Design Practice Research Articles

Categorization of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis population via the clinical determinant of post-onset ΔFS for study design and medical practice.

The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) has become the most widely utilized measure of disease severity in patients with ALS, with change in ALSFRS-R from baseline being a trusted primary outcome measure in ALS clinical trials. This is despite the scale having several established limitations, and although alternative scales have been proposed, it is unlikely that these will displace ALSFRS-R in the foreseeable future. Here, we discuss the merits of delta FS (ΔFS), the slope or rate of ALSFRS-R decline over time, as a relevant tool for innovative ALS study design, with an as yet untapped potential for optimization of drug effectiveness and patient management. In our view, categorization of the ALS population via the clinical determinant of post-onset ΔFS is an important study design consideration. It serves not only as a critical stratification factor and basis for patient enrichment but also as a tool to explore differences in treatment response across the overall population; thereby, facilitating identification of responder subgroups. Moreover, because post-onset ΔFS is derived from information routinely collected as part of standard patient care and monitoring, it provides a suitable patient selection tool for treating physicians. Overall, post-onset ΔFS is a very attractive enrichment tool that is, can and should be regularly incorporated into ALS trial design.

An enhanced understanding of the lateral response of large-diameter monopile: Development of a new P-y curve

The present design practices of laterally loaded monopiles tends to discretize the pile into a series of beam elements and connect each element to uncoupled non-linear springs, or P-y curves, to represent soil reactions. The prevailing design codes tend to support the use of a universal P-y curve irrespective of pile configuration, flexural rigidity, and soil rigidity index. However, accumulating evidence suggests otherwise, underscoring the imperative to revise formulas, especially for large diameter rigid monopiles. This study conducts a thorough examination of load transfer and failure mechanisms in large diameter monopiles subjected to monotonic lateral loading in clayey soil. A refined formula is proposed to estimate ultimate net soil resistance, rectifying deficiencies in prevailing design codes prone to underestimation. Findings reveal significant influence of soil rigidity index on the P-y curve of rigid monopiles. Consequently, endeavours are undertaken to develop a new P-y formulation integrating the pivotal role of soil rigidity index. The newly devised P-y curve is anticipated to propel advancements in the design of large diameter monopiles, pivotal in offshore renewable energy exploitation.

Research on Soundscape Design Strategies for Public Spaces in Dong Village, Dali

Soundscape reflects the ecological, cultural and social characteristics of regions and ethnic groups and is an important part of the public environment. Because in the past environmental design, the breadth and depth of the design that considers the human settlement environment system as a large framework should be included and involved. Therefore, this article analyzes the existing public space and landscape nodes of the public environment of Dali Dong Village, and uses the knowledge of environmental science, sociology, landscape science and other related disciplines to explore the Dong village public environment as the design practice object. It hopes to provide a useful reference for the research on sound landscape design of traditional ethnic minority settlements in my country.

Non-linear modeling and parameter identification of a bolted joint using substructure synthesis theory

Engineering applications require accurate modeling and parameter identification to anticipate bolted joint behavior under different loading circumstances. Bolted joints are extensively used in civil and mechanical structures. In this research study, cubic stiffness non-linearity is examined and a comprehensive model, which can exhibit the non-linearity of joint behavior, is developed. This is achieved by modeling the bolted joint which is connected at one end of a cantilever beam. Mathematical model is established using concept of sub structure synthesis theory by considering non-linear translational stiffness and non-linear rotational stiffness as a boundary condition. Non-dimensional natural frequencies are estimated by assuming stiffness parameters and joint parameter estimation for translational spring having nonlinear stiffness is calculated using second order curve fitting technique. Furthermore, estimated and exact value of cubic stiffness coefficient are compared. The experimental results shows that the percentage error of estimation for all the modes are less than 8%. The experimentally determined natural frequencies are further contrasted with an analytical results to validate a precision of generated model. Present work contributes in improving the bolted joint analysis by providing a solid non-linear modeling and parameter identification methodology. This methodology enhances design practices and ensures the durability of engineering structures and mechanical systems by improving bolted joint comprehension.

