Pragmatic Aspects Research Articles

Expressing Politeness in English and Romanian – Some Grammatical and Pragmatic Aspects

The English and Romanian languages are quite different, with dissimilar historical backgrounds and with no genetic relatedness. Yet, as far as linguistic politeness is concerned, we may encounter a number of similarities between the two languages. Our survey will highlight the fact that, even if the resemblance between Romanian and English, from the grammatical point of view, is not so evident, yet, there are many similarities as far as the pragmatic view on politeness is concerned. We might speak of a certain constant when referring to the common characteristics of the two languages, of a common universal factor that characterizes the communicative competence of the people.

The metaphoric perception in language and literature

The research is titled (The metaphoric perception in language and literature "Sherko Bekas's "Darbandi papula" as an example), which is a literary linguistic research. In the research, several rank forms were presented, and Sherko Bekas has marked the rank of forms by using a set of forms and giving a meaningful sign of his feelings. It is an attempt to identify and present the process of presenting hidden images of a lexical form, more commonly known as metaphor in linguistics, which mark linguistic metaphors and replace morphological form. According to the semantic theory of composition, these metaphors are expressed as a major sign, so language can be considered as a common tool of language science and literature genre, especially the research has focused on the language used in poetry, in this way The creation and analysis of metaphors is involved in both semantic and pragmatic aspects, if it is not easy to understand the metaphor.

Мужество пользоваться собственным умом как цель образования

The paper develops the problem of educational guidelines. The purpose of the article is to show that such guidelines should not be limited exclusively to the pragmatic aspect, i.e. mastering the profession, but should include a moral and practical dimension, i.e. education to independent thinking as the foundation of the moral education of the individual. Moreover, thinking should be not only independent, but also correct, i.e. meet the criteria of universality according to the categorical imperative and communicability according to the requirements of the canon of pure reason. As a result of the study, it was concluded that courage to use your own intelligence is the motto of enlightenment, and enlightenment is the principle and purpose of education. It was also concluded that the purpose of education can be achieved only in conditions of freedom realized in the political and legal institutions of the state. But the state itself depends on how much citizens are able to reveal their potential and have the courage to think independently, as well as the ability to think correctly.

Juxtaposition across Mathematical Modeling, Stochastic Processes along with the Lenses of Philosophy of Science and AI integration in Medicine and Biology: An Overview

The ultimate reason for the ubiquity of mathematics in modern science entails the essence of mathematical thinking and processes so that complex phenomena including those emerging in medical and biological systems can be understood, and thus, scientific models at their crux can be generated. The consequent complexities and uncertainties require the applications of stochastic processes in mathematical modeling with Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques used in realms of medicine and biology. Within these conditions, clinical evaluation evidence and model explainability are considered to ensure accountable, effective and safe uses of AI in clinical settings, along with robust, reliable as well as accurate understanding of various complex processes that manifest huge numbers of heterogeneous temporospatial scales. The role of philosophy within science can be expounded by its juxtaposition with models and empirical data explicated by philosophy whose pillars are driven into semantic, pragmatic and syntactic structures of scientific theory that also make up the foundational tenets of algorithmic thinking and patterns. While philosophy of science examines and reflects on the concepts, theories, arguments and methods of science, it should also be borne in mind that scientific theory, by its definition, relates to applications validated by its predictions as units of analyses. Concerning mathematical models, their structure and behavior in target systems are also to be addressed so that explicit common patterns that are implicit in scientific practice can be included in this complex influx. On the other hand, critical functions of mathematical modeling from the pragmatic aspect include the unification of models and data, model fitting to the data, identification of mechanisms depending on observations as well as predictions of future observations. Given these, philosophy of science in medical and biological fields is stated to prompt a comprehensive understanding to construct holistic mathematical models particularly in complex sciences including different attributes of complexity, evolution and adaptation. Regarding the position of AI, its algorithms and mathematical modeling, the methods of neural networks, statistics, operations research, fractional calculus, fractals, and so forth can be employed with AI being capable of uncovering hidden insights embedded in big data concerning medical and biological issues in view of contemporary scientific thinking and processes. In addition, the treatment and handling of uncertainty in clinical medicine and biological problems over their processes may disclose compelling challenges due the fact that uncertainties are one of the intrinsic features of nearly all mathematical models which are formed based on three basic types of uncertainty: interval, Bayesian and stochastic. Accordingly, the current overview aims at providing answers built on sophisticated models considering the explanation and interpretation of design and formulation considering that the extant research literature could have some fragmented points in terms of original and application-oriented works. To these ends, the opportunities, challenges, limitations and conjunctures with respect to mathematical modeling in medicine and biology are addressed while role of philosophy of science is discussed within the context of mathematical modeling and applications in medicine and biology. In addition to these points, the delineation of forecasting, prediction, estimation and approximation concerning different mathematical modeling with the integration of AI in medicine and biology is explained. Thereby, an overview is inclusively presented by comprising the principles underpinning the medical and biological systems within a framework in relation to the diagnostic and disease-related treatment processes and follow-up, which can provide new directions in novel formulations, designs and interpretations based on mathematical modeling processes to be constructed and solved through practicality as well as to-the-point specific means.

