Shrimp Farming Research Articles

Biological and economic feasibility of cultivating the mangrove cockle Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) in a shrimp farm reservoir with estuarine influence in Santa Elena, Ecuador

The extraction of Anadara tuberculosa, a commercially valuable species in the tropical Eastern Pacific mangroves, presents significant ecological risks. To mitigate these risks, captive production of A. tuberculosa is crucial. This study examines the somatic conditions of laboratory-produced A. tuberculosa spat and their cultivation on a pilot scale in a canal-reservoir of a shrimp farm. Spat measuring 6.2 ± 0.9 mm were placed in baskets and cultured in suspension at a density of 776.6 ± 26.0 cockles (0.54 cockle per square centimeter). Environmental variables at the culture site were monitored. After 24 months of culture, the cockles reached a size of 44.7 ± 0.6 mm with a survival rate of 65.0 ± 0.6%. These production results were extrapolated to evaluate the economic viability of production in a shrimp farm canal-reservoir with estuarine influence. The proposed economic model yielded 325,000 market-ready Anadara tuberculosa mangrove cockles (in five culture cycles) with an estimated net present value (NPV) of $22,914.00. The modified internal rate of return (MIRR) reached 15.20 percent, and the cost-benefit ratio was $1.96. Economic projections indicate that the initial capital investment could be recovered within five years and one month (payback). This research provides evidence of the biological feasibility, including somatic growth, survival rates, and the relationship with environmental variables at the site, as well as the economic feasibility of cultivating A. tuberculosa in a canal of a shrimp farm with estuarine influence. The findings offer valuable insights for scaling up aquaculture production and initiating restoration processes for this species.

Development of an automatic paddle wheel aerator and re-mote movement water quality monitoring for use in a marine shrimp farm

Development of an automatic paddle wheel aerator and re-mote movement water quality monitoring for use in a marine shrimp farm

Smart Cultivation System: Innovation Concept for Designing a Modern and Automatic Shrimp Farming Technology System Powered by Renewable Energy

The research presents a comprehensive exploration of energy calculations and pond design for smart cultivation systems, with a focus on shrimp ponds. Through interviews and analysis, the energy consumption of various components such as lights, waterwheels, and pumps was determined, leading to the calculation of total power consumption and the specification of necessary equipment like inverters, batteries, and solar panels. Furthermore, the study proposes the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the pond system, enhancing sustainability and reducing environmental impact. The incorporation of IoT technology facilitates real-time energy monitoring and optimization. Additionally, innovative solutions like water filtration systems and solar-powered automatic feeders are introduced to improve water quality and feeding efficiency, respectively. The application of microcontroller-based solar street lighting enhances energy efficiency and maintenance ease. A SWOT analysis underscores the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the proposed smart cultivation system, emphasizing its potential for energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and long-term cost savings despite challenges such as weather dependence and technological limitations. Overall, the research underscores the feasibility and benefits of integrating renewable energy and modern technology in shrimp pond management for sustainable and efficient aquaculture practices.

Understanding the detrimental effects of heavy metal pollution in shrimp farming and treatment methods – a review

Abstract High levels of heavy metals in the environment pose a significant risk to the aquatic ecosystem and its organisms. The non-biodegradable nature and lengthy persistence of heavy metals in the environment lead to toxicity in shrimp. Using aquatic animals as bio-indicators of metal contamination provides valuable data on acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic species and environmental quality. This review aims to provide insights into the sources, impacts, diseases and mitigation strategies related to heavy metal pollution in shrimp farming and the dangers to humans. Shrimp growth and development at each stage exhibit distinct responses to toxicity, which can vary depending on the species, types of metals, their mechanisms of action, as well as the concentration of heavy metals and duration of exposure. While several heavy metals are considered essential nutrient elements that enhance shrimp growth and feed efficiency, exceeding the maximum tolerable limit threatens shrimp health, human consumers, and ecological systems’ stability. Shrimp species subjected to lethal toxic metal concentrations experience significant effects on accumulation in histopathology. Heavy metal toxicity has been linked to high mortality rates, malformation rates, oxidative stress, moulting issues, and decreased reproduction with increasing concentrations in shrimp. Various methods have been reported for removing heavy metal ions from aquatic environments, including filtration, adsorbents, removal efficacy, operating conditions, and the pros and cons of each technique. Therefore, this review provides an overview of how heavy metals can affect shrimp physiology and dangers to consumers. It aims to increase awareness about the importance of preventing and regulating their contamination in aquatic environments.

