Individual Practices Research Articles

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EDUCATION ON THE PROCESSING OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE INTO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

Community empowerment and household waste processing are two issues that need to be resolved by the government. An independent and educated society is an important pillar to support the development of country. Meanwhile, waste that continues to accumulate without processing has a negative impact on health and the environment. Public education about household waste processing can be a solution to the two problems above. Education was carried out at Junior High School YBPK Surabaya and residents of Dukuh Kupang Surabaya, and other participants who joined in a hibrid meeting with a total of 116 participants. Activities at YBPK Surabaya took place on 25 March and 5 August 2023 and activities at Dukuh Kupang Surabaya took place on 27 May and 26 August 2023. The types of waste processed are organic waste and used cooking oil, which are then converted into eco-enzymes and used cooking oil Activities are divided into 2 stages. there are community education activities and program sustainability monitoring activities. The community education activities includes presentation and workshop were hold in March 2023 at YBPK Surabaya Middle School and May 2023 at Dukuh Kupang Surabaya. The evaluation of sustainability program including individual practice and monitoring of activities was carried out in August 2023 at Dukuh Kupang Surabaya. Methods for implementing activities include presentation, practice accompanied by a mentor, individual practice, and monitoring program sustainability. Based on the analysis of participants' ability, the participant scores before and after the activity was increase. It means that this training succeeded in increasing participants' knowledge and skills in processing waste, especially organic waste and used cooking oil waste. A total of 72 out of 116 participants (62%) had processed household waste either individually or in groups. Activity evaluation data shows that these activities are necessary and on target to create an independent and creative society.

Knowledge and practices on home medication storage and disposal in Syria: a population-based, cross-sectional study

BackgroundMedications are commonly found in every household. In Syria, where healthcare infrastructure faces significant challenges, improper storage can lead to reduced medication efficacy and increased health risks. Additionally, inappropriate disposal practices pose serious environmental concerns, especially in a region already grappling with environmental degradation. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, and practices of Syrian individuals regarding the appropriate storage and disposal of home medications.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted from September 22 to October 20, 2023, using an online survey distributed via social media apps (WhatsApp, Facebook, and Telegram) in Syria. The questionnaire, adapted from a similar study in Saudi Arabia, was translated to Arabic using the forward–backward translation technique. A convenience sampling technique was used. Inclusion criteria were participants over eighteen with expired or unused medications at home. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 27, with statistical significance defined as p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 2,217 responses were analyzed, with the majority of participants being female (79%) and aged between 21–30 years (56%). The study found that 90.7% of respondents dispose of expired medications in the garbage, while 95% keep medications in their original containers. Additionally, 30% consult pharmacists for storage instructions, and 64% read storage information on medication leaflets. Logistic regression analysis revealed that males were less likely to check expiration dates before use (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.40–0.84) and periodically (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54–0.85). Participants aged 31–40 years were less likely to check expiration dates periodically (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.31–0.68), while those with children under six years old were more likely to do so (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–1.67). Males were also less likely to read storage instructions (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.50–0.76) but more likely to ask pharmacists about them (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01–1.57). There was no significant difference in these practices between medical professionals and the general population.ConclusionThis study reveals gaps in the practices related to the storage and disposal of medications among the Syrian public. The findings suggest a need for targeted public education and awareness programs to improve these practices and reduce the associated health and environmental risks.

"Caught between two worlds": Managing identity in bisexual fatherhood.

Bisexuality in fatherhood is largely invisible, with very little known about the experiences of bisexual fathers. Conducted by researchers in the United Kingdom, this study is one of the first to explore the experiences of bisexual fathers, and, using an identify-focused approach, it aims to understand bisexual fathers' experiences of managing their bisexuality and role as a father. Twenty-four bisexual fathers in Europe and North America took part in qualitative, semistructured interviews that focused on their bisexual identity, becoming a parent, experiences of family life, and community involvement. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted, and four themes were identified: valuing different types of authenticity, seeking safety in the community, reconciling bisexuality with the traditional family, and sharing and learning across age groups. Despite describing their identity as often invisible, fathers indicated that their personal identity had a significant impact on their social interactions as well as their individual parenting and family practices. Findings contrast stage models of LGBTQ+ identity development, as fathers' identity work practices were often more important for their identity development and integration than aspiring for full "outness." Findings expand our scholarly understanding of the role of identity in parenting and highlight the need to improve representation and support for bisexual fathers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Group Psychological Counseling on Counseling Self-Efficacy: A Mixed-Methods Study