Cognitive-epistemological, pragmatic, and psycholinguistic aspects of French interjections

Interjections as a lexical and grammatical category still belong to the interdisciplinary lacunae, as they require the concretization of interpretations in various aspects: terminological definitions, pragmatic functions, cognitive reception by a speaker, and an adequate reproduction by an addressee. Their functional capabilities to reflect and combine emotional and rational, verbal and non-verbal information in communication are significant. Interjections are closely related to a speech act, the mental characteristics of its participants, verbal and non-verbal means of communication, context, and objective reality. The current study aims to analyze the determinative interpretations and lexical and grammatical structures of interjections as a universal category used for determining communicative and pragmatic functions. A part of the psychological epic In Search of Lost Time/“A la recherche du temps perdu” – “Albertine Disappears” (“Albertine Disparue”) by Marcel Proust (1925) serves as a research material. Interjections, as a universal category, hold a prominent place in the lexical and grammatical system of languages. As a result of conducted quantitative analysis of interjections, the most common interjections discovered in the studied literary French-language text were one-word interjections, ‘oh!’ ‘ah!’, and ‘hélas!’, which, depending on the author’s illocutionary intention, their pragmatic function, as well as their position in the remark - at the beginning, in the middle or at the end - can create a range of meanings according to their emotional effect, such as hope, disappointment, doubt, embarrassment, confirmation, denial, request or call to action. Conversely, the texts frequently comprise interjection phrases that convey the processes of reflection on the inner experiences of a particular character and their psychological state. This, in turn, reveals the process of their personality development. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest. * Corresponding author: Oksana Rohach, 0000-0002-5304-0837oksanarog@vnu.edu.ua

Analysis Politeness And Impoliteness Youtube Chanel"Prabowo Subianto Bicara Gagasan Mata Najwa

Politeness and impoliteness are integral aspects of pragmatics, deeply embedded in the fabric of social interaction. This study aims to analyze the manifestations of politeness and impoliteness in the live verbal interactions featured on the YouTube channel "Mata Najwa." Specifically, the focus is on the episode titled "Prabowo Subianto Bicara Gagasan Mata Najwa." By examining the discourse in this episode, the study seeks to elucidate how conversational strategies either adhere to or deviate from societal norms of politeness. Such an analysis is pivotal for understanding the dynamics of communication and the implicit power relations within social interactions. The findings can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of face-saving and face-threatening acts, contributing to the broader field of pragmatics and its application to real-life media interactions. This investigation underscores the relevance of politeness theory in contemporary digital communication platforms.

Endgame, Its Opening and Closing Style: A Conversation Analytic Study

Conversation Analysis (CA) is crucial in discourse studies, focusing on everyday interactions. This study examines the conversational styles in the Indonesian talk show Endgame, hosted by Gita Wirjawan. Previous research on Indonesian talk shows has primarily explored speech acts and pragmatic aspects, with little emphasis on openings and closings. This study addresses that gap by applying CA to analyze these segments in "Endgame" episodes. Using a descriptive qualitative method, the study analyzes data from the four most-watched Endgame episodes as of November 2023. The findings reveal that Endgame adopts a high considerateness style, characterized by slow-paced dialogue, pauses, and minimal interruptions, creating a relaxed and friendly atmosphere. The opening starts by greeting viewers, introducing guests, and highlighting their roles, set as a preview to the following discussion. Meanwhile, the closings provide insightful messages, maintaining a relaxed ambiance. By examining adjacency pairs and interactional patterns, this study enhances understanding of how Endgame shapes its conversational style and engages its audience, contributing to broader discussions on media communication and talk show sociolinguistics.