Nanoparticles‐based double‐stranded RNA delivery as an antiviral agent in shrimp aquaculture

AbstractThe review encapsulates the comprehensive exploration of RNA interference technology's application in shrimp aquaculture, covering molecular intricacies, production methods, and practical applications. The emphasis is on exploring the stability and delivery of gene‐specific double‐stranded RNA, particularly through nanoencapsulation. This is because the susceptibility of dsRNA to degradation and limited cellular penetration, emphasising the need for effective delivery mechanisms. The review presents an in‐depth exploration of nanoparticles for the encapsulation and delivery of dsRNA, including virus‐like particles (VLPs), and non‐viral based nanoparticles such as liposomes, chitosan, and beta‐glucan. VLPs, derived from non‐infectious shrimp virus structures, exhibit biocompatibility and natural functionality, making them suitable carriers for dsRNA. The application of chitosan and its derivatives are explored for their efficacy in reducing viral infections in shrimp. Beta‐glucan particles are examined for their immunostimulant properties in shrimp aquaculture. The text emphasises the use of yeast‐based glucan particles for encapsulating dsRNA, showcasing their potential in preventing viral diseases in shrimp. The review introduces cautionary considerations for nanoparticle formulation, highlighting factors such as pH, organic solvents, metal ions, and environmental ribonuclease that can impact dsRNA stability during synthesis. In conclusion, the text discusses the potential economic worthiness and environmental risk assessment of dsRNA technology in shrimp aquaculture. While acknowledging successful applications in other environments, it underscores the need for regulatory approval and risk assessment for dsRNA‐based products in the aquaculture industry. The evaluation of dsRNA in real‐world shrimp farms is deemed necessary for commercial utilisation, taking into account income, expenses, safety, and environmental considerations.

TSD: Random feature query design for transformer-based shrimp detector

Shrimp farming plays a vital role in ensuring food security, income generation, and employment opportunities for millions of people globally. One promising approach to enhance the efficiency of shrimp farming is through shrimp image detection, which uses computer vision to identify shrimp in aquaculture ponds. However, detecting shrimp in complex environments can be challenging, as light conditions and water turbidity can interfere with existing detection models. The current shrimp detection methods suffer from issues such as low detection accuracy and limited robustness. Therefore, we presents a Transformer-based Shrimp Detector (TSD) framework for detecting shrimp in images of complex scenes. The algorithm employs a Convolutional Neural Network to extract image features, which are then fed into a transformer encoder–decoder. We also introduce an innovative object query setting method in the decoder that uses a random feature query. To predict the detection results, a feed-forward neural network is used, and two parts in the matching loss are improved. We construct a dataset of images containing diverse shrimp farming environments, and provide box-level annotations. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a detection accuracy of 82.7% Average Precision, surpassing mainstream object detection models.

Komparasi Metode Isolasi DNA dalam Mendeteksi Gen toxR Bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus pada Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria is one of the dangerous pathogens in vaname shrimp farming (Litopenaeus vannamei). Infection with this bacterium can cause mass mortality in shrimp and considerable losses for farmers. This bacterium also has a specific gene, the toxR gene, which is used to detect its presence. The successful detection of this bacterium determines the success of handling the disease it causes. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal DNA isolation method in detecting the toxR gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria in vaname shrimp. The research was conducted by means of molecular biology-based identification using two DNA isolation protocols, namely Chloroform and Boilling lysis buffer. Visualization results showed that toxR gene DNA appeared in samples isolated with Boiling Lysis Buffer in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) media culture preparation. This means that the boiling lysis buffer method is a suitable DNA isolation method for detecting the toxR gene of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria in white shrimp.

Looking ahead to the integration of farmers into export markets: the concept of prospective export-market integration and evidence from the transitional context of Vietnamese shrimp farming

Looking ahead to the integration of farmers into export markets: the concept of prospective export-market integration and evidence from the transitional context of Vietnamese shrimp farming

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors in Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Shrimp.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and its resistance determinants in shrimp. This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, to identify and select relevant peer-reviewed articles published between January 2020 and December 2022. The search strategy involved multiple online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that examined V. parahaemolyticus prevalence, virulence factors, and AMR in shrimp from farms to retail outlets. A total of 32 studies were analyzed, revealing a pooled estimate prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp at 46.0%, with significant heterogeneity observed. Subgroup analysis highlighted varying prevalence rates across continents, emphasizing the need for further investigation. Virulence factor analysis identified thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) as the most common. Phenotypic AMR analysis indicated notable resistance to glycopeptides, nitrofurans, and beta-lactams. However, the correlation between antimicrobial usage in shrimp farming and observed resistance patterns was inconclusive. Funnel plots suggested potential publication bias, indicating a need for cautious interpretation of findings. This study underscores the urgency of coordinated efforts to address AMR in V. parahaemolyticus to safeguard public health and to ensure sustainable aquaculture practices.

