Pragmatic Identity Method Research Articles

AN ANALYSIS ILLUCOTIONARY ACT IN "OZ THE GREAT AND POWERFULL" MOVIE

Abstrak The purpose of this research is to describe the functions of illocutionary act in “Oz The Great and Powerful” movie. This research is qualitative descriptive. The data for this research are taken from the utterances of main character. To collect the data, the researcher used observation method and non-participatory technique. To analyze the data, the researcher uses pragmatic identity method. The method of presenting the data, researcher uses informal method. From the data, the researcher found 55 utterances of illocutionary act. The researcher classifies then into five; assertive, directive, expressive, commissive and declarative. From 55 utterances of illocutionary act, the most frequent illocutionary act encountered by researcher is the directive because the main character of “Oz The Great and Powerful Movie” expresses many of his words directly, such as ordering, commanding, requesting, warning. The speech act that appears most frequently is directive illocutionary

FUNCTIONS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN TV SHOW “F.R.I.E.N.D.S”: PRAGMATICS APPROACH

The aimed of this research is to analyze the function of the conversational implicature found in a famous American TV show, named F.R.I.E.N.D.S. The researcher used the conversational implicature theory by Grice (1975) to identify the utterance and the speech acts theory by Searle (1976) to categorize the function. The design of this research is qualitative research. The researcher used the interview method by Sudaryanto (2015) to collect data, the pragmatic identity method by Sudaryanto (2015) to analyze the data, and used the informal presentation method by Sudaryanto (2015) to present the research result. The researcher collected ten data that contain conversational implicature, and two of the data categorized as representatives/ assertives, three data categorized as directives, two data categorized as commissives, two data categorized as expressive, and the remaining data categorized as declarations. The result concludes that out of the ten analyzed data, directives is the most used speech acts in the TV show.

The Positive Politeness Analysis Used in Virgin-Meet the Author

This research used qualitative research method. The theory used is Brown & Levinson (1987) about 15 positive politeness strategies. The aim of this study was to find the positive politeness strategies in Virgin-Meet the Author. Virgin is a Youtube channel. This channel contains videos that can inspire others through the good videos that are in it. One of the inspirational episodes is the Meet the Author episode where the author can tell the audience the contents of the book she/he has made so that audience can understand the contents of the book. In collecting data, this study used observational method and non-participatory techniques. Pragmatic identity method used in this research to analyze the data. The result that the researcher found were strategy of using in group identity markers, avoiding disagreement, giving and asking for reasons, includes both speaker and hearer in activity and exaggerating strategy in Virgin-Meet the Author.

THE STRATEGIES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS REFLECTED IN “THE LAST SONG” NOVEL BY NICHOLAS SPARKS

This research discussed the positive and negative politeness strategies in The Last Song novel by Nicholas Sparks (2009). The data were the utterances in The Last Song novel. This research was mainly aimed to find out the strategies of positive and negative politeness. The theory applied in this research was taken from the book entitled “Politeness Some Universals in Language Usage” proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen C Levinson (1987). This research was the descriptive qualitative research. Method of collecting the data used observational method by using non-participatory technique. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the pragmatic identity method. The research result showed that the characters in The Last Song novel applied all the strategies of positive politeness and negative politeness except the eighth strategy of negative politeness; state the face threatening act because The Last Song novel was the romantic novel and there was no regulation, obligation, social rule from the country.

Impoliteness Utterances in Column Comment Chaitlyn's Posts on Instagram: Pragmatics Approach

This research aimed to describe an aspect of impoliteness found in utterances in the form of comments that contained impoliteness strategies specifically found in comment columns, theory about the aspects of impoliteness strategies purposed by Culpeper. The main instrument in this research was the context in utterances written by haters in comment columns. Then, it made this study used a pragmatic identity method to analyze data due it focused on utterances from haters. In addition, the design of this research was qualitative descriptive because this study described impoliteness strategy in words only. Indeed, researcher used non-participant technique to collect the data in screenshots. The last is an informal method used in this study, researcher used this method to present data in text form. The results of this study were only four strategies from five strategies by Culpeper that used by haters while commenting the posts. There were, positive impoliteness strategy, negative impoliteness strategy, bald on record strategy, mocking politeness or sarcasm, but withhold politeness strategy which was not applied by hatters. In addition, there are five causes which trigger hatters used impoliteness strategies while giving comments, there are fake accounts, sexual harassment, emotions, environment, and LGBT problems.

