Pramoedya Ananta Toer Research Articles

SUPPRESSION EFFORTS BY THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AGAINST THE PROTAGONIST IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER'S HOUSE OF GLASS

This research examines the Dutch colonial government's efforts to suppress the actions of Minke, the protagonist in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel House of Glass. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the study analyzes words, phrases, and sentences in the novel that indicate colonial attempts to hinder Minke’s activities. The methodology involved qualitative data collection focused on identifying events that reflect the colonial government's interventions. The analysis centers on two key aspects: Minke's actions, which include spreading nationalist ideas, organizing movements, leading the SDI (Serikat Dagang Islam), and using speech and writing as tools for resistance. The findings reveal that the colonial government employed various strategies to curb Minke's influence, including surveillance and reporting, legal restrictions and extrajudicial measures, exile of prominent figures, property confiscation, and rumor-spreading. These efforts underscore the colonial regime's reliance on military force and the loyalty of indigenous officials, highlighting its fundamental weaknesses due to a lack of democratic foundations.

Representation of Gender Injustice in the Novel "Gadis Pantai" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Representation of Gender Injustice in the Novel "Gadis Pantai" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Perlawanan perempuan yang terpinggirkan dalam Novel “Anak Semua Bangsa” Karya Paramodya Ananta Toer

This research aims to analyze the novel "Children of All Nations" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in the context of the struggle of oppressed women in Dutch colonial society. This analysis uses a feminist approach, focusing on the resistance of marginalized women. This research uses a qualitative descriptive methodology, where reading and note-taking techniques are applied in the data collection process. Reading techniques are used to understand and interpret the content of the text, while note-taking techniques focus on female characters in the novel who experience various types of gender-based oppression and injustice. The results of text analysis show that in the patriarchal culture of the Dutch East Indies colonial era, indigenous women figures such as Nyai Ontosoroh aggressively resisted oppression and fought for the rights of women who were always oppressed and marginalized. This research found that women are often marginalized and disadvantaged in societies dominated by men since the colonial era. In conclusion, it is hoped that the findings of this research will help to better understand the resistance of marginalized women in historical and social contexts. Keywords: Feminism, Resistance, Marginalized

Perlawanan dan Pembebasan Terhadap Kolonialisme dengan Lensa Poskolonial dalam Novel Jejak Langkah Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer

This research focuses on analyzing the novel "Jejak Langkah" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer with a postcolonial approach. Through the descriptive qualitative method, this research explores the resistance and liberation depicted in the main character, Minke, as a representation of the spirit of resistance and aspirations for Indonesian independence. Minke does not only fight physically, but also through intellectual struggle, identity search, and development of political awareness. Through critical writing and relationships with nationalist figures, Minke builds national consciousness among the people and rejects Dutch colonial norms to fight for pride in Indoan identity and culture. This research illustrates the collective struggle to achieve independence and national dignity in the context of colonial colonization.

Social Facts In Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s The Girl from the Coast: Sociology of Literature

Social facts are often found in society. Although, often people do not understand and are also aware of it. Social facts are coercive. In addition, the action has existed and been carried out since ancient times and is still being carried out today. Thus, in dealing with social facts, individuals must realize that is a rule or even an obligation that must be carried out and if not carried out, then the individual will receive punishment or even social rejection. Therefore, the aims of this thesis are (1) to find out what kinds of social facts exist in the novel The Girl from the Coast. Then, (2) to find out how the characters in The Girl from the Coast face the social facts. This thesis uses the Literary Criticism method with the Sociological approach. Then, in outline, this thesis uses the theory of social facts by Emile Durkheim. Thus, the results obtained are (1) Several forms of social facts in the novel The Girl from the Coast by Premoedya Ananta Toer; a) Material. From the material form, there are several forms of social facts found in the novel, such as marriage, work, Javanese culture, and Islamic sharia. b) Non-Material. For the non-material form, there is only one form found in the novel, that is egoism. (2) How the characters in The Girl from the Coast novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer face the social facts by Emile Durkheim. Therefore, readers can make this novel as material for research using topics other than social facts, such as psychology of literature or other theories. Keywords: Social Fact, Sociology of Literature, The Girl from the Coast