MANGROVE FLORA AND THEIR PHENOLOGY OF KRISHNA ESTUARINE REGION, ANDHRA PRADESH

The mangrove plants are most important features of the estuarine area of the country. The existence of the mangroves has been increased the production and unique nature of its flora and fauna. The mangroves has been under intensive pressure of exploitation for the last three decades which in addition to direct cleaning, cutting and conversion have placed the mangrove under threats. Fish and Shrimp farming is the most destructive form of resources using the mangrove has been converted, which is leading to ecological damage. Conversion have been raised among the Ecologists, Biologists and other policy makers since 1989; deliberately destruction of mangrove plants and unplanned development of Coastal Aquaculture particularly Shrimp/Fish culture have been put under extreme criticism and sustainability has been question mark. The present study was undertaken to observe the floral distribution and their flowering and fruiting season of Krishna mangroves. There are 23 species of mangrove plants and their phenology are recorded around the study area. These 23 mangrove species consists of 13 families and 18 genera. It is suggested that the management options and the policy aspects should be amended accordingly, stake holders at all levels of resources exploitation must take part contribute to conservation and management.

Compounds isolation from Syzygium cumini leaf extract against the Vibrio species in shrimp through bioassay-guided fractionation

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds from the ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini leaf against Vibrio species through a bioassay-guided fractionation. The ethanol extract was exposed to silica gel chromatography followed by reversed phase HPLC to isolate the most effective fraction against V. parahaemolyticus. Using further UHPLC-orbitrap-ion trap mass spectrometry, five compounds were isolated with broad-spectrum potency against a range of Vibrio species viz. V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus and V. anguillarum. The IC50 values for the compounds ranged from 8 to 48 µg/mL against the most sensitive species V. vulnificus and 58 to >400 µg/mL against V. alginolyticus. The results of the toxicity tests demonstrated that the compounds were not harmful for shrimp. The study’s findings indicate that S. cumini leaf extract may contain bioactive molecules that are able to be substituted for antibiotics to treat vibriosis in shrimp farming.

Towards sustainable mangrove-shrimp aquaculture through capacity building and partnership in the Mekong River Delta

Vietnam, the world’s third-largest shrimp producer, witnessed a surge in shrimp farming when rice fields were converted into ponds, aiming to alleviate poverty in the Mekong River Delta (MRD). However, this growth significantly contributed to the decline of mangrove forests, as indicated by empirical and geospatial data. Local authorities have encouraged the application of “International Principles” to promote sustainable mangrove-shrimp aquaculture in MRD provinces. Tra Vinh, a province with a high rate of mangrove-shrimp farming, faces challenges in applying international standards, particularly for small-scale farmers. Understanding the circumstances in Tra Vinh is crucial not only for local farmers but also for stakeholders in the region. An in-depth review, local needs assessment, and a capacity-building program centred on the Asian Seafood Improvement Collaborative (ASIC) standards were conducted in Tra Vinh. The findings suggest that adhering to ecological/organic shrimp farming based on international standards is the right direction for local shrimp farmers. However, increased awareness alone does not guarantee a shift from traditional to internationally certified sustainable shrimp farming. The study highlights the role of private-private partnerships (PPPs) in facilitating the transition to sustainable mangrove-shrimp farming, emphasising that sustainable practices in the MRD are essential for household income, mangrove forest protection, environmental conservation, and climate resilience.

Nitrogen cycling process and application in different prawn culture modes

AbstractNitrogenous waste is a global concern in aquatic ecosystems. In the shrimp farming system, feeding is the main input of nitrogen, which leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous waste, such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Nitrogen cycling is crucial for nitrogenous waste removal and for the stability of the aquaculture system. Under the action of different functional microorganisms, a variety of nitrogen cycling pathways can be used for the transformation and removal of nitrogenous waste. Understanding the complexity of the nitrogen cycle is necessary for improving the aquaculture environment. This review examines the many components and mechanisms involved in the nitrogen cycle in shrimp farming system, including nitrification, denitrification, anammox, heterotrophic assimilation, and autotrophic assimilation. Because of the difference in aquaculture characteristics, nitrogen cycling pathways in different shrimp culture modes are diverse. The current application of the nitrogen cycle in shrimp farming system, including the outdoor pond mode and indoor industrialized mode, was presented in combination with the requirements for dissolved oxygen (DO), organic matter, carbon–nitrogen ratio, light, and other environmental factors. Overall, nitrification, heterotrophic assimilation, autotrophic assimilation, and heterotrophic denitrification are the main nitrogen cycle processes in the shrimp culture system. According to the characteristics of aquaculture modes and microorganisms, utilizing different nitrogen cycle processes can enhance the efficiency of the nitrogen cycle, facilitate the elimination of nitrogenous waste, optimize the aquaculture water environment, and improve overall aquaculture benefits.

