An Impacted Tibial Plateau Fracture in an Adolescent Diver: A Case Report

The tibial plateau is a critical load-bearing surface in humans. Although tibial plateau fractures represent only 1% of all fractures, proper management by all members of the health care team, including athletic trainers, physicians, and physical therapists, is required for successful patient outcomes. A 14-year-old national-level competitive female diver injured her right knee during the precompetition warm-up period. Upon evaluation by an athletic trainer, the patient was referred for imaging and examination by a physician. She was seen by an orthopedic surgeon for consultation. The patient elected for a surgical repair of the tibial plateau fracture. Following surgery she underwent an 11-week comprehensive therapeutic exercise program with athletic trainers and physical therapists. The patient’s return-to-play progression included dry land activities, platform diving, 1-m springboard diving, and 3-m springboard diving. The patient has successfully returned to competitive diving. Proper identification of tibial fractures can be difficult considering their low occurrence in youth and their similar clinical presentation to more common youth injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Clinicians providing immediate on-site medical care should be thorough in their clinical exam including palpation and axial loading of the joint.

Psychological means of recreation sportsmen’s psychic workability

Purpose: to study recreation of sportsmen’s psychic workability under influence of psychological methods. Material: Students-sportsmen, practicing boxing and kickboxing (n=45, age17-23 years) participated in he research. Express assessment methodic for “Self-feeling, activity and mood”, “Correcting tests” was used. Results: sportsmen’s subjective assessment of own state depends on the stage of competition functioning. This assessment is rather favorable in pre-competition and competition periods. In pre-competition period unconscious weakening of psychic workability happens. Psychic workability weakening in competition period is of functional character and can be reduced in post-competition period. Conclusions: application of art-therapeutic methodic results in sportsmen’s more recreated, relaxed and hardy. Singing and drawing can be used as the method of stabilization of sportsmen’s activity, mood and self-feeling.

Relationship between Muscle Torque and Performance in Special and Specific Exercises in Young Weightlifters

Abstract Introduction. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between knee and elbow isometric muscle torque values and the results obtained in special and specific exercises in young weightlifters. Material and methods. The study involved eight young weightlifters (age: 19.9 ± 4.3 years; height: 176.8 ± 10.6 cm; weight: 69.0 ± 19.7 kg - pretest, 70.9 ± 21.6 - posttest). Their performance put them in the second and third top classes of weightlifters their age according to the Polish norms for weightlifting (the so-called ‘national class’ and ‘first class’ in the Polish system, which are lower than the ‘international class’). The differences between the values obtained in the first measurement of torque performed at the beginning of the preparation period and those obtained at the beginning of the immediate pre-competition period were compared with the differences in the maximal load lifted in special and specific exercises. Results. The training that the weightlifters underwent during the preparation period caused a significant increase in the relative torque values of the knee extensors (0.56 Nm/kg on average, p ≤ 0.047) and those of the elbow flexors (0.35 Nm/kg, p ≤ 0.0002). Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between the results obtained in all of the special and specific exercises examined. A statistically significant relationship was also found between the changes in relative torque values and the results achieved in special and specific exercises. Conclusions. The regression equations derived in the study can help predict sports performance outcomes based on the results of laboratory tests.

Особенности изменений цитокинового статуса у спортсменов в зависимости от уровня физической нагрузки

Мета. Вивчити особливості динаміки показників вмісту ряду цитокінів в периферичній крові у спортсменів залежно від типу фізичного навантаження і етапу професійної підготовки. Методи. У роботі узагальнено результати обстеження 30 легкоатлетів у предзмагальний і змагальний періоди. Всім досліджуваним проводилося визначення вмісту в периферичній крові цитокінів, а також фактора некрозу пухлини. Дослідження проводили імуноферментним методом. Результати. Встановлено, що у спортсменів визначається підвищення вмісту прота протизапальних цитокінів в периферичній крові пропорційно рівню і типу фізичного навантаження. Висновки. Імуносупресія у спортсменів має мультифакторний характер і супроводжується зниженням вмісту лімфоцитів у периферичній крові та розвитком ендогенної інтоксикації. Зниження інгібуючої дії протизапальних цитокінів сприяє розвитку запалення і формуванню аутоімунних реакцій щодо антигенів здорових органів – міокарда та аорти. Отримані результати проведеного дослідження надають можливість прогнозувати ризик розвитку недостатності кардіореспіраторної та імунної систем у спортсменів.