Green architecture: Conceptualizing vertical greenery in urban design

This executive summary introduces the concept paper on Green Architecture, focusing specifically on the integration of vertical greenery in urban design. Green architecture, characterized by sustainable design principles and environmental consciousness, aims to enhance urban environments by incorporating vegetation into built structures. Vertical greenery, a key component of green architecture, involves the strategic placement of vegetation on vertical surfaces such as walls, facades, and rooftops. This concept paper explores the potential of vertical greenery to mitigate environmental issues in urban areas, improve air quality, reduce the urban heat island effect, and enhance biodiversity. The paper proposes a conceptual framework for conceptualizing vertical greenery in urban design, emphasizing the importance of integrating natural elements into the built environment. It discusses various strategies for implementing vertical greenery, including the selection of suitable plant species, design considerations for irrigation and structural stability, and the incorporation of greenery into urban planning processes. Moreover, the concept paper highlights the social and economic benefits of vertical greenery, such as improved health and well-being for residents, increased property values, and enhanced aesthetics of urban spaces. It also emphasizes the role of stakeholder engagement, interdisciplinary collaboration, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation in the successful implementation of vertical greenery projects. In conclusion, this executive summary outlines the significance of incorporating vertical greenery into urban design practices as a means to promote sustainability, resilience, and livability in cities. By embracing the principles of green architecture and integrating vertical greenery into urban landscapes, cities can create healthier, more vibrant, and environmentally sustainable communities for current and future generations. Keywords: Urban, Design, Green, Architecture, Vertical.

Evolving Roles and Practices in Product Design: A Comprehensive Analysis

This paper explores the evolving definitions and roles of product designers, a term with diverse interpretations in the academic and industrial spheres. Amidst the confusion surrounding the profession's responsibilities, this study seeks to clarify the roles and challenges facing aspiring designers, educators, and employers. The research combines a literature review with primary research, including surveys and interviews with key industry stakeholders, to investigate the changing landscape of product design. The findings reveal the multifaceted nature of the field, highlighting key roles, essential competencies, and the shift towards more sustainable and socially responsible design practices. The study proposes "object design executive" as a new title to better reflect the diverse responsibilities of product designers in shaping the future.

Analysis and Research of Illustration Teaching Design in Applied Universities under Digital Environment

With the continuous development of digital technology, the field of education is also facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this study is to explore the practice and application of illustration instructional design in applied colleges and universities under the digital environment. Firstly, through in-depth analysis of the impact of digital environment on education and the trend of digital education in applied colleges and universities, the importance and role of digital technology in teaching is highlighted. Then, combining with the characteristics and needs of illustration teaching, this paper puts forward the theoretical and practical framework of illustration instructional design adapted to the digital environment, and emphasizes that instructional design should be closely combined with practice and pay attention to the cultivation of students' practical application ability. Further, through the analysis of specific cases, the paper discusses the reform and construction of illustration course under the digital environment, including the optimization of course content, the development and utilization of digital teaching resources, etc. Finally, the relevant cases are evaluated, and the practical experience and enlightenment of illustration instructional design in the digital environment are summarized. The research results show that illustration instructional design under the digital environment should pay attention to innovation and practice, and actively use digital technology to provide students with more diversified learning experience, so as to cultivate their innovative ability and practical ability.

Bearing capacity of shallow foundations: a focus on the depth factors in combination with the respective N-factors