One Health-based management for sustainably mitigating tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila-induced health risk

Aeromonas hydrophila has ability to spread tetracycline resistance (tetR) under stresses of oxytetracycline (OTC), one of the most important antibiotics in aquaculture industry. Even though environmental reservoir of Aeromonas allows it to be at interfaces across One Health components, a robust modelling framework for rigorously assessing health risks is currently lacking. We proposed a One Health-based approach and leveraged recent advances in quantitative microbial risk assessment appraised by available dataset to interpret interactions at the human–animal–environment interfaces in various exposure scenarios. The dose–response models were constructed considering the effects on mortality for aquaculture species and tetR genes transfer for humans. A scenario-specific risk assessment on pond species-associated A. hydrophila infection and human gut-associated tetR genes transfer was examined. Risk-based control strategies were involved to test their effectiveness. We showed that farmed shrimp exposed to tetracycline-resistant A. hydrophila in OTC-contaminated water experienced higher infection risk (relative risk: 1.25–1.34). The tetR genes transfer risk for farmers in shrimp ponds (∼2 × 10−4) and swimmers in coastal areas (∼4 × 10−6) during autumn exceeded acceptable risk (10−6). This cautionary finding underscores the importance of accounting for monitoring, assessing, and mitigating occupational health hazards among workers in shrimp farming sectors within future One Health-based strategies for managing water infection risks. We recommend that OTC emission rate together with A. hydrophila concentration should be reduced by up to 70–99% to protect human, farmed shrimp, and environmental health. Our predictive framework can be adopted for other systems and be used as a “risk detector” for assessing tetR-related health risks that invoke potential risk management on addressing sustainable mitigation on offsetting residual OTC emission and tetR genes spread in a species–human–environmental health system.

Improving the Economy of Fish and Shrimp Cultivation Through the Implementation of E-Business

Based on data from the Lamongan Regency Fisheries Service released in 2020, the total production of fish and shrimp cultivation reached 59,728.16 tons in 27 fisheries development areas throughout Lamongan Regency. And for the village of Bogobabadan capable of producing 2 tons per year. However, currently the marketing of fish and shrimp cultivation business products in the city of Lamongan is still not optimal and only uses traditional techniques, which are only distributed to industrial factories and conventional business sectors around the development area and sold to collectors at prices below market prices.
 The objectives of this research are (1) to implement E-business for fish and shrimp farming in Lamongan. (2) what are the benefits obtained after implementing e-business for fish & shrimp farming. The subjects of this study were fish and shrimp cultivators in the village of Bogobabadan, Karang Binangun District, Lamongan Regency. The method used is using SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) and as an E-Business solution design using Usecase Diagrams, Activity Diagrams and User Interface / UI Website Design.
 The results obtained from this study can help fish and shrimp farmers to increase product sales through an online system.

Advances in aeration and wastewater treatment in shrimp farming: emerging trends, current challenges, and future perspectives

Abstract The shrimp aquaculture industry has recently witnessed dramatic growth. Shrimp farming has gradually shifted from extensive to intensive or super-intensive models. However, the intensification of shrimp aquaculture is associated with energy security and environmental issues. The aeration system requires high energy demand to run mechanical aerators to maintain dissolved oxygen concentration in cultured ponds. Besides, intensive shrimp farms usually produce wastewater with high pollutant concentrations that may jeopardize the ecosystem when discharged. In an attempt to minimize the impacts of these problems, rigorous technological approaches have been carried out. This review provides recent advanced technologies employed to improve aeration and wastewater management. Moreover, this paper also introduces a sustainable energy model being studied and developed for aeration and wastewater treatment at shrimp farms.

Shrimp and Fish Underwater Image Clasification Using Features Extraction and Machine Learning

Shrimp cultivation is one type of cultivation that has a significant impact on the social status of coastal communities. Shrimp farming traditionally faces several challenges, including water pollution, imbalances in temperature, feed, media, and costs. Monitoring the condition of shrimp in the cultivation environment is very necessary to determine the condition of shrimp in the water. Classification of shrimp and fish is the first step in monitoring the condition of shrimp underwater. This research proposes the development of a method for classifying shrimp and fish underwater using feature extraction and machine learning. The flow of this research is: (1) preparing data from ROI detection results, (2) extraction process of morphometric characteristics P and T, (3) calculating the value of morphometric characteristics P and T, (4) data breakdown for training data and testing data, (5) Model creation process, data training and data testing using SVM, RF, DT, and KNN, (6) Evaluation of classification results using a confusion matrix. From this research, it was found that the Random Forest method obtained the highest accuracy, namely 0.93. From this matrix, the values ​​obtained are True Positive = 349, False Positive = 28, True Negative = 223, False Negative = 0.