An Analysis of Types of Taboo Words in Parker Movie

This research focuses on types of taboo words that used in Parker movie. This research is a qualitative research. The data of this research were taken from Parker movie. Data were collected by using an observation method and non- participant technique (Sudaryanto,2015) . The data are analyzed using the pragmatic identity method (Sudaryanto, 2015). In analyzing the data, the researchers applying Battistella (2005) theory. The result of this research was presented using an informal method.The researcher found out three types of taboo word that appeared in Parker Movie. There are obscenity types, profanity types, and epithet types. Obscenity is the type with the highest number of occurrences, followed profanity type after that. Then, the least number of occurences is epithet type.

The Cooperative Principle Analysis in About Time Movie

This research had aimed to analyze cooperative principle by observing the characters’ utterances in About Time movie. A descriptive qualitative method was used in analyzing the data because it would be explained by words, phrases, and sentences. The data would be based on the characters’ utterances in About Time movie. In collecting the data, the researcher used the observational method and non-participatory, note-taking techniques. Pragmatic identity method was applied in analyzing the data. The result findings showed that all four maxims in cooperative principle were found through the utterances in About Time movie. The researcher found 37 data of maxims. The result indicated that there were 14 (38%) data maxim of quantity, 14 (38%) data maxim of relation, 7 (19%) data maxim of quality and 2 (5%) data maxim of manner. In summary, the most frequently data were found in the maxim of quantity and maxim of relation. The least data were found in maxim of manner.
 Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Maxims, Utterances, Movie

Maxims in Novel “The Fault in Our Stars” by John Green: Pragmatics Approach

This research aimed at analyzing the types of maxims of the cooperative principle that were used in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars. The data source of data was a novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars that fulfilled cooperative principle based on four maxims of cooperative principles: Maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner. Theory that the researcher used in this research was theory of Grice. In this research, a descriptive qualitative method was applied to answer the research questions. The observational method and non-participatory technique were applied by the researcher in collecting the data. In analyzing the data the researcher used pragmatic identity method based on the theory of Sudaryanto. The results showed that the level of cooperative principle was mostly used in the novel. The researcher found 30 data related to cooperative principle. The maxims of quantity have 15 data, 3 for maxim of quality, 10 for maxim of relation and maxim of manner has only 2 data.

EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE STATUSES OF THE FACEBOOK USERS

This research is conducted based on two purposes; they are to identify the types of expressive speech act found in the statuses of the Facebook users, and to explain the modes of expressive utterance used in the statuses. Therefore, the data source is the social network that is Facebook and the data are the statuses of the Facebook users. The data are collected by using observational method, followed by non-participant observational technique and taking-note technique. The data analysis is based on pragmatic identity method proposed by Sudaryanto (2015) which is also supported by the theory of the types of expressive speech act by Ronan (2015), and theory about the modes of utterance from Alwi, et al (2000). The analysis result shows that there are fourteen types of expressive speech act in the statuses. They are the expression of agreement, disagreement, apology, gratitude, sorrow (sadness), exclamation (complaint), volition (hope), anger, disappointment, encouragement, satire, annoyance, pride, and congratulation. Meanwhile, the modes of expressive speech act that are used consist of declarative mode, interrogative mode, and exclamative mode. The importance of this research is to reveal or show that there is something else the Facebook users want to say behind their statuses. Sometimes, they do not really state what they mean in their statuses. They use indirect way and there lies the use of expressive speech act which can be stated in different way.

Phatic Marker in Bengkulu Malay Language

The current study aims to describe the form and function of a phatic marker in Bengkulu Malay. The data were taken from the spoken language of Bengkulu Malay language, which consists of phatic utterances. The data were collected using the observational and conversational method. The analysis was done using contextual analysis, distributional method, and pragmatic identity method. The result shows there are two forms of phatic in Bengkulu Malay, they are particle form, including nah ‘nah’, yak ‘yah’, ay ‘ai’, way ‘wai’, awu ‘ya’, woy ‘woi’, wey ‘wei’, hoy ‘hoi’, and clitic form, including -lah and ‘lah’.Â