This study aims to examine the impact of group counseling practice conducted with undergraduate psychological counseling and guidance (PCG) students on their counseling self-efficacy levels. The study group consisted of 36 third-year students enrolled in the Group Counseling Principles and Techniques course in the spring semester of 2019 at the Department of PCG at Atatürk University. Since the course content was theoretical and students needed to have fundamental knowledge related to the course, it was taught theoretically for the first 7 weeks (until the midterm exam). After the midterm, group counseling practice was conducted with students divided into three groups for the remaining 7 weeks. The researcher led the sessions, and the students participated as group members. The Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales was administered immediately before and one week after the practice. After the practice, students were also asked to fill out a semi-structured form to evaluate their group experiences. This study was designed using the explanatory sequential design, one of the mixed research methods. The quantitative aspect of the research was conducted as a single-group pretest-posttest design, one of the weak experimental designs. In analyzing the quantitative data, the Paired Samples t-Test was used for pretest-posttest comparisons. For the qualitative aspect, content analysis was performed on the forms filled out by the students. The study found that group counseling practice significantly increased the counseling self-efficacy of the counselor candidates, and the students’ qualitative responses supported this finding. Furthermore, students indicated that the practice contributed to their development in both professional skills and personal relationships. It is observed that individual counseling practices are generally emphasized in psychological counselor education. Considering the inadequacy of group counseling practices in counselor education and the lack of research addressing the contributions of these practices to the personal and professional development of psychological counselors, it is evaluated that the results of this research will contribute to the field.

The effect of practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions of nurses on their care behaviours: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of professional and individual characteristics, practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions of nurses on their care behaviours. The study used a cross-sectional research design following the STROBE guidelines. The sample of this descriptive and correlational study consisted of 584 nurses working in a university hospital in Turkey. The data were collected between January and June 2023 using the Nursing Information Form, the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI), the Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES), and the Caring Behaviours Scale-30, and analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression. It was determined that PES-NWI, PES andCaring Behaviours Scale(CBI-30) scores of nurses were higher than the average. The study revealed that certain professional and individual characteristics of nurses, practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions had an effect on their care behaviours. The results of the study showed that nurses' PES-NWI, PES and CBI-30 scores were higher than the average, and that certain professional and individual characteristics of nurses, practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions had an effect on care behaviours. Nursing service managers, in particular, are required to understand the importance of this relationship and create appropriate working conditions which are integrated with psychological empowerment to improve caring behaviours of nurses.

"Cease, Be Dumb and Mute:" George Herbert's Ars Moriendi and the Poetics of Self-Discipline

Abstract: This essay explores how George Herbert's poetry frames apocalypticism in terms of personal mortality to strengthen individual practices of obedience and passivity in one's daily habits. By bringing together the science of daily devotion in the ars moriendi tradition and the imaginative resources of poetry and rhetoric, Herbert's verses locate the site of politics in the management and maintenance of practical, everyday affects. These intersections between early modern poetry and religion render habits of self-discipline in service of political passivity and quiescence, encouraging readers to practice obeying forces larger than oneself—even upon the destabilizing extremities of existential finitude.

