Practice Of Tattooing Research Articles

ТАТУИРОВКА: КОНФЛИКТНЫЙ ТРЕУГОЛЬНИК ТЕЛА, СОЦИУМА И ЗНАКА

The article presents a semiotic analysis of the tattooing practices in term of socio-symbolic communications. The author compares the social, religious, informational aspects of tattoos in archaic, traditional and modern communities. The social meanings of the signs and symbols are analysed in the representation and self-identification practices. Divers levels of interactions of personality and society are studied. Questions are raised about the semantic meanings of the statement in the field of sociality and asociality, polysemantics and monosemantics.. The article is based on an impromptu survey conducted by the author, the informational occasion for which was a conflict between a French kindergarten teacher who almost completely covered his body with a tattoo, and his employer.

Sero-prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Hawassa city public hospitals, Southern Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study design.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) follow-up. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 04 to April 03, 2020. A total of 381 women were selected using systematic random sampling after every two consecutive women. Structured and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. A 2 ml of venous blood sample was drawn from each participant. The plasma was separated from the collected blood samples and was analyzed using a rapid hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) kit to determine hepatitis sero status. Data were entered into the EPI-Data version 3.1, then exported to the statistical package for social sciences version 25 software and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of HBsAg B seroprevalence at a p-value <0.05. The prevalence of HBsAg sero-positivity among pregnant women was 6.6%, 95% CI (4.2, 8.9). History of hosptal admission (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.11; 95% CI = 1.33-12.71), surgical history (AOR = 6.8; 95% CI = 1.93-23.93), history dental procedures (AOR = 4.93; 95% CI = 1.31-18.53), and body tatoo practices (AOR = 6.822; 95% CI = 1.89-24.69) were found to be associated with HBsAg sero-positivity. This study found that HBsAg sero positivity among pregnant women in the study area was in intermediate edemicity. Factors such as history of hospital admission, history of surgery, history of dental procedures, and body tattoo practices were found to be associated with HBsAg sero-positivity. The government of Ethiopia should strengthen screening of all pregnant women for HBV as a part of routine ANC in ANC clinics and treating if they are positive to prevent mother to child transmission.

Regulatory Direction of Tattooing Practice in Korea* - According to the comparison and analysis of bills and legislation regarding tattooists around the world -

In Korea, the practice of tattooing is considered part of medical practices that requires the attention of medical personnel, which makes tattooing by non-medical personnel an unlicensed medical practice and subject to penalties as a violation of the Medical Service Act. Tattooing, as interpreted in Koreanjudicial precedents, not only consists of semi- permanent makeup involving pigment injection to the eyebrows or lips, but also the inscription of certain designs or texts on the skin. However, in Korean clinical settings, the medical personnel seldomperform such forms of tattooing, and most of the eyebrow tattoos are practiced by the cosmetic sector. The legal sector’s understanding of tattooing has become very different from that of thegeneral public, and tattooists are complaining that their basic rights, such as freedom of occupationsand expression, are being violated. As the general public does not view tattooing as a medical practice, the controversy over the tattooing practice is only getting worse. The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea has proposed separate legislation that defines the tattooing practice and the qualifications to perform such practice and as of 2021, three different legislative bills on the subject are pending. In this article, the writers aim to review the regulations and past cases on the tattooing practice, along with the three pending legislative bills on tattooing, before analyzing the existing regulations on tattooing practices in three other Northeastern Asian nations - namely, Taiwan, Japan, and China - and would like to suggest a regulatory direction of tattooing practice as a means of consumer protection.

The Construction of Knowledge in the Work of a Tattoo Artist: A Look from the Perspective of Aesthetics

Abstract The present study analyzes how and what knowledge constitutes the daily work of tattooing in light of the organizational aesthetic approach. For this purpose, the authors explore the theme of knowledge at work by considering the knowledge produced in the daily life of this practice, analyzing the interaction between different knowings, artifacts, and practices. The study used techniques of participant observation and narrative interviews, with data analysis through thematic analysis of narratives. The practice of tattooing consists of six types of knowledge: (a) creation and/or reproduction of the design; (b) doings and sayings related to each practice; (c) manipulation of artifacts; (d) technique; (e) body movement; (f) activation of the human senses. Shedding light on the knowledge of the practice of tattooing brings to the focus of organizational studies the importance of the aesthetic dimension, proposing an alternative for the logical-rational understanding of the organizational context.

The Construction of Knowledge in the Work of a Tattoo Artist: A Look from the Perspective of Aesthetics

Abstract The present study analyzes how and what knowledge constitutes the daily work of tattooing in light of the organizational aesthetic approach. For this purpose, the authors explore the theme of knowledge at work by considering the knowledge produced in the daily life of this practice, analyzing the interaction between different knowings, artifacts, and practices. The study used techniques of participant observation and narrative interviews, with data analysis through thematic analysis of narratives. The practice of tattooing consists of six types of knowledge: (a) creation and/or reproduction of the design; (b) doings and sayings related to each practice; (c) manipulation of artifacts; (d) technique; (e) body movement; (f) activation of the human senses. Shedding light on the knowledge of the practice of tattooing brings to the focus of organizational studies the importance of the aesthetic dimension, proposing an alternative for the logical-rational understanding of the organizational context.