Ontological and philosophical basis of the causal status of ethnopsychological idiosyncrasy in translation/interpretation

The causal status of the phenomenon of ethnopsychological idiosyncrasy is considered in the article in relation to the process of translation in the format of activity ontology. In translation studies, activity ontology uses not only comparison of idiomatic units and structures, but also, for research purposes, draws on textual, cultural, psychological, philosophical, pragmatic, cognitive and other aspects and phenomena which underlie translation process as a unique manifestation of interlingual and intercultural mediation. The activity paradigm opened up new prospects for studying fundamental problems of the translation theory. Among these problems are factors (determinants) of an adequate translation that are prerequisites of a translator’s work. Ethnopsychological idiosyncrasy, the concepts world picture and closely connected world idiomatic picture are considered from philosophical, and linguistic perspectives as well as from the point of view of translation theory.The article proves the causal status of ethnopsychological idiosyncrasy as one of the most important factors determining translation activity. In order not to “lose yourself ” in the idiomatic picture of the target language, which is conditio sine qua non for an adequate translation, translators should possess professional skills to overcome conceptual stereotypes and peculiarities of the ethnic and psychological idiosyncrasy in the source language. If it doesn’t happen, translations are perceived as not quite natural and therefore are not fully adequate.The differences in ethnic and psychological peculiarities in the communities, which enter into bilingual communication, form an ethnic and psychological differential, which should be neutralized during translation.The author established certain manifestations of the Spanish ethnic and psychological idiosyncrasy relevant for the translator’s communicative activity in the Spanish-Russian idiomatic combination.

A Model for Alleviating Work Pressures and Enhancing Teachers’ Resilience

Teaching is a complex task that requires knowledge of what to teach, how to teach it, and how to cope with educational challenges. To perform their duties effectively, teachers’ mental well-being and inner states are essential. This study aims to define teacher resilience, give examples of the stressors and challenges that EFL/ESL college instructors face and the factors that lead to attrition and burnout. It also aims to propose strategies for coping with negative stressors. Results of a survey with a sample of EFL/ESL college instructors at five higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia who teach language, linguistics, translation and interpreting courses to undergraduate students showed that they face intellectual, emotional, and service-related stressors and challenges that impact their well-being and effectiveness such as high workload, limited support, meeting deadlines, managing their time effectively, students’ behavior and attitudes, classroom management and health concerns, financial and economic issues, balancing their work and personal, and lack of support and recognition. In addition, some instructors complained of lack of motivation and enthusiasm, fatigue, headaches, irritability, anxiety, depression, and difficulty concentrating. To combat stress, mental and emotional challenges that some instructors face, this study proposes some coping strategies based on the principles of positive psychology to help foster teacher resilience, maintain a strong and effective teaching workforce, and empower educators to thrive in their profession. These coping strategies cover psychological, pedagogical, interpersonal, and pragmatic aspects such as identifying the signs of stress, prioritizing self-care and well-being, setting achievable goals, time management and organization, embracing flexibility and adaptability, adopting a positive mindset, classroom management techniques, advocating for resources and support, attending professional development workshops, building/joining a strong support network, collaborating with other colleagues to share ideas and strategies, reflecting on and assessing their teaching practices, practicing mindfulness, quick relaxation techniques, visualization, progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, listening to music, regulating emotional responses, and celebrating small wins. The coping strategies posed herein are described in detail.