Malaria Prevention Strategies in Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Secondary Analysis of 2018 Basic Health Research Data

Background: Kalimantan remains malaria-endemic, particularly in rural areas, where prevention efforts face challenges such as insecticide resistance and limited healthcare access. Despite available measures like insecticide-treated nets, gaps in understanding individual and household prevention practices persist, especially in relation to demographics and effectiveness in reducing malaria transmission.Purpose: This study aimed to examine the individual and household-level malaria prevention strategies utilized in rural Kalimantan and evaluate their effectiveness in reducing malaria incidence.Methods: The study is a secondary analysis of the 2018 Basic Health Research. A total of 67,155 respondents in Kalimantan were analyzed including respondent characteristics, memories of malaria infection, and individual and household malaria prevention efforts. Bivariate regression and multivariable logistic regression were used in data analysis.Results: Older participants were less likely to report having malaria, although self-reported malaria rates were higher among older respondents compared to younger ones. Women reported lower malaria rates than men, especially in South Kalimantan. Agricultural workers showed a higher likelihood of reporting malaria than the jobless, though not statistically significant. In West Kalimantan, the use of bed nets was associated with higher self-reported malaria rates (OR=1.838, 95% CI:1.147–2.943). Short-term use of Insecticide Treated Nets showed varying odds across provinces: Central Kalimantan (OR = 3.659, 95% CI 1.378–9.717), South Kalimantan (OR = 10.811, 95% CI 3.649–32.030), East Kalimantan (OR = 2.615, 95% CI 1.041–6.567), and West Kalimantan (OR = 2.428, 95% CI 1.446–4.078). In all provinces, preventive measures such as coils or electric mats reduced self-reported malaria cases. The use of mosquito screens was effective in South Kalimantan (OR = 0.208, 95% CI 0.027–1.598), Central Kalimantan (OR = 0.365, 95% CI 0.120–2.181), and North Kalimantan (OR = 0.000, 95% CI 0.000–0.000). The multivariate model highlighted mosquito nets as the most effective household-scale prevention in nearly all Kalimantan provinces, except North Kalimantan.Conclusion: This study shows that individuals aged 25 and over, women, non-farmers, and those using insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and other preventive measures, especially in rural areas, were less likely to report malaria, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions from local health authorities

Doublet Collection of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums as a Source of Formation of the Library of D.V. Ulyaninsky

In the article on the basis of the analysis of the three-volume printed catalogue “Library of D.V. Ulyaninsky” (Moscow, 1912—1915) and the manuscript “Catalogue of New Acquisitions of the Library of Dimitri Vasilievich Ulyaninsky” the question of the acquisition of doublet copies from the Library of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums by a bibliophile is considered. The practice of selling books from the doublet collection of this book depository is little studied. The annual reports of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums present only data on the total amount of cash receipts under this item. The materials of D.V. Ulyaninsky allow us to examine in more detail the practice of private individuals buying copies from the doublet collection of the oldest public library in Moscow. On the basis of the studied data we can conclude that the doublet collection of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums was a valuable source of replenishment of private book collections with rare editions sold at relatively low prices.

An Athlete-Centered Career Assistance Intervention Program for the Chinese Sport System: Reflections Into Polyphonics

The aim through this manuscript is to share our career intervention situated in individual, group, and meta-reflective practice, to help elite athletes manage changes in their careers and support their autonomy and development within the Chinese Whole Nation System (CWNS). Translating findings from a science to practice project, we provide an athlete-centered reflective intervention integrating the perspectives of sport psychology practitioners (SPPs), coaches, athletes, and parents from a Chinese collective vantage. First, we introduce how athlete career transition scholarship and theoretical frameworks guided this intervention. Second, we explain how different levels of reflective practice can be used as a part of a career intervention. Third, we provide a brief summary of recent research project from which the intervention was derived, and fourth, we describe a six-step intervention to inform future implementations.

Moderate IV Fluid Resuscitation Is Associated With Decreased Sepsis Mortality.