Tuturan Melarang dalam Komik Yotsubato Karya Kiyohiko Azuma

The research entitled “Speech Acts of Prohibition in Comic Yotsubato by Kiyohiko Azuma” is aimed to identify various form of speech acts of prohibition and the factors behind the use of the said speech acts in the comic Yotsubato by Kiyohiko Azuma. This research applied the theory of speech acts by Wijana (1996) and level of politeness factors according to Mizutani and Mizutani (1987). The method of collecting data used in the research is attentive observation method, which is done by observing the speech in the comic. Afterwards, the obtained data is noted by applying note-taking technique. The data analysis is done by using pragmatic identity method. Later on, in the data presentation, informal method is used. The result of the analysis indicates that in the comic Yotsubato, found 9 data that categorized as direct speech acts of prohibition and 7 data that categorized as indirect speech acts of prohibition. Then, there are 4 factors behind the use of the speech acts of prohibition in the comic Yatsubato, namely 1) familiarity factors; 2) age; 3) social distance; and 4) gender.
 

PRAGMATIC MEANINGS OF JAVANESE PHATIC MARKER ‘SAMPUN’: CULTURE-SPECIFIC PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE

The Javanese phatic marker ‘sampun’ draws several interpretations to researchers. The variety of interpretation poses communication problems in the daily communication, especially for people that do not fully understand the Javanese language and culture. The data consisted of excerpts of utterances transcribed from the recording tape of full conversations containing the phatic ‘sampun’ as discourse markers. The data gathering methods employed in this research were observation and speaking methods. Both types of data gathering methods employed the basic and advanced techniques in their elaboration. After being classified and typified properly, the data was analyzed using the distributional analysis method and pragmatic identity method commonly used in a linguistic research. The research showed the following results namely (1)the cultural context to emphasize intention, (2) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s hope and expectation, (3) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s intention to convince the hearer, (4) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s intention to question the hearer, (5) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s intention to agree, (6) the cultural context to convey disappointment, (7) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s inconvenience.

Cucuk Lampah: Cooperative Principles Violations to Create Laughter at Wedding Ceremony in Magetan

This research aimed at describing the violations of cooperative principles and the factors that created humor of Cucuk Lampah in the wedding ceremony in Magetan regency. This was descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this research were all humor discourse conducted by Cucuk Lampah. Meanwhile, the objects were the data that contained the violation of the cooperative principle. The data collection used observation method with the tapping technique, then SBLC or Free Participant Observation technique, note-taking technique, and video recording technique. It used a pragmatic identity method based on utterances by heuristic technique to analyze data. The result shows that in creating humor, Cucuk Lampahmostly violates quantity maxim. It means that Cucuk Lampah prefers less and more information or contribution to the interaction. Cucuk Lampah is free to lie, using taboo, speaking indirectly with pambiwara, and singers. Cucuk Lampah also uses language play by mentioning the unexpected in the utterances to build up taboo words. The violations of the quality maxim, relevance maxim, and manner maxim are also done in less number compare to quantity maxim violations. The nonobservance of the maxims mostly is violating a maxim, flouting a maxim, infringing a maxim, suspending a maxim, and the last is opting out of a maxim

Expressive Utterances as Found in Zach Sang Show on YouTube

This article analyses expressive utterances as found in Zach Sang Show on YouTube. This video is an interview of Zach Sang and the Gang to Selena Gomez as the guest of the show. The aim of this research is to analyse the types of expressive utterances and identify the functions of the expressive utterances found in the interview. Data were collected by using observational method and note-taking technique. Data were studied by using pragmatic identity method. Data were analyzed by using theory of types of expressive utterances proposed by Ronan (2015) and theory of function of expressive utterances proposed by Searle and Venderveken (1985). Data presented in narration and by using tables. Expressive utterances found in the video are 87 utterances. The writer finds 10 types of expressive utterance. They are agreement, volition, disagreement, compliment, pride, expressing sorrow, thanking, greetings, non-directed complaints in exclamations and apologizing. The most dominant type of expressive utterances is agreement. It shows the same perception between the speaker and the interlocutor. There are 14 functions of expressive utterance. They are to please, to desire, to agree, to disagree, to compliment, to boast, to lament, to thank, to greet, to complain, to surprise, to apologize, to congratulate and to praise. The most dominant function of the expressive utterances is to please. It shows the feeling of satisfaction, enjoyment and convenient to the proposition.