The ongoing refinement of bearing capacity equations remains pivotal in soil mechanics and foundation engineering, reflecting its critical role in ensuring design efficacy and construction safety. This study conducts a thorough evaluation of classical bearing capacity methods—Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Vesic, and Hansen—and methods included in various design standards, such as EN1997:2004, prEN1997:2023, GEO, AASHTO, FHWA, and API. It explores the performance and applicability of these approaches, identifying areas for potential improvement. In response to identified challenges, the paper proposes the integration of a unified depth factor. This new factor is designed to be applicable across all N-terms, providing a more versatile and accurate tool for bearing capacity predictions. Unlike the original depth factors unique to each method, which may not fully address complex soil and footing conditions, the unified depth factor is developed to enhance prediction accuracy for a wide range of conditions, including both flexible and rigid footings under varying flow rules (ψ = 0 and ψ = φ). This depth factor corrects for modeling errors, emphasizing the importance of pairing the correct set of N-factors with their corresponding depth factor. By offering a singular depth factor that aligns with the outcomes of finite element analysis, this paper not only simplifies the computational process but also enhances the accuracy of bearing capacity predictions across a diverse range of soil conditions and footing types. The comparative analysis, based on finite element analysis, validates the proposed method’s effectiveness, showcasing its potential to significantly refine foundation design practices by comparing it with both traditional and newly developed depth factors.

Sustainable architecture: Envisioning self-sustaining buildings for the future

Sustainable Architecture: Envisioning Self-Sustaining Buildings for the Future explores the imperative for sustainable design practices in the construction industry. With global environmental challenges becoming increasingly urgent, the need for buildings that are not just energy-efficient but also self-sustaining is paramount. This report delves into the principles, technologies, and design strategies that can transform traditional buildings into sustainable structures that reduce environmental impact and enhance quality of life. The report begins by highlighting the pressing need for sustainable architecture, emphasizing the role of buildings in contributing to carbon emissions, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. It then outlines key principles of sustainable architecture, including energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and the use of environmentally friendly materials. A major focus of the report is on innovative technologies and design strategies that can be employed to create self-sustaining buildings. These include passive design strategies such as orientation, shading, and natural ventilation, as well as active technologies like solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems, and green roofs. Case studies of successful sustainable buildings from around the world illustrate the practical application of these principles and technologies. Finally, the report discusses the challenges and barriers to implementing sustainable architecture, such as cost considerations, lack of awareness, and regulatory hurdles. It concludes with a call to action for stakeholders in the construction industry to embrace sustainable practices and work towards creating a built environment that is not just sustainable but regenerative, contributing positively to the planet and its inhabitants. "Sustainable Architecture: Envisioning Self-Sustaining Buildings for the Future" provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, technologies, and design strategies that can drive the transition towards a more sustainable built environment. It serves as a valuable resource for architects, designers, policymakers, and anyone interested in creating a more sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainability, Building, Future, Architecture.

Making Things that Change: Reconsidering the Fluid Nature of Creative Productions in Research Through Art, Design, and Craft

Creative productions are integral to research conducted through practices of art, design, and craft. While their significance to the generation of knowledge is increasingly recognized, productions of this kind remain deemed discretized research components. This paper illustrates how they can be better understood as fluid assemblages that enact and are enacted by change. Through a diffractive reading of nine examples of research conducted by ourselves, the paper shifts from a perspective of neatly defined outputs to one of systemic affect. We conclude by interrogating the continuity of these productions beyond academia and urging a reassessment of their broader societal value.

INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF MATERIAL OF DELAYED COKING REACTORS ON DAMAGE DURING OPERATION

The problem of increased damage to delayed coking reactors (DCRs) or coke drums in domestic and foreign oil refining practice is still relevant. To date, significant progress has been made abroad in understanding the mechanisms of damage to DCR; numerous measures have been formulated, tested for widespread use, and have been used for a considerable time to improve the resistance to operational damage of DCRs. There is an urgent need to adapt and use positive foreign experience in the domestic practice of designing and operating DCRs, which will allow for a significant reduction in their damageability. Among the measures to increase the resistance to operational damage of DCRs, the most important place is occupied by the determination of technical requirements for their material design. The article compares the technical requirements for the material design of the DCR in domestic and foreign design practice, and analyzes the operating experience of the DCR with different material designs. Data on recorded damage obtained during the operation of DCRs is presented, data on the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the materials used in the manufacture of DCRs, the results of technical diagnostics of DCRs are provided with illustrative materials of damage zones of DCRs. A comparison is made in the level of resistance to operational damage of DCRs with different material designs. The results of previously performed studies on mathematical modeling of the stress-strain state of the elements of DCRs are used, with verification of strength conditions. Recommendations for the material implementation of DCRs are provided. Proposals for changes in the technical requirements for the material design of the DCRs are formulated in terms of mechanical characteristics (yield strength) in the delivered state.