Significant practice variation exists in the amount of resuscitative IV fluid given to patients with sepsis. Current research suggests equipoise between a tightly restrictive or more liberal strategy but data is lacking on a wider range of resuscitation practices. We sought to examine the relationship between a wide range of fluid resuscitation practices and sepsis mortality and then identify the primary driver of this practice variation. Retrospective analysis of the Premier Healthcare Database. Six hundred twelve U.S. hospitals. Patients with sepsis and septic shock admitted from the emergency department to the ICU from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. The volume of resuscitative IV fluid administered before the end of hospital day- 1 and mortality. In total, 190,682 patients with sepsis and septic shock were included in the analysis. Based upon patient characteristics and illness severity, we predicted that physicians should prescribe patients with sepsis a narrow mean range of IV fluid (95% range, 3.6-4.5 L). Instead, we observed wide variation in the mean IV fluids administered (95% range, 1.7-7.4 L). After splitting the patients into five groups based upon attending physician practice, we observed patients in the moderate group (4.0 L; interquartile range [IQR], 2.4-5.1 L) experienced a 2.5% reduction in risk-adjusted mortality compared with either the very low (1.6 L; IQR, 1.0-2.5 L) or very high (6.1 L; IQR, 4.0-9.0 L) fluid groups p < 0.01). An analysis of within- and between-hospital IV fluid resuscitation practices showed that physician variation within hospitals instead of practice differences between hospitals accounts for the observed variation. Individual physician practice drives excess variation in the amount of IV fluid given to patients with sepsis. A moderate approach to IV fluid resuscitation is associated with decreased sepsis mortality and should be tested in future randomized controlled trials.

Zinecraft

Zines are small-circulation magazines that creators make themselves, often through simple means. Zines and zine creation are linked to marginalized voices, and have historically amplified the voices and perspectives of these communities. Their very design is personal, reflective and beginner friendly. Zines have also been used as, and alongside, research, including interdisciplinary research and games criticism. Though intersections between zines and games have been identified, zines remain largely underutilized in games studies. In this paper, we apply our individual creative practice methods to argue that zines can be created as companions to games research and conferences. We argue that zine creation, as a companion to research, makes for more personal and relatable outputs, and helps the creator visualize, reflect and make previously unmade connections. Conference zines can be used to capture trends, record proceedings, and communicate personal experience. Games studies can benefit from embracing zines and their interdisciplinary potential.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a new domain-specific coparenting measure: Coparenting Children's Emotion Scale.

Caregivers play an integral role in supporting children's development, not only through their individual parenting practices but also how they work together as coparents. The literature on coparenting is extensive; however, most of the research has relied on global measures to assess the quality and functioning of the coparenting relationship. Examining the coparenting relationship with domain-specific measures enables a deeper understanding of this complex family process. One domain of particular interest is emotion socialization given the vast and long-term consequences emotion socialization has on children's emotional, social, behavioral, and psychological functioning. Emotion socialization literature would benefit from a domain-specific coparenting measure, as researchers have rarely explored how coparents work together when responding to their children's emotions (i.e., coparenting children's emotions). As such, an emotion-focused coparenting measure could address gaps in both coparenting and emotion socialization literature. This study outlines the development and psychometric evaluation of a domain-specific measure of coparenting, the Coparenting Children's Emotion Scale (CCES), which assesses how parents work together when responding to their children's emotions. In the current study, the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the CCES were examined in an Australian sample. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the CCES comprises two subscales that capture coparents' levels of support/cooperation and undermining. In the current sample, both CCES subscales demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency, and good convergent and concurrent validity. The CCES will provide researchers and practitioners with a domain-specific measure to use in exploratory and intervention research.

Assessing the impact of cannabis use on freeway driving performance and practices: A comparative analysis with placebo and alcohol-influenced driving

Objective The objectives of this study were 1) to identify the effects cannabis has on driving performance and individual motor practices when on the freeway compared to placebo and 2) to bring context to the effects of cannabis on driving by comparing effect sizes to those of alcohol. Methods Data for analysis was collected from a study of fifty-three participants with a history of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis use who completed three visits in randomized order (placebo (0% THC), 6.18% THC, and 10.5% THC). Data for the alcohol analysis was from a subset of eighteen of these participants with a history of recent alcohol use that completed a fourth alcohol visit that targeted a .05 g/210L breath alcohol content (BrAC) during the drive. Comparisons were made using an analysis of variance approach with the SAS General Linear Models Procedure. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated for the cannabis and alcohol conditions relative to placebo for both the full sample and alcohol subset. Results Standard deviation of lane position (SDLP) for cannabis significantly increased compared to placebo and the effect size was comparable to that of alcohol at .05 BrAC. Lane departures for cannabis significantly increased relative to placebo as did the time out of the lane. Cannabis use resulted in an increased amount of time at 10% or more below the speed limit for the 6.18% THC condition. Relative to alcohol, cannabis produced more time at slower speeds and less time at speeds more than 10% above the speed limit. Conclusions Multiple factors of lateral and longitudinal vehicle control on the freeway showed statistical significance. Drivers under the influence of cannabis exhibited higher rates of driving errors but also showed more cautious behaviors such as generally lower speeds on the freeway. Compared with alcohol, effect sizes varied. For longitudinal control, there were larger effect sizes for alcohol with speed effects in opposite directions, but relatively equivalent effect sizes for lateral control and driving errors associated with lane keeping.