The training of international level distance runners

A limited number of studies have examined the distribution of training at different intensities during longer training periods among elite runners. Runners who want to reach international level in distance running should run ≥110 km/week at the age of 18–19 years. For senior runners, it appears that training volumes around 150–200 km/week are appropriate for 5000 and 10,000 m runners and 120–160 km/week for 1500 m runners. It also appears to be beneficial to combine these weekly training volumes with two to four sessions per week at the velocity at the anaerobic threshold pace, and one to two sessions per week above velocity at the anaerobic threshold pace during the preparation period. For runners who compete over distances from 1500 to 10,000 m, it seems appropriate to reduce the number of sessions carried out at velocity at the anaerobic threshold pace and to increase the number of sessions at specific race pace in the pre-competition period and during the competition period. Top results for the marathon can be achieved by a “low volume/high intensity model” (150–200 km/week), as well as by a “high volume/low intensity model” (180–260 km/week).

Salivary Hormones Response to Preparation and Pre-competitive Training of World-class Level Athletes.

This study aimed to compare the response of salivary hormones of track and field athletes induced by preparation and pre-competitive training periods in an attempt to comment on the physiological effects consistent with the responses of each of the proteins measured. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA), chromogranin A, blood creatine kinase activity, and profile of mood state were assessed at rest in 24 world-class level athletes during preparation (3 times in 3 months) and pre-competitive (5 times in 5 weeks) training periods. Total mood disturbance and fatigue perception were reduced, while IgA (+61%) and creatine kinase activity (+43%) increased, and chromogranin A decreased (−27%) during pre-competitive compared to preparation period. A significant increase in salivary testosterone (+9 to +15%) and a decrease in testosterone/cortisol ratio were associated with a progressive reduction in training load during pre-competitive period (P < 0.05). None of the psycho-physiological parameters were significantly correlated to training load during the pre-competitive period. Results showed a lower adrenocortical response and autonomic activity, and an improvement of immunity status, in response to the reduction in training load and fatigue, without significant correlations of salivary hormones with training load. Our findings suggest that saliva composition is sensitive to training contents (season period) but could not be related to workload resulting from track and field athletics training.

EATING DISORDERS AND DIET MANAGEMENT IN CONTACT SPORTS; EAT-26 QUESTIONNAIRE DOES NOT SEEM APPROPRIATE TO EVALUATE EATING DISORDERS IN SPORTS.

there is a growing concern in the appearance of eating disorders in athletes, especially those that practice sports grouped into weight categories. This affects the way athletes eat, using frequently unhealthy strategies to control weight, especially during the pre-competition period. this study analyses the prevalence of contact sports athletes in developing eating disorders, and how a controlled diet plan can reduce this risk. At the same time, it evaluates the use of the EAT-26 questionnaire to detect such disorders. a randomized frequency study was performed on 244 athletes (158 men, 86 women), who were separated into two groups: those that followed a diet plan given by a nutritionist, and a control group on a free diet. The athletes completed an EAT-26 questionnaire while participating in the University-level National Championships. the free diet group scored significantly higher on the questionnaire. Also, the female athletes controlled diet group scored significantly higher than their male counterparts. the results of the questionnaire indicate that an adequate nutritional program circumvents the use of unhealthy habits to control body weight and therefore avoids developing particular eating disorders. EAT-26 questionnaire does not seem the most appropriate tool to detect these disorders.

Data analysis and review of radiology services at Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.