Climate-responsive design practices: A transdisciplinary methodology for achieving sustainable development goals in cultural and natural heritage

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) defined by the United Nations represent a blueprint for the adoption of global practices and policies to foster sustainability in societies and increase efficiencies in resources uses. The Italian National Trust, FAI, has embraced these goals, developing a holistic and transdisciplinary methodology to promote a more sustainable approach to preserve its natural and built heritage. This methodology combines heritage protection with the SDGs in various macro-areas of interventions, including energy, water, biosphere, responsible consumption, and sustainable communities. The aim is to increase access to affordable and clean energy, reduce water, waste, and soil footprints, promote responsible consumption, and develop human capital. The paper proposes a set of strategies to achieve the SDGs in heritage, involving the collaboration of several stakeholders, ranging from institutions to citizens. The methodology is applied to a specific Italian case study, Casa Macchi in Morazzone, to highlight the challenges in achieving the dual objective of preserving the historic building and promoting sustainability in the built environment.

Empirical models for Fourier amplitude spectrum of ground-motion calibrated on data from the Iranian plateau

AbstractGround-motion models (GMMs) are frequently used in engineering seismology to estimate ground motion intensities. The majority of GMMs predict the response spectral ordinates (such as spectral acceleration) of a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator because of their common application in engineering design practices. Response spectra show how an idealized structure reacts to applied ground motion; however, they do not necessarily represent the physics of ground motion. The functional forms of the response spectra GMMs are built around ideas taken from the Fourier spectral concept. Assuming the validity of Fourier spectral concepts in the response spectral domain could cause physically inexplainable effects. In this study, using a mixed-effects regression technique, we introduce four models capable of predicting the Fourier amplitude spectrum that investigates the impact of incorporating random-effect event and station terms and variations in using a mixed-effects regression technique in one or two steps using truncated dataset or all data (nontruncated dataset). All data consists of 2581 three-component strong ground motion data resulting from 424 events with magnitude ranging from 4.0 up to 7.4, from 1976 to 2020, and 706 stations. The truncated dataset’s records, events, and stations are reduced to 2071, 408, and 636, respectively. As part of this study, we develop GMMs to predict the Fourier amplitude spectrum for the Iranian plateau within the frequency range of 0.3–30 Hz. We adopted simple, functional forms for four models, and we included a limited number of predictors, namely Mw (moment magnitude), Rjb (Joyner–Boore distance), and VS30 (time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m). Due to statistical analyses, the style-of-faulting term was excluded from the final functional forms. The robustness of the derived models is indicated by unbiased residual variation with predictor variables.

Adaptive Case Study-Mixed Methods Design Practices for Researchers Studying Complex Phenomena

The methodological purpose of this article is to generate practical guidance for researchers studying complex phenomena through an adaptive case study-mixed methods (CS-MM) design. We describe CS-MM design adjustments made in response to our rapidly changeable research conditions that make complex phenomena challenging to study. We leverage Guetterman & Fetters’ (2018) CS-MM design recommendations while discussing specific adaptive design practice areas and advancing new insights gleaned from an expanded 21-month timeline when compared with a previous 4-month CS-MM study. We draw upon Mike Fetters’ extensive scholarly contributions while striving to continue his legacy for a better world and embodying Mike’s “kind mentoring” approach in our team-based study of the complex phenomena involving the response to a public health emergency.