Community Technical Identity among Potters in the Talina Valley, South Andean Bolivia

ABSTRACT This article explores the relationship between individual and community craft practices and technical identity. We examine the initial phases of the pottery production process, specifically the acquisition and processing of raw materials by women potters in the Indigenous and rural community of Chipihuayco in the Talina Valley, southern Bolivia. To unravel these dynamics, we employ a comprehensive approach that combines ethnographic and petrographic data. Ethnographic data provide insight into the collective and personal decision-making processes involved in ceramic production. Additionally, petrographic data allow us to investigate less visible aspects that shape technological practices, such as the mineralogical properties of raw materials and recipes. This study documents a strong association between the selection and processing of raw materials and a shared technical identity, which is embedded in broader cultural values and ritual practices.

Practices of Trans-National Corporations: The Need to Change Global Economic and Political Norms; Comment on "National Public Health Surveillance of Corporations in Key Unhealthy Commodity Industries – A Scoping Review and Framework Synthesis"

Trans-national corporations (TNCs) are recognised as having an adverse impact on public health through the marketing and sale of unhealthy products. In addition to this some of their practices affect health, including taxation avoidance, lobbying politicians to gain favourable legislative and regulatory environments for their operations, and failure to abide by occupational health and safety standards. We argue that while considering the individual practices of commercial actors is crucial the true public health harms are only evident when the synergistic impacts of the practices are considered. We also note that the practices are supported by a global economic and political system which operates in the favour of commercial actors rather than the health of people and the planet. Consequently there needs to be a norm change by which norms and power are shifted away from commercial interests and externalities of commercial practices are no longer outsourced to the public purse.

Impact of recruitment strategies on individual participation practices in the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network: prospective cohort study.

The Canadian National Vaccine Safety (CANVAS) network conducted a multi-center, prospective vaccine safety study to collect safety data after dose 1 and 2 of COVID-19 vaccines and follow up safety information 7 months after dose 1. This study aimed to describe and evaluate the recruitment methods used by CANVAS and the retention of participants by each modality. CANVAS deployed a multi-pronged recruitment approach to reach a larger sample, without in-person recruitment. Three primary recruitment strategies were used: passive recruitment, technology-assisted electronic invitation through the vaccine booking system (auto-invitation), or auto-registration through the vaccine registries (auto-enrollment). Between December 2020 and April 2022, approximately 1.3 million vaccinated adults either self-enrolled or were auto-enrolled in CANVAS, representing about 5% of the vaccinated adult Canadian population. Approximately 1 million participants were auto-enrolled, 300,000 were recruited by auto-invitation, and 5,000 via passive recruitment. Overall survey completion rates for dose 1, dose 2 and the 7-month follow-up surveys were 51.7% (681,198 of 1,318,838), 54.3% (369,552 of 681,198), and 66.4% (452,076 of 681,198), respectively. Completion rates were lower among auto-enrolled participants compared to passively recruited or auto-invited participants who self-enrolled. However, auto-enrolled samples were much larger, which offset the lower completion rates. Our data suggest that auto-enrollment provided an opportunity to reach and retain a larger number of individuals in the study compared to other recruitment modalities.