Meta-analysis to Unravel Core Transcriptomic Responses in Penaeus vannamei Exposed to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses.

Shrimp farming, a dominant economic activity in coastal areas, is affected by different abiotic and biotic stress factors. These stressors, under poor management conditions, could affect growth and health of farmed animals. Understanding the common gene expressions in response to stress, regardless of the specific stress factor, holds significant importance in the field of functional genomics. Scope of this study is to identify the core transcriptomic responses in the shrimp species Penaeus vannamei exposed to various abiotic and biotic stress conditions and to decipher their functional importance. To achieve our objective, we gathered and analyzed multiple RNA-seq datasets related to twelve abiotic and nine biotic stress conditions. Through the in silico meta-analysis, we predicted 961 differentially expressed genes (meta-DEGs) for abiotic stress conditions and 517 meta-DEGs for biotic stress conditions, respectively. These meta-DEGs represent genes that are commonly expressed across different stress factors and are indicative of the organism's general response to stress. The annotation of nineteen core up-regulated meta-DEGs revealed their diverse functions in detoxification, cell adhesion, metal ion binding, and oxidative phosphorylation. These genes play a crucial role in stress response and immune defense. For abiotic stress, significant pathways associated with the stress response include tryptophan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid degradation, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, phenylalanine metabolism, drug metabolism-other enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolism, and fatty acid elongation. Similarly, for biotic stress, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 were found to be significant pathway associations. In addition, the study also predicted 17 stress regulatory motifs present in the identified meta-DEGs. These motifs have significance in identifying the stress responses of the organism. The metabolic pathways and regulatory motifs associated with abiotic and biotic stress factors identified through this study could be a valuable resource for developing stress management approaches in shrimp aquaculture.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA (Ca(OH)2) PADA BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) AIR TAWAR

One of Indonesian aquaculture superior commodities is vannamei shrimp. The problems faced by freshwater vannamei shrimp farmers is that the shrimp growth is not optimal at 0 ppt salinity. Regarding shrimp survival, the crucial minerals needed are calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg). Calcium is able to increase shrimp skin calcium levels and the length of molting cycle, as well as for the growth of shrimp biomass and an increase in dissolved calcium can lead to an increase in pH. This research utilized calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, and was conducted for 45 days. The results showed that the highest SR value at P2 was 73.33%. The highest specific weight growth value was found in P3 as much as 6.21%/ day, and the highest specific length rate was found in P3 as much as 2.66%/ day. The highest coefficient of variance in weight was found in P2 with 46.3%, and the highest coefficient of variation in length was found in P2 with 12.88%. The best FCR value was found in P3 with 0.48. Therefore, adding Ca (OH)2 could increase the growth of vannamei shrimp in freshwater.

Implementasi Modul Water Quality Meter pada Komunitas Petani Udang Vaname Jawa Timur

Vannamei shrimp is one of the leading commodities in fisheries aquaculture, due to its competitive price and the ability to be mass-produced with high stocking densities. Many coastal communities in East Java capitalize on this opportunity by engaging in vannamei shrimp cultivation. However, most shrimp farmers still measure pond water quality using conventional methods and record water quality parameters on paper, which is highly inefficient. With this issue in mind, the author sought to engage in community service by inviting representatives from the East Java vannamei shrimp farming community. The method involved delivering lectures and interactive discussions with shrimp farmers to understand their perceptions and insights regarding pond water quality, followed by the handover of modules, and subsequently evaluating the modules' usage by the shrimp farmers. As a result of this community service, we introduced a tool to assist traditional shrimp pond farmers in monitoring water quality, in the form of a "Water Quality Meter" module integrated with a website accessible via smartphones and laptops. The "Water Quality Meter" module was designed with a system to portable monitor pond water quality using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, where data obtained by microcontrollers is transmitted to a database to determine the quality value of pond water. Evaluation results indicate that farmers can use the module effectively, and data collected on the website shows that pond water quality for the farmers remains within normal ranges. Shrimp farmers directly benefit from using the module, as the shrimp pond monitoring process becomes more practical and accurate.