Pragmatic perspectives on disagreement

Abstract The introduction to this special issue provides an overview of the notion of disagreement in relation to argumentative practices and presents the rationale for investigating disagreement management in argumentative discourse from a pragmatic perspective. It describes how existing accounts of disagreement in argumentation have focused on limited instances of the phenomenon, both in terms of its pragmatic embedding (which has predominantly focused on assertive speech acts) and of its scope (which usually covers the normative dimension of argumentative quality). The contributions to this special issue are then presented and contextualised within this broader topic to expound how each of them addresses key pragmatic aspects of disagreement management in argumentative discourse.

The problems of the theory of the reference of signs in modern linguistics

The subject of the study is the history of the development and current state of the theory of reference, which reflects a variety of approaches and concepts. Some researchers believe that reference is a purely semantic phenomenon, while others emphasize the importance of context and pragmatics for understanding referentiality. The issue of the influence of cultural and social factors on reference in various languages is also being actively investigated. The history of the development of the theory of reference began with the works of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell at the beginning of the 20th century. Frege introduced the concept of semantic reference, arguing that every word has its own referent in the world. Russell developed this idea by proposing a theory of descriptions, according to which words indicate objects by describing their characteristics. The works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Donald Davidson played an important role in the further development of the theory of reference. Wittgenstein proposed the concept of language games, arguing that reference depends on the context and use of a word in a certain situation. Davidson developed the theory of truth, according to which reference is determined through the connection between language and the world. The pragmatic and cognitive aspects of research methodology are important for the successful conduct of scientific research. The referential nature of signs plays a key role in this process, ensuring effective presentation and communication of research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive examination of the classical works of philosophers, semiotics and linguists, including Plato, Aristotle, Charles Pierce, Ferdinand de Saussure and Umberto Eco, on the theory of reference. One of the key concepts in the study of sign systems is referential. Referentiality allows to associate words with specific objects and understand their meaning. One of the most relevant areas of research in the field of reference is the study of ways in which linguistic units interact with the context and situation of communication. This allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of notation and interpretation in language, as well as the development of new theoretical models explaining these processes. Thus, scientific novelty in the study of the referentiality of signs continues to be relevant and important for the development of linguistics and related disciplines. The author's contribution in this area may lead to new discoveries and understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic communication.

The prediction potential indexes the meaning and communicative function of upcoming utterances

Prediction has a fundamental role in language processing. However, predictions can be made at different levels, and it is not always clear whether speech sounds, morphemes, words, meanings, or communicative functions are anticipated during dialogues. Previous studies reported specific brain signatures of communicative pragmatic function, in particular enhanced brain responses immediately after encountering an utterance used to request an object from a partner, but relatively smaller ones when the same utterance was used for naming the object. The present experiment now investigates whether similar neuropragmatic signatures emerge in recipients before the onset of upcoming utterances carrying different predictable communicative functions. Trials started with a context question and object pictures displayed on the screen, raising the participant's expectation that words from a specific semantic category (food or tool) would subsequently be used to either name or request one of the objects. Already 600 msec before utterance onset, a larger prediction potential was observed when a request was anticipated relative to naming expectation. As this result is congruent with the neurophysiological difference previously observed right after the critical utterance, the anticipatory brain activity may index predictions about the social-communicative function of upcoming utterances. In addition, we also found that the predictable semantic category of the upcoming word was likewise reflected in the anticipatory brain potential. Thus, the neurophysiological characteristics of the prediction potential can capture different types of upcoming linguistic information, including semantic and pragmatic aspects of an upcoming utterance and communicative action.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WORD ORDER IN CHINESE AND JAPANESE LANGUAGES: PREVAILING PERCEPTIONS AND THE REAL SITUATION