How Formal and Nonformal Education Shapes a Student: A Case of Minke from Pramoedya A. Toer’s Buru Tetralogy

Objective: The study aims to investigate the interplay between formal and non-formal education and their cumulative impact on the character development of Minke, a central figure in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Buru Tetralogy. Method: Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of the tetralogy, the research meticulously examines Minke's educational experiences within and outside the institutionalized academic framework. By categorizing and evaluating his cognitive skills, linguistic proficiencies, and cultural identities acquired through formal education, juxtaposed with his extracurricular engagements and interactions outside the school, the study provided a nuanced portrayal of Minke's holistic learning journey. Results: The findings underscore the pivotal role of both formal and non-formal educational paradigms in shaping Minke's multifaceted persona. While formal education endows Minke with foundational skills and introduces him to European intellectual traditions, non-formal experiences enrich his character by exposing him to diverse societal challenges, fostering critical thinking, and nurturing a voice against colonial oppression. The synergistic integration of these educational modalities emerges as instrumental in molding Minke into a discerning, empathetic, and critically astute individual, distinctively depicted across the tetralogical narratives. Novelty: Contrary to prior singular emphases on formal or non-formal education, this research presents a holistic exploration that underscores the complementary nature of both educational realms in character development. The nuanced analysis provides fresh insights into the transformative potential of integrating diverse educational experiences, emphasizing their collective influence on individual and societal narratives as depicted in literary representations.

The Subject of Melancholia in Toer’s Bumi Manusia: Lacan’s Psychoanalytic Study

This study aims to analyse and find a description of the subject of melancholia in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This study is conducted with a cursive approach by using the perspective of Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic study that looks for a small lost object. This research is a qualitative study using the literature study method. The main data source for this research is the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The results of this study found three types of melancholia subjects, namely generational melancholia, cultural melancholia, and alienation melancholia. Nyai Ontosoroh as the main character in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, is a melancholia subject who experiences all three types of melancholia, namely generational melancholia, cultural melancholia, and alienation melancholia. Furthermore, the character Minke experiences two types of melancholia, namely cultural melancholia and alienation melancholia. Nyai Ontosoroh as the main character in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, is a melancholia subject who experiences all three types of melancholia, namely generational melancholia, cultural melancholia, and alienation melancholia. Furthermore, the character Minke experiences two types of melancholia, namely cultural melancholia and alienation melancholia. Nyai Ontosoroh and Minke are subjects that represent the author's view that wants to criticize two social systems, namely feudal society (colonized) and modern capitalist society (colonizer). These two social systems bring profound changes to the clash of generations in the world of the colonized. The subject's reaction to the changing values of society made them face a clash of cultures and eventually feel a tremendous alienation in their lives.

Sömürgeciliğin İkiyüzlülüğü: This Earth of Mankind Adlı Romanda Irkçılık ve Kimlik Kavramları

This Earth of Mankind, by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, is a moving literary masterpiece that looks into the complexity of identity and the lingering impacts of colonial subjugation. The novel's analysis of oppression reveals the deep web of power relations inherent in colonial countries. The novel illuminates the enormous inequalities between the colonizers and the colonized, as well as the racial and socioeconomic hierarchies that sustain the systemic oppression of the indigenous population. It follows Minke, a Javanese native protagonist, as he struggles with his multiple identities as an educated man finding his way through Dutch-dominated society and as a representation of his indigenous culture. In this regard, this article emphasizes the varied nature of identity creation in a colonial situation through an in-depth investigation of major characters and their relationships. Additionally, the article focuses on how the authoritarian colonial system impacts and constrains the identities of other individuals in the novel. Drawing upon postcolonial theories and historical context as well, this article also sheds light on the recurring themes of identity negotiation, cultural assimilation, and resistance within This Earth of Mankind. It aims to foster a better understanding of the psychological, social, and cultural impacts of colonialism on both the colonizers and the colonized. Ultimately, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on decolonization, identity politics, and the legacy of colonialism through an in-depth analysis of Toer's masterpiece.