Managing Satisfaction in synchronous online learning: results of a statistical study on the material of teaching Russian as a foreign language

Introduction. The widespread adoption of distance learning makes it relevant to reflect on the experience gained during the period of ubiquitous transition to the online format in 2019-2021. The purpose of the research is to investigate the factors influencing student satisfaction with synchronous online courses and to develop recommendations aimed at creating a positive educational experience for students in the online environment, specifically for teachers and methodologists. Materials and methods. This study draws upon survey data concerning the synchronous online acquisition of Russian as a foreign language among tertiary education students, both domestically and internationally. The sample comprised 307 individuals representing 16 countries, all of whom had engaged in at least one synchronous online course in the Russian language. Evaluation of satisfaction regarding the online learning experience centered on the variable denoted as "Course Satisfaction Assessment." The survey instrument was constructed based on the three-factor model, Community of Inquiry (COI), recognized for its efficacy in assessing effective online learning. This model, adapted to suit the context of synchronous online learning, comprehensively incorporates cognitive, pedagogical, and group communication factors. Results. As a result of correlation analysis, the ten most significant correlations with the variable "Course Satisfaction Evaluation" were identified. The most significant correlation of satisfaction with learning was established with positive evaluation of the course content – its practical usefulness and relevance to the needs of learners (r=0,44; p<0,01). Factors related to feedback from the instructor (r=0,34; p<0,01) and the motivational effect of the learning showed a high level of correlation with satisfaction with the training (r=0,35; p<0,01). Meanwhile, the factors of group communication did not show significant correlations. Considering the most important factors of satisfaction, recommendations were formulated to improve the effectiveness of synchronous online learning and enhance student motivation through content and organizational aspects of learning. Conclusion. The conducted study contributes to the understanding of significant aspects of student satisfaction management in synchronous online learning. Practical recommendations have application value for the practice of online learning design and teaching in synchronous online format.

Multifunctional-Team Approach Achieves Extended-Reach Record Offshore Abu Dhabi

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 216326, “Longest Extended-Reach-Drilling Well Worldwide Drilled in Middle East, Offshore Abu Dhabi, UAE,” by Marah Mohamad Alabed, Naser Salah Alsuwaidi, and Jamie Scott Duguid, SPE, ADNOC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ The complete paper describes the engineering design and operational practices that supported the setting of a new extended-reach world record in a mature carbonate field offshore Abu Dhabi. This accomplishment reduces the carbon footprint of the development, allows acquisition of reservoir data earlier in the development plan, and accelerates production while reducing costs. This extended-reach development program is a strong example of what can be accomplished when a multifunctional team cultivates a strategic plan to expand technical and operational capabilities in a drilling campaign. Reservoir and Development-Plan Background The 1-md oil reservoir is a carbonate dominated by packstone and grainstone rock types in terms of storage capacity. Average porosity is 18%, and thickness is 130 ft. Permeability reduces in an southeast/northwest direction, dropping below 1 md. Calcite cementation development has occurred in the westernmost areas of the reservoir because of late oil in these low structural areas. Initially, the target reservoir was drilled at 2-km well spacing with a five-spot waterflooding scheme from wellhead platform towers. Later, development was optimized by a line waterflooding scheme at 250-m well spacing by development from an environmental island. The target reservoir area was partitioned into four development areas (West A, West B, West C, and West D). The partition is based on drilling reachability from environmental islands and underlying geology. The current optimized development began in the West A reservoir area through an artificially constructed island. The remaining reservoir areas required investment of two new islands. High risk is associated with these investment decisions because these reservoir areas degrade in terms of reservoir rock properties. Additionally, an increasing trend of water saturation exists with progress in the northwest direction within the transition zone. The development plan in the West A area is based on drilling segments called AB and BC, first with over-20,000-ft laterals to achieve production buildup by target date. To test the West B area, Segment BC was extended, thus covering both West A and B areas. This option reduced drilling complexity and maximized the reservoir-production rate. Additionally, by adopting the island drilling option instead of appraising a limited area of West B, an extensive area of approximately 10 km could be appraised. To implement this option, a stepout drilling plan was executed by drilling eight extended-reach maximum-reservoir-contact wells in increments to meet the goal of appraising the West B reservoir area. These first wells were extended in increments of 1,000–2,000 ft to test the capability to drill and run completion to target a measured depth (MD) of 45,000 ft. Upon applying learnings from these pilot wells, a stepout to extending wells to 50,000 ft MD and greater was studied. Fig. 1 shows the map of the subject drilled well with an extended MD of 50,000 ft with an underlying oil-saturation map. This optimized field-development strategy has allowed for effective West B reservoir appraisal.