Ritual act, technology, and the efficacy of traditional tattooing among the Igorots of north Luzon, Philippines

What are the social dimensions involved in the technology of traditional tattooing among the Igorots of north Luzon, the Philippines? Based on a long-term anthropological fieldwork among the Igorots, an examination of the varying traditional tattooing practices of these ethnic groups demonstrates that the significance of batok (traditional tattoos) does not only lie in their symbolic and aesthetic qualities, but also in the rituals performed, the taboos observed, and the technology employed in the production of tattoos. The tattoo's appearance on skin is also dependent on the method or technique employed in the production of designs; the varying pigments used to produce a blackish, greenish, or bluish color in tattoos that mark the identity of a group; and the symmetry and arrangement of tattoos. More importantly, this paper explores the social and cultural practices involved in the production of batok for these to achieve the efficacy of purpose and function . This paper examines how the technology of tattoos, along with rituals and their associated taboos, contributes to the production of what is classified among the Butbut of Kalinga as: whayyu or maphod (“beautiful”), rather than lagwing (“unpleasant”); unfinished versus finished; and “thin or thick” tattoos. Traditional tattooing was formerly practiced in the confines of collective and place-based rituals among the people of the Philippine Cordillera. However, the rarity, rawness, and the particularity of the technology used in the production of these tattoos render them more “authentic,” as such, traditional tattooing has entered contemporary tattoo practices in the Philippines as a form of revival.

Reclaiming the Body Through Tattoos

Psychoanalysis has always addressed issues concerning the body. More recently, the proliferation of practices of aesthetic body intervention such as plastic surgery, piercings and tattoos have been calling the attention of psychoanalysts to their use and effects on the subject. This paper focuses on the analysis of the role of tattoos in reclaiming one’s body, which will be approached through the psychoanalytical discourse analysis of data retrieved from online magazines and blogs. The practice of tattooing has subjective implications on the relationship between the body and the self, revealing a fundamental trace of human beings: the need to process traumatic events and give them some sort of tolerable expression.

Sero-Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Among Pregnant Women at North West Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundHepatitis B virus is a public health problem in the world. It is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatic cellular carcinoma. The presence of a confirmed HBsAg result is indicative of ongoing HBV infection. This study aims to assess the sero-prevalence and associated factors of the hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in North West Ethiopia.Methods and MaterialsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Markos Referral Hospital from January to July 2017. A consecutive 338 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic were included. A structured questionnaire was used to assess hepatitis B virus infection associated factors and some socio-demographic characteristics. A 5 mL of venous blood was collected from each study participant and plasma was separated and analyzed using a rapid HBsAg kit and further confirmed by double sandwich ELISA. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24.ResultsThe mean age of the study participants was 27 (SD ± 4.75) years. The sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus in pregnant women was 28 (8.3%). Body tattooing practice (AOR = 4.94 95% CI, 1.87–13.0), multi-partner sexual intercourse (AOR = 4.48 95% CI, 1.89–10.5) and family hepatitis B history (AOR = 7.40 95% CI, 2.23–24.5) were statistically significantly associated with HBV infection (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of hepatitis B infection is very high among pregnant women in the study area. Awareness creation on modes of transmission and early screening of all pregnant women attending antenatal care must be strengthened to minimize and control infection.

When and How To Use Endoscopic Tattooing in the Colon: An International Delphi Agreement

There is a lack of clinical studies to establish indications and methodology for tattooing, therefore technique and practice of tattooing is very variable. We aimed to establish a consensus on the indications and appropriate techniques for colonic tattoo through a modified Delphi process. The baseline questionnaire was classified into 3 areas: where tattooing should not be used (1 domain, 6 questions), where tattooing should be used (4 domains, 20 questions), and how to perform tattooing (1 domain 20 questions). A total of 29 experts participated in the 3 rounds of the Delphi process. A total of 15 statements were approved. The statements that achieved the highest agreement were as follows: tattooing should always be used after endoscopic resection of a lesion with suspicion of submucosal invasion (agreement score, 4.59; degree of consensus, 97%). For a colorectal lesion that is left in situ but considered suitable for endoscopic resection, tattooing may be used if the lesion is considered difficult to detect at a subsequent endoscopy (agreement score, 4.62; degree of consensus, 100%). A tattoo should never be injected directly into or underneath a lesion that might be removed endoscopically at a later point in time (agreement score, 4.79; degree of consensus, 97%). Details of the tattoo injection should be stated clearly in the endoscopy report (agreement score, 4.76; degree of consensus, 100%). This expert consensus has developed different statements about where tattooing should not be used, when it should be used, and how that should be done.