TRANSLATOR'S HABITUS AND TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY: TRANSLATING THE CONCEPT OF CAPITALS IN THE NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

This study examines the relationship between the translator's habitus and translation ideology in translating the concept of capitals that exists in the two main characters in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method by taking a case study of two chapters in Bumi Manusia and its translation in English. The study found 30 expressions containing modals in the two main characters in chapters 5 and 7. The translation procedures carried out by the translator consist of standard translation (one datum), transference (15 data), modulation (four data), literal (six data), addition (one datum), contextual equivalence (two data), and paraphrasing (one datum). From Minke's character, there were 11 translations with the ideology of domestication and seven data of foreignization; and from Nyai Ontosoroh's character, only one expression that was translated domestically, and the other 11 data were foreignized. Therefore, 12 out of 30 data, i.e., 40%, were translated with domestication ideology, while 18 out of 30 data or 60% were translated with foreignization ideology. In conclusion, a translator's habitus influenced his way of translating which automatically directed his translation ideology.

Nilai Perjuangan Pada Novel Sekali Peristiwa Di Banten Selatan Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Kajian Sosiologi Sastra

This study aims to (1) analyze the intrinsic elements contained in Pramoedya Ananta Toer novel once an event in south Banten, (2) describe the values of struggle contained in Sekali peristiwa di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Qualitative method is the used this research. Because this qualitative method examines things related to society, behavior, history, and so on, and this research relates to society. Then the approach used is the sociology of literature approach, and the data source for this research is the novel Sekali Peristiwa di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Tier; then values of struggle, contained in this novel, namely, the first is the value of courage, the second is the value of the spirit of unity, and the third is the value of cooperatuib. These values are all part of struggle, can be implemented in everyday life. Because deep life does not escape from the name of struggle, and most important of all is the spirit of unity, because if there no spirit of unity, there will be none other values.

BEDAH ALUR EKRANISASI NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER KE DALAM FILM KARYA HANUNG BRAMANTYO

Currently, literart works become a trend among all ages because of changes in form that add to the aesthetics of a literary work. Not infrequently a literary work becomes a film that is widely carried out by filmmakers. Most people choose to watch movies in the midst of their busy lives to calm their minds from various activites. This is further strengthened by the number of best-selling novels in the market which are converted into films. Whether youth novels, horror, even history, a novel can be turned into an interesting and worthy film to watch. In this study, researchers chose the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the film Bumi Manusia by director Hanung Bramantyo as research materials. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of ecranization of the plot, setting, character, both in terms of categories of shrinking, adding, and varying aspects in the transfer of the novel to the film form. Data is done by reading, then watching, then taking notes. The results show that the ecranization process occurs in the elements of the plot, setting, character, namely the existence of various shrinkage, additions and changes. As for the various changes that occur at the end of the scenes that seem to be accelerated by the omission of scenes in the novel. When the screening of the film does not deviate from the plot of the novel and these changes add to the content of the meaning of the film Bumi Manusia.

Murdering Mangir

Abstract Contemporary Javanese Islam is often imagined as unusually peaceful, the result of an allegedly conflict-free early history populated by Sufis and saints. Yet not all of Java’s Islamic history is peaceful, and neither were violent historic episodes always marginalized by historians and writers. This article discusses two literary accounts of a murder that happened in the early years of Mataram, the dynasty that facilitated widespread Islamization. Their two authors—Raden Ngabehi Suradipura and Pramoedya Ananta Toer—used the story as a familiar allegory to process their own experiences of violence and oppression in the colonial and postcolonial state. Belying normative visions of a teleology of peace, they present theo-political imaginaries in which violence is accepted in the cultivation of virtue and the creation—or aspirational creation—of a just polity. Through their literary work, these writers expressed their complex positionalities as they made sense of oppressive regimes, the political role of Islamic beliefs, and the normative content of history.