An Analysis of Commissive Speech Act Used by The Shopping Hosts of MNC Shop

This research focuses on the use of commissive speech act used by the shopping hosts of MNC Shop. The source of data is taken from the advertisements of household appliances, such as frying pan, rice cooker, vacuum cleaner, etc which are broadcasted in December 2018. The purposes of the research are to identify and to explain the form and the pattern as well as the function of the commissive speech acts used by the shopping hosts. This research uses qualitative approach. The data are collected by using observational method followed by recording and note-taking technique. Then, the data are analyzed by using pragmatic identity method and distributional method with deletion and permutation technique. The theory of form and pattern of the commissive speech act are based on Alwi's and Putrayasa's theory. Meanwhile the theory of its function is taken from Yule's and Ibrahim's theory. From the analysis, it is found that the commissive speech acts in the advertisement can be uttered in the form of declarative, interrogative and exclamative. The pattern can be in the form of normal sentence (subject preceding the predicate then followed by the object) or in the form of inverted sentence (the inversion of normal pattern) which the predicate preceding the subject, etc. In terms of its functions, the commissive speech acts can be used to promise, to guarantee and to convince.

Empowering the Values of Minangkabau Local Wisdom in Preventing the Activity of Women Trafficking in West Sumatera

Woman trafficking is a kind of fatal action in which women are regarded as goods that can be traded. This writing is aimed at identifying the values of the local wisdom potentially used to minimize and to prevent the activity of women trafficking in West Sumatera. The research is conducted in West Sumatera (Padang, Lima Puluh Kota, Tanah Datar). The data are any information related to Minangkabau local wisdom. To collect the data, an observational method with note-taking, recording, and in-depth interviewing are applied. Referential and pragmatic identity method is used to analyse data related to the concept proposed by Ebe, Das, Oktavianus and Revita. The result of the analysis is descriptively-narratively presented. Having analyzed the data, it is found that there are four values of Minangkabau local wisdom could be used to prevent the activity of women trafficking namely (1) wisdom; (2) togetherness; (3) cooperation; and (4) carefulness.

TYPES AND MARKERS OF POLITENESS DEPICTED IN PUBLIC SERVICE ADVERTISEMENT IN PEKANBARU

The application of politeness can be found in daily life through behavior of deeds and words, it also can describes in a public service advertisement. The purpose of this research is to determine and explaine the types and markers of politeness depicted in Public Service Advertisement in Pekanbaru. This research is done chronologically based on three steps, they are; collecting of the data, analysis of the data and presenting the result analysis that is guided by methods and various techniques of language analysis. The data are collecting by observational method. Tap technique is used as the basic technique. In observing the data, pictures of the data are documented by using camera tool of observation. Besides, note-talking technique is also used in documenting the data. Data collected then is analyzed by using pragmatic identity method. The result of the analysis then is presented by using informal method. From the results of analysis, there found eights types of politeness that are applied in Public Service Advertisement in Pekanbaru. Related to politeness markers used in Public Service Advertisement in Pekanbaru there found three politeness markers. Those three are; mari, ayo and –lah.Keywords: Types and markers, politeness depicted, public services, advertisement.

Implicatures in Political Discourse on Indonesia Lawyers Club Show

Implicature in political discourse is one of interesting problem to be studied in linguistics. Sometimes, many politicians usesentences which imply something different than the literal meaning for certain political purposes. Mass media is one of intercessionbetween political doer and people, such as a talk show or dialogue of politics on television. Indonesia Lawyers Club is one of dialoguein television, which discuss about political issues in Indonesia. This article aimed at describing and explaining forms and kinds ofimplicature used in political discourse by using implicature theory from Grice (1975) and Gazdar (1979). The method use in collectingthe data is observational method and technique of Non Participant Observation (NPO) followed by recording and note takingtechnique. Furthermore, this study uses referential and pragmatic identity method in analyzing data. It is a descriptive research inwhich using a qualitative approach. The data of the research are taken from utterances as found in the political dialogue entitledIndonesia Lawyers Club, as TV programs. The result of research shows that implicature has found and used in political discourse inIndonesia Lawyers Club by breaking the cooperation principle in declarative and negative form, while interogative is not found inthis show. Besides, the use of implicature also found in the kinds of conventional implicature, generalized conversational andparticularized conventional implicature, and scalar implicature. Furthermore, the meaning of implicature consists of criticism,teasing, obscurity of meaning, image projection, agree, disagree, and euphemism. Pragmatics functions in implicature consist ofassertive, directive, expressive and commisive. Finally, the value in implicature consists of political value, those are self-image ofideology, power, aversion, democracy, and protection, and morality value.