Personality, Strategies and Game Moves Linked to Prosocial Behaviors: A Statistical Discourse Analysis

As no study has systematically theorized and empirically tested an ecological model of students’ cooperative behaviors during game-based learning, this study moves toward doing so by modeling multiple levels of antecedents of students’ prosocial behaviors during game play. Specifically, we propose a theoretical model of how player personality, players’ personality composition, and recent sequences of strategies or game moves affect the likelihood of prosocial behavior in each turn of talk. Then, we empirically tested our model on 8,432 turns of talk by 17 adolescents in eight face to face games via statistical discourse analysis.Players who were agreeable, conscientious, and patient (koalas) showed prosocial behaviors more often. Meanwhile groups with only one agreeable person, only one extrovert, or only one conformist showed fewer prosocial behaviors. Furthermore, recent strategies such as advise, lend resources, or consent were more likely to precede a prosocial behavior. By contrast, recent aggressive moves reduced the likelihood of an immediate prosocial behavior. For example, a sequence of consecutive attacks sharply reduced the likelihood of a prosocial behavior. Furthermore, interactions among these attributes also affected the likelihood of prosocial behaviors.These results contribute to and help integrate social identity theory and social learning theory by moving toward an ecological explanatory model with player personalities, player composition, sequences of strategies and game moves, and their interactions. These insights (a) help bridge the gap in our understanding of how students act and react in strategic activities, and (b) inform game design and instructional practices seeking to foster prosocial behaviors and environments.

Teaching Graphic Design for undergraduate students in Vietnam: a curriculum analysis

IntroductionThe present study aims to examine the effects of autonomy policies implemented after 2014 on the undergraduate education of Graphic Design in Vietnam. The focus is on how these policies have influenced the transition of curricular content from traditional print-based principles to modern digital design methodologies.MethodsThis study employs a targeted analysis of specialized knowledge courses within Graphic Design programs, tracing their progression from conventional design principles for the print medium to modern digital design principles. It includes a comprehensive examination of curricular adjustments made in response to the evolving digital landscape.ResultsThe analysis reveals a significant shift in the curriculum post-2014, from focusing predominantly on traditional design concepts such as typography, layout, and color theory to embracing digital design principles suitable for online platforms. These include responsive design, user experience/user interface, motion graphics, and animation. Empirical data presented in the study highlights the profound impact of increased institutional autonomy on this transformation.DiscussionThe transition to digital platforms marks a substantial development in Graphic Design education, aligning with the growing acceptance of interdisciplinary methodologies. The study discusses how these curricular changes are a direct response to the dynamic requirements of contemporary design practice, characterized by digital technology’s pervasive influence, interactivity, and sustainability considerations. The results emphasize the importance of adapting Graphic Design education to meet the demands of the modern industry, ensuring that graduates are well-equipped to thrive in the digital age.

Putting sustainable design practices at the heart of the IStructE exams

Michael Lewis, Examinations and PRI Manager, outlines recent changes to Institution membership exams that address matters relating to sustainable design.

Enhancing the Outcome of Mechanical Engineering Design Course with the SCAMPER Methodology Framework

Methodology frameworks in engineering education are structured approaches or models used to design, implement, and evaluate educational practices in engineering disciplines. These frameworks provide a systematic way to organize and optimize the teaching and learning process, ensuring that engineering students receive a comprehensive and effective education. SCAMPER is a creative thinking technique used to generate new ideas and approaches for problem-solving or project development. Each letter in SCAMPER stands for a different prompt to enhance the process targeted. These prompts stand for the substitute, combine, adapt, modify, put to another use, eliminate, and reverse. Evolving SCAMPER as a methodology framework for Mechanical Engineering education involves adapting its principles and prompts to cater specifically to the needs and challenges of engineering students. This study presents the use of SCAMPER methodology as an educational framework for mechanical engineering and application to the Mechanical Engineering Design course given for senior year students with proposed examples based on experiences collected from previous classes thought.