Semiotic Study: The Meaning Of Women In The Structure Of Social Political Movements In The 4 Series Of Books The Buru Island Tetralogy

This study tries to observe and describe the meaning of women in the socio-political movement in the colonial era, which was described by the writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer in the book tetralogy of Buru Island (Bumi Manusia, Anak Semua Bangsa, Jejak Langkah, and Rumah Kaca). The analysis in this study observes the three female characters described in the book as representations of the meaning of women, described by Pramoedya Ananta Toer as struggle figures in initiating socio-political movements. The book, which describes the embryonic formation of the Indonesian nation during colonialism, has the style and analogy of an emancipatory struggle in a society that does not look at gender, as well as the absence of previous research that holistically discusses the four series of books in the context of women and the socio-political movement as a whole. This study uses a qualitative approach using a semiotic analysis model from Charles Sanders Peirce, which includes representation, object, and interpretant, which is then supported by compatible literature studies. The results of research on women from the natural side or in terms of their strength to fight colonialism with socio-political movements are arranged in a network of text symbols in the Tetralogi Pulau Buru novel series.

ANALYSIS OF THE INNER CONFLICT OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL "GADIS PANTAI" BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER AND ITS UTILIZATION IN THE ENRICHMENT BOOK FOR 12TH GRADE HIGH SCHOOL NOVELS

The world of literature, particularly the novel, serves as an indispensable contribution that delves into the profound aspects of the human experience. Literary psychology, as a branch of literary studies, delves into the intricate psychological facets experienced by characters within novels. In this context, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory identifies three fundamental elements of inner conflict: the Id, Ego, and Super Ego. Simultaneously, the emotional classifications elucidated by Albetrine Minderop encompass emotions such as guilt, self-punishment, shame, sadness, hatred, and love. This research endeavors to reveal and dissect the emotional classifications delineated by Albetrine Minderop. Employing qualitative descriptive research methodology, this study aims to scrutinize the conditions, circumstances, or aspects previously delineated, with the findings presented in the form of a comprehensive research report. The analysis within this study revolves around the inner conflicts experienced by the central character in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel, "Gadis Pantai." This research offers an intriguing perspective through the lens of literary psychology, providing a platform for new perspectives and insights.

The Representation of Culture in “Bumi Manusia” Novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Critical discourse analysis is a view of language in discourse analysis that views powers as always involved in forming subjects represented in language. The AWK model used in this paper is Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis, which generally analyzes media texts, can also be used to analyze literary works, including novels. The novel analyzed by Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis is the novel Bumi Manusia by Manusiaya Ananta Toer. Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis examines text, discourse practice, and sociocultural practice. The three aspects of Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis can be answered through the descriptive method text section the researcher can find three basic elements in the Norman Fairclough model, namely elements of representation, relations, and identity in the novel Bumi Manusia. Meanwhile, this paper will only discuss one element, namely representation. The result of this research is that culture is found in the text of the novel Bumi Manusia, in the form of daily behavior, language, clothes, to the names that appear in the text of the novel. In the text of the Bumi Manusia novel, there are also several cultures, not only Indonesian culture but, there is also Dutch culture by the contents of the story or synopsis of the novel describes indigenous life side by side with the Dutch.

The Citra perempuan ningrat dalam novel Panggil Aku Kartini Saja karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer: kajian simbolik Roland Barthes

This research aims to understand the image of noble women contained in the novel “Panggil Aku Kartini Saja” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer using Roland Barthes' Symbolic study. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data collection techniques used are description method and literature research. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive-analytic. The result of the research that has been carried out is that there are 60 lexia found in the novel “Panggil Aku Kartini Saja” by Pramoedya Ananta Noer, which are spread into three kinds of Roland Barthes symbolic studies in the form of 45 lexia antithetical, 12 lexia 'kemenduan', and 3 lexia opposition of two elements. The whole lexia illustrates that Kartini is a noblewoman who has an image: upholding the religion she adheres to, loving her father, and fighting for the interests of the people by writing and establishing special schools for women, a product of the shift in eastern and western culture, likes to read, and so on.