Feminist Ideologies at Work: Culture, Collectivism, and Entrepreneurship among Disadvantaged Women in India

This study explores the role of feminist ideologies in enabling entrepreneurship among disadvantaged women in societies entrenched in structures of patriarchy. The study draws on evidence from Lijjat, a women’s cooperative in India. Through careful consideration of the context and relations in which marginalized women were able to initiate, develop, and successfully grow a business, results draw two key conclusions. First, pragmatist feminist ideologies are particularly supportive of women’s economic activities in a patriarchal context. Second, ideological influences on women’s entrepreneurship exist both at the individual level (motivation) and at the collective level (organizational practices). Studying the intersection of these tiers enables a better understanding of how women’s entrepreneurship at the grassroots level can be supported in male-dominated cultures. HIGHLIGHTS Patriarchal norms limit disadvantaged women’s entrepreneurial opportunities in India. Lijjat, a women’s cooperative, provides insight into the role of feminist ideologies in empowering women. Pragmatist feminist ideologies encourage women to challenge traditional norms through entrepreneurship. These ideologies shape both individual motivations and collective organizational practices at Lijjat. Supporting women’s cooperatives can improve women’s economic participation and empowerment.

Researcher-Reported Variables Needed for Translation of Social Communication Evidence-Based Practices for Elementary-Aged Students with Autism.

Organizations such as the National Clearinghouse on Autism Evidence and Practice have disseminated reports on evidence-based practices (EBPs) for individuals with autism to inform practice. However, some practitioners routinely employ unvalidated interventions more frequently than EBPs, signaling the presence of a research-to-practice gap. The current review investigated the degree to which single-case research studies with social communication outcomes for elementary-aged students with autism included details on variables that may impact the adoption and implementation of EBPs in practice. The results suggest limited reporting of variables that aid decision-making in the adoption and implementation of EBPs. Limited reporting can negatively impact uptake and fidelity and, therefore, student outcomes. Suggestions are made to improve researchers' reporting of the critical components of EBPs that will facilitate adoption and implementation by practitioners.

A Comparison of Infant Feeding Practices in South Asian-Born Mothers and Australian-Born Mothers Living in Australia.

South Asian infants and children have a higher predisposition to central adiposity, increasing their risk of metabolic diseases in childhood. Infant feeding practices are a key factor in reducing the risk of obesity in children. The current study aimed to compare infant feeding practices of South Asian-born mothers to Australin-born mothers. The 2010 Australian National Infant Feeding Survey data were used to compare infant feeding practices between South Asian-born mothers and Australian-born mothers with children aged up to 2 years. Chi-square and t-tests were conducted, as well as regression models, with adjustment for covariates, to assess individual infant feeding practices between the two groups. A total of 298 South Asian-born mothers and 294 Australian-born mothers were included. The age at which a child stopped receiving breast milk was lower among Australian-born mothers (3 months) compared with South Asian-born mothers (5 months, p < 0.001). A greater proportion of South Asian-born mothers reported that solids were introduced at or after 6 months of age compared to Australian-born mothers (86% vs. 69%, p < 0.001, respectively). South Asian-born mothers were engaging in some health-promoting infant feeding practices compared to Australian-born mothers; however, they were not meeting the infant feeding guidelines for exclusive breastfeeding and the introduction of solids. Further research is needed to better understand factors influencing infant feeding practices in South Asian-born immigrant mothers in Australia to determine whether culturally tailored interventions are needed to help these women achieve optimal feeding practices for their infants.

Iper-luoghi e trame urbane: il ruolo dei centri commerciali nel contesto territoriale lombardo

Abstract Hyper-Places and Urban Fabrics: The Role of Shopping Centers in the Lombardy Territorial Context Moving from a reflection related to urban transformations that have occurred over the years the paper reflects on the generation of new urban spaces – which are configured as strong attractors, connectors, and diffusers – capable of encompassing various individual practices as well as the functions of a society as a whole. Assuming this framework, the contribution focuses on the role of shopping centers – with particular attention to the role assumed by Oriocenter in Lombardy (Italy) – as hyper-places. In fact, since the early 1990s, such structures have undergone profound changes, developing both through an increase in size and through a diversification of commercial attractors, promoting renewed flow trajectories and leading to increasing territorial complexity.