ASPEK NILAI MORAL DALAM AKUN FACEBOOK JOKOWI

This study aims at (1) identifying the lingual form of disfemism in Joko Widodo's Facebook account; (2) describing the addressing form containing sarcasm in Joko Widodo's official Facebook account; and (3) identifying the sarcasm expression used by the operator and the uploader of the account. The object of this study is polite expressions. Linguistic unit of the expressions can be in the form of word, phrase, clause, and sentence. The data of this present study are sentence or sentences in Jokowi's official Facebook account that contains positive connotation words. The data contexts of this research are discourse containing positive connotation sentences, the topic of discourse written by people in Jokowi's account, the identity of the participant, and the context of extra-lingual that is based on the importance of the operator of the president's social media account. The data collection was conducted through documentation technique. The data in Jokowi's official account were copy-pasted. Then, the data were being read intensively to note the positive connotation utterance. The data analysis was conducted through referential (identity) method, pragmatic (identity) method, translational (identity) method, and articulatory phonetic (identity) method. The referential (identity) method was used to identify the topics that were stated by the uploader of the account. The pragmatic (identity) method was used to identify the background of (profession, organization etc) that appeared in their writings. The translational (identity) method was used in describing the origination of the language they use. It is possible that through the use of this method, this study finds the register on that account. Finally, the phonetic (identity) method was used to identify the utterance characteristic they stated. The positive or negative emotion of the speaker, usually, marked by the special pronunciation. To establish the data analysis, this study uses distributional method: substitution technique and paraphrase technique. Based on the data analysis, this study shows several results. First, the euphemism utterance in Jokowi's official Facebook account using any levels, i.e. word, phrase, clause, and sentence. Through those levels, the writer presents suggestions and critics to the owner of the account Joko Widodo. Second, the functions that are stated through that account are expression device, communication relationship to the leader, integration device, and self-control device. Third, the topics stated by the people in that account are about the depiction of Joko Widodo that in their opinion, Joko Widodo shows pretending, the existence of Megawati in the election of Joko Widodo as a president, the increasing of IDR currency and other things at the beginning of his leadership. The expression shows hatred towards the elected president. Furthermore, they also express about Jokowi's unability to establish the IDR currency and his leadership is judged as not good. In addition, to the people, especially netizen are invited to disbelieve to his leadership.

Penggunaan Bahasa Verbal Hipnoterapis dan Pengaruh Nonverbal Terhadap Pecandu Rokok: Suatu Kajian Neurospikolinguistik

This research is aimed at finding the suggestion forms of verbal hypnoterapist language and its nonverbal reaction to cigarette suffering (clients). In collecting data is used observation method and non-Participant observation technique followed by recording and note taking method. The data is collected at one of hypnoteraphy clinic in Padang. In analyzing the data, the writer uses referential and pragmatic identity method. To finding data clearly, valuable, and easy to read is used descriptive statistic in order to know client condition and how far verbal hypnotherapist can influent to the client. Data is served in the formal and informal method. Based on the analysis is concluded that, somnabulistic is an important section in giving hypnotherapy suggestion. Using word “belatung” to AM client, “tikus” to WW client, and “ular” to IR client have a different reaction to each client. Client AM in the 21-27 scale, is a good suggestion. He is a Physical Sugestible who has right hemisfer domain. Client WW is an Emotional Sugestible, in the 21-27 also but she has dificulty in the open eyes trance, she is a middle suggestion who has left hemisfer domain and client IR has Intelectual Sugestible, who has critical analysis, in the 28-35. Beside that suggestions must have given reapeatly short, clear and motivation understandable langguage. Suggestions are in the plural and active sentences which avoid in using words “dont”, “will”, “no”. 
 Overall, cigarette suffering is a person who suffer from unconsious mind or psychomatis that can give negative effect to his healhty. Giving suggestion motivation sentences in hypnotherapy can hamper the critical factor of client and finally, can solve client suffer problems.