Marginalization of Women Short story "INEM" by Pramodya Ananta Toer (Research on Feminism)

This article discusses the form of female exclusion in the short story Inem. By Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This article is a descriptive qualitative study. Data the source for this study is the short story "Inem" by Pramoedia Ananta Toer. The data for this study consisted of sentences, paragraphs, excerpts of conversations, and discourse describing forms of alienation. Data analysis techniques used this study is an essential technique. The research results are the exclusion of women affects not only society and culture,family, and even country. Finally, in a nutshell, the marginalization of women stories "Inem" Pramoedya Ananta Toer's work is not only born out of poverty and poverty. ignorant of his rights, but ignorant of the dominant role of patriarchal conventions and customs religious interpretation.

Representasi Nasionalisme dan Patriotisme Dalam Film Perburuan: Analisis Semiotika

Film Perburuan is a film adapted from the novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer titled Perburuan. The film portrays the background and conditions of Indonesia during the struggle for independence, depicting the PETA (Defenders of the Homeland) forces when they were cornered while facing the Japanese army. Richard, the screenplay writer, added a story element to the film by providing a depiction of events six months prior to the original story, focusing on the character of Hardo. Research results show that Film Perburuan, in various ways understood by researchers using the construction theory and semiotic analysis approach of Roland Barthes, has six scenes that demonstrate the function of actors, with 20 functions depicting the meaning of struggle out of 31 functions of actors. There are eight opposing characters that represent the characters of goodness and evil based on the characters in the film, and within the seven character functions, there are only six characters in Film Perburuan. In Film Perburuan, this is achieved by using the stages of denotation and connotation. The denotation stage represents the literal meaning or what happens in the scene, while the connotation stage represents the meaning used to interpret the hidden meanings present in each scene.

Minangkabau male angst and the autobiographical mode

ABSTRACT Darman Moenir’s autobiographical novel, Bako, relates the experience of the protagonist – the ‘I’ of the narrative – residing with his mother in the community of his father’s relatives, the bako of the title. According to the principles of Minangkabau matriliny, neither he nor his mother are members of the father’s kin group and there is a tension in the relationship between mother and son on one side and the bako on the other. Through successive chapters, each concerning a significant individual in the protagonist’s boyhood and adolescence, the novel explores this tension and its effects on his mother. A close reading of key passages that employ a narrative device of shifting voices – the boy’s, the narrator’s, the author’s – reveals how the writing works to persuade the reader of the dramatic intensity of the boy’s quest for self-knowledge. A comparison with novels of Minangkabau society of an earlier period shows both continuity and change. The undisguised use of autobiographical experience on which the novel draws is explored through an illuminating comparison with Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s stories and through a glance at the genre of Japanese autobiographical novels and its conventions.

Adaptation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel Arok Dedes into Concept Art

This research aims to obtain the creation of exploration resulting from the adaptation of the narrative text to the visual book novel Arok Dedes. The method used in this research is applied research, which is to apply basic research for practical purposes, in this case, the design of concept art. Data is collected and compiled by studying libraries related to concept art from textbooks and virtual libraries. The result of this study is that the adaptation of text narrative to visual in concept art requires a comprehensive exploration of starting to develop the concept of space transfer, visual reference, character study, and good mood board. Through the results of this study, it is expected that the exploration of the concept of designing text adaptation to visual concept art can be studied and used as a guide for illustrators who are interested in becoming concept artists, game artists, and character art visualizers. Adaptasi Novel Arok Dedes Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dalam Concept Art. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsep penciptaan eksplorasi hasil adaptasi narasi teks ke visual novel Arok Dedes karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian terapan, yakni mengaplikasikan penelitian dasar untuk keperluan praktis dalam hal ini perancangan seni konsep (concept art). Data dikumpulkan dan dikompilasi melalui studi pustaka terkait seni konsep baik dari buku maupun pustaka digital. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa adaptasi narasi teks ke visual dalam seni konsep memerlukan eksplorasi yang komprehensif mulai dari menyusun konsep alih wahana, referensi visual, studi karakter dan mood board yang tepat. Melalui hasil penelitian ini diharapkan eksplorasi konsep perancangan adaptasi teks ke visual seni konsepdapat dipelajari dan digunakan sebagai panduan bagi ilustrator yang tertarik untuk menjadi seniman konsep, seniman gim (game artist) dan pengrajin karakter visual (visualizer art character).