Among linguists, there is a very widespread view that the Chinese and Japanese languages have a fixed word order. Indeed, in these languages, as in the absolute majority of languages, there is a basic word order that dominates: in Chinese it is SVO (subject→predicate→object), and in Japanese it is SOV (subject→object→predicate). However, over the past half century, when interlingual and intercultural relations grew rapidly in the conditions of globalization of economic and information space, when the mastery of foreign languages in Northeast Asia became a vital need, the norms of using the basic or peripheral word order acquired a certain structural and semantic regulation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the originality of solving the issue of basic and peripheral word order in the Chinese and Japanese languages. The object of study is the models of a simple sentence in these languages, the subject of study is the actual semantic-grammatical and pragmatic irregularity of basic and peripheral word orders in a comparison of the Chinese and Japanese language systems. The result of this research is the following conclusions. The Chinese and Japanese sentence structures regarding the order of subject, object, and predicate are flexible at three levels: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. Despite the basic SVO order, sentences with the SOV order function in the Chinese colloquial style: "把 (ba) clause", and "将（jiāng）sentence". Passive sentences have OSV order determined by the service words "被(bei)", "超（ràng）", "叫（jiào）", or "维（gěi）". SOV and OSV word orders are considered peripheral. In a Japanese sentence, the large number of case paradigm particles allows structural flexibility with respect to word order. In addition to the basic SOV order, there are also three peripheral variants: OSV, SVO, and OVS, which have the effect of highlighting syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects. Sentences with peripheral word orders have a special pragmatic load.

Between a Burden and Green Technology: Rishi Sunak’s Framing of Climate Change Discourse on Facebook and X (Twitter)

The issue of climate change has been one of the critical foci of political discourse worldwide (Wagner, 2023). Given that political debates and political discourse are quite often communicated on Social Networking Sites (SNSs), for instance Facebook and X (Araújo & Prior, 2021), it appears highly relevant to tap into political actors’ discourse on SNSs that addresses the issue of climate change. Guided by the importance of SNSs in political discourse on climate change, the present article introduces and discusses a study on how Rishi Sunak, the current prime minister of the United Kingdom (the UK), frames the issue of climate change on his official Facebook and X accounts. Specifically, the aim of the study was to identify the types of frames used in Sunak’s climate change discourse in a corpus of his posts on Facebook and X. The corpus was collected and analysed in accordance with the methodology proposed and developed by Entman (2007). The results of the analysis revealed that Sunak’s framing of climate change involved a pragmatic economy-oriented aspect, which was presented discursively by imparting it a personalised dimension that involved multimodality. In particular, it was discovered that Sunak frequently framed the issue of climate change via the frames Burden and Green Technology. The findings were discussed in conjunction with the prior research on framing in climate change discourse.

HOW LOCAL DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING? SINGLE CANDIDATE, PRAGMATISM AND UNCOMPETITIVE LOCAL HEAD ELECTION IN INDONESIA

This paper will examine how pragmatism has created rational choice behavior in candidate selection. Pragmatism has resulted in single candidates for local heads, which makes local democracy uncompetitive. The research method used is an explanatory approach that aims to explain how pragmatism as a rational choice behavior in the local government head election. Data were collected, compiled and analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The results showed that political parties as political institutions are very pragmatic in the selection of candidates for local heads. The incumbents utilized the support of almost all political parties based on clientelistic and programmatic relations. This has led the candidate selection process to prioritize pragmatic aspects, especially financial support, acceptability, and electability of candidates. The candidate selection process no longer determines ideological values at the official candidate selection process. Financial support for candidates has the highest priority for political parties in determining their endorsements in regional head elections. Meanwhile, the acceptability aspect refers to the dominant acceptance of all elites, cadres, and the mass base of supporters of the selected candidate. Electability is also a priority, although it is considered that electability trends are dynamic and able to change based on the level of competition. The behavior of political party elite actors and local head candidates eventually forms a rational choice pattern that makes local democracy backsliding.

Linguistic and pragmatic aspects of communication in the modern media world

Taking into account the purposeful activity of modern man, his acquisition of huge masses of information during a short period, the communication aspect of communication in the business sphere has gradually turned from a means of enjoyment, length, and unhurried language interaction into a means of accurate, short and simultaneous full communication of a problem, initiative, proposal. Communication pragmatics came to the aid of such language transformations. The article proves that pragmalinguistics studies speech communication as a manifestation of speech activity – purposeful influence on each other (persuasion, persuasion, request for information, etc.) using language. To achieve their communicative goals, depending on the context and situation, their communicative roles, the speaker and the addressee use certain speech acts (written as sentences) corresponding to these goals – stating facts, encouraging action, etc. It is scientifically determined that the emergence of ecolinguistics is due to the need to solve the problems of interaction between language, man and nature. It is indicated that it covers extremely diverse research that reflects the importance of environmental issues in society. The attention paid to issues of environmental protection at all levels of society, and as a result, the relevance of environmental issues, as well as the peculiarities of communication in the field of environmental protection, allow us to distinguish a separate type of discourse - ecological, which is characterized by the constant addition of the ecological glossary, the emergence of special axiological units, the presence of separate status models - role configuration, which determine the use of certain communicative strategies in specific communicative situations. It was highlighted in practice that the main discourse-creating concepts in environmental discourse are environment, pollution, energy, and climate change, which constitute the semantic base of communication in the field of environmental protection.