Predictors and rates of prior endoscopic tattoo localization amongst individuals undergoing elective colorectal resections for benign and malignant lesions

Appropriate tattooing of suspicious lesions during colonoscopy is critical for surgical planning. However, variability exists in tattoo placement, technique, and reporting. Our aim is to determine the rates and predictors of tattoo placement, tattoo location in relation to the lesion, and localization accuracy during lower endoscopy for individuals undergoing elective colorectal resections. We performed a retrospective chart review on all patients undergoing elective colorectal resections for benign and malignant neoplasms between 2007 and 2017 at a high volume Canadian tertiary centre. Patient demographics, endoscopic, and tumour-related characteristics were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of tattoo localization. Of the 1062 patients identified, laparoscopic resection occurred in 59% of patients. 57% of patients underwent tattooing for tumour localization at index endoscopy. Tattoos were placed distal (27%), both proximal and distal (4%), and just proximal (2%) to the lesion. However, in the majority of cases the tattoo location was not documented (67%). On multivariate analysis, patients who had lesions located in the transverse colon (OR: 1.93, 95% CI 1.04-3.59), had surgery performed after 2010 (2011-2014: OR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.31-2.68; 2015-2017: OR: 2.87, 95% CI 1.93-4.26), underwent laparoscopic resections (OR: 1.69, 95% CI 1.22-2.33), and had their index endoscopy performed in an urban setting (OR: 5.92, 95% CI 3.23-10.87), were at higher odds of having a tattoo placed at index endoscopy. Endoscopic tattoo placement and location in relation to the lesion varies widely, with reports containing suboptimal documentation. Lesion location and laparoscopic procedures were significant predictors of tattoo placement. This study highlights the need for standardized tattooing practices and reporting amongst endoscopists. One of the focus of quality improvement efforts should be educational initiatives for rural endoscopists.

S0551 Variability in Endoscopic Tattoo Practices Among Colorectal Surgeons and Gastroenterologists: A Nationwide Survey

INTRODUCTION: Effective tattooing is pivotal in localizing suspected malignant colorectal lesions for subsequent resection which has shown to reduce operating room time with significant cost savings. Despite its utility and widespread use, there are no established guidelines regarding optimal location or technique of tattooing. This has created wide variability in provider practices in the gastroenterology (GI) and colorectal surgery (CRS) communities. Thus, we sought to elucidate current practices among these providers. METHODS: A national online survey was e-mailed to directors of adult GI and CRS programs in the US, with additional distribution to their fellows and colleagues. RESULTS: Majority of providers, 93 of 108 (86.1%), practice tattooing to mark suspected colorectal cancer lesions for removal- GI (68 of 78, 87.2%) and CRS (25 of 30, 83.3%). Most GI providers tattoo proximal and distal to the lesion (57.7%) compared to most CRS who tattoo 2-3cm distal to the lesion (76.7%), this was statistically significant( P < 0.001, OR = 9.52, CI = 3.6–25.5). This remained unchanged when correcting for variables such as practice setting, age, gender and training. For tattoo injection technique, providers in both specialties inject while withdrawing the needle (80.8% of GI and 73.3% of CRS, P = 0.227), rather than while advancing it; usually 2 to 3 marks are placed at the tattoo site (72.2% of providers). Most providers do not tattoo cecal lesions—76.9% of GI and 73.3% of CRS—but tattoo practices for lesions in the rectum are more inconsistent with only 39.7% of GI tattooing these compared to 73.3% of CRS. CONCLUSION: Although there is paucity of data in tattooing techniques, published literature reports appropriate location for tattooing of suspected lesions to be 2-3cm distal to the lesion and technique to be injection of dye upon advancement of needle into the submucosal space. A minority of GI (25.6%) but a majority of CRS (76.7%) tattooed in the correct location, which was statistically significant. Both specialties had few providers using correct technique: 16.7% of GI and 6.7% of CRS. Our survey confirms the great variability in practices between GI and CRS, as well as within these respective groups. Tattooing practices are oftentimes institution dependent given the lack of national guidelines. There is a dire need for nationwide standardization of practices for improvement in efficacy and cost of patient care, especially for those receiving interfacility care.Table 1

How to advise a patient who wants a tattoo?

Tattooing and permanent make-up have become mainstream procedures. Many factors play a role in the final outcome of a tattoo and the satisfaction of the customer. The technical and artistic skills of the tattooist will determine the esthetic result and will help to guide the customers in their decision and choice of the tattoo. Although tattooing is by many considered as safe one should be are aware of the risks of complications related to this body modification technique. Some customers have a medical problem and some doubt about the safety of the procedure. People with increased risk of adverse events often seek medical advice prior to decide to get a tattoo or PMU. Physicians should not only