Medical services at the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games (CWG) were provided though a purpose-built medical polyclinic, which had a fully equipped radiology department along with other services, set up within the main Games Village. Data analysis of radiology services offered at CWG has not been published before. Imaging services within the polyclinic, Athletes Village, Glasgow 2014 CWG. The aim of the paper is to analyse data on radiological investigations and assess the demand and distribution of workload on imaging services at CWG 2014. Data on radiology investigations at the CWG 2014 was retrieved from the Carestream picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and Pharmasys (CWG official centralised electronic database system) and analysed. Six hundred ninety-seven diagnostic and interventional procedures were performed. Of these 37.9% were magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, 22% were diagnostic ultrasound (US) examinations, 33.1% were radiographs, 4.3% were computed tomography (CT) scans and 2.7% were imaging-guided interventional procedures. 88% of imaging was performed on athletes and the remainder were performed on team officials and workforce. Demand on radiology services gradually picked up through the pre-competition period and peaked half way through the CWG. Radiology played a vital role in the successful provision of medical services at the Glasgow 2014 CWG. High demand on imaging services can be expected at major international sporting events and therefore pre-event planning is vital. Having back-up facilities in case of technical failure should be given due importance when planning radiology services at future CWG events.

Sleep quality and psychobiological aspects of Brazilian Paralympic athletes in the London 2012 pre-Paralympics period

The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychobiological aspects of the Paralympic athletes athletics mode, before the London Paralympic Games 2012. We evaluated 40 athletes without 31 men and 9 women who were selected by the Brazilian Paralympic Committee to be part of the Brazilian delegation. For the evaluation of psychobiological aspects used questionnaires: Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, POMS, the Beck Depression questionnaire Pittsburgh Epworth Scale to assess, respectively, anxiety, mood, depression, sleep and sleepiness. For trait anxiety and state anxiety, athletes exhibited a mean level of anxiety in relation to the profile of mood states and higher intensity values than any other dimensions. The lower total sleep time was in athletes with bad sleep, sleep deficiency was lower in athletes with poor sleep and total sleep time was lower for those who had efficiency &lt; 85%. All psychobiological variables evaluated in pre-competition period were normal for the athletes of the Brazilian Paralympic athletics team that took part in the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

Elite Female Soccer Athletes Hormonal Response to a Pre Competitive Training Period

Elite Female Soccer Athletes Hormonal Response to a Pre Competitive Training Period

Treinamento físico pré-competitivo e marcadores de desempenho, estresse e recuperação em jovens atletas de voleibol

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do treinamento fisico aplicado em um periodo pre-competitivo na potencia e na resistencia de forca explosiva de membros inferiores, no estresse e na recuperacao de jovens atletas de voleibol. Sete atletas (15,8 ± 0,5 anos, 186,1 ± 6,6cm, 75,9 ± 1,8kg) de uma equipe de voleibol sub-16, do sexo masculino, foram treinados durante um periodo pre-competitivo de quatro semanas. A carga interna de treinamento (CIT) foi monitorada pelo metodo PSE da sessao. Testes de salto vertical com contramovimento (CMJ) e de natureza intermitente, de quatro series de 15 segundos (TSVI), foram avaliados no 1o dia de treinamento (linha de base), no ultimo dia da 2a (pos-semana 2) e da 4a semana (pos-semana 4). O Questionario RESTQ-Sport foi aplicado na linha de base, no ultimo dia da 2a, 3a e 4a semanas (Pos-semana 2, 3 e 4). A CIT nao foi diferente (p>0,05). O CMJ aumentou no pos-semana 2, comparado com a linha de base e no pos-semana 4, comparado com o pos-semana 2 (p<0,05). A media de potencia nos 15 segundos iniciais e a media de potencia das quatro series de 15 segundos do TSVI foram maiores no pos-semana 4, comparado a linha de base (p<0,01). As escalas Fadiga e Lesoes do RESTQ-Sport se alteraram ao longo do treinamento (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o treinamento aplicado durante o periodo pre-competitivo proporcionou incrementos no CMJ e no TSVI, e as alteracoes no RESTQ-Sport sugerem que os atletas apresentaram niveis adequados de estresse e recuperacao.