COGNITIVE AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK PAREMIAS

This article explores the cognitive and pragmatic features of paremias in English and Uzbek languages. Paremias are expressions containing wisdom and cultural knowledge that are often used to convey important societal values and norms. By analyzing the cognitive and pragmatic aspects of these expressions in both languages, we aim to uncover the similarities and differences in how wisdom and cultural knowledge are encoded and transmitted through paremias. This comparative study sheds light on the role of paremias in shaping individual cognition and guiding interpersonal communication in two distinct linguistic and cultural contexts.

Pragmatic aspects of making and responding to complaints in an intercultural context

Complaints are a universal aspect of human communication, serving various social functions such as expressing dissatisfaction, seeking redress, and maintaining relationships. However, the way complaints are made and responded to can vary significantly across cultures, leading to potential misunderstandings and conflicts in intercultural interactions. This scientific article explores the pragmatic aspects of making and responding to complaints in intercultural contexts, shedding light on the nuanced cultural differences that influence these communicative acts. By understanding these differences, individuals and organizations can enhance their intercultural communication competence and navigate complaints more effectively across cultural boundaries

Estrategias psicopedagógicas para potenciar el desarrollo lingüístico de estudiantes afectados por violencia intrafamiliar

Psychopedagogical strategies are crucial for enhancing linguistic progress in students, promoting communicative skills, and overcoming difficulties. The article aims to develop a psychopedagogical strategy to improve language development in students at the Portoviejo Educational Unit who have been affected by domestic violence. The methodology employed is a mixed-method, descriptive, non-experimental approach. The theoretical methods used were analytical, inductive-deductive, while the techniques included surveys of teachers, language development assessment tests using the Instrument for School Age (IDTEL), as well as interviews with experts. The intentional population and sample consisted of 7 students aged 6 to 9 affected by domestic violence, 12 teachers from these educational levels, and 3 experts knowledgeable about the topic. The results highlight the difficulties experienced by students affected by domestic violence in their language development and usage. 61% exhibit low levels in morphosyntactic aspects, 69% in pragmatic aspects, 51% in phonological aspects, and 52% in semantic aspects. The article concludes with the design of a psychopedagogical strategy aimed at improving language development in students affected by domestic violence through activities that promote confidence, self-esteem, listening comprehension, expression, and literacy skills. This strategy was validated by experts in the field, endorsing its viability and the importance of addressing the linguistic difficulties of these students.

The Pragmatic Aspect of Modality in the English Mass-Media Discourse

The article is devoted to the pragmatic aspect of modality representation in the English mass-media discourse. The categorial status of modality, typology of modal meanings and their interaction have been examined from the viewpoint of historical perspective. The research is aimed at revealing the pragmatic characteristics of subjective-interpersonal (author-recipient) modality, which reflects the author's intentions to describe the world (epistemic modality), change the world (deontic modality), evaluate the world (axiological modality). The four factors of internet communication - the addresser, the addressee, the text, the objective reality - are studied within the framework of communicative-pragmatic approach to modality. The discourse-analysis and pragma-stylistic analysis have been applied to depict language means representing modality in the English mass-media Internet discourse, in the article on political issues. It has been revealed that the author of the article may act differently in accordance with the roles he assumes - of an informer, of an expert-analyst, of a consultant-adviser; his task is to attract the readers and involve them in discussion in the comments section. The expression of authorship is principal here and the author's modality is always explicit. The comments following the text of an article are distinguished by a variety of the authors' communicative strategies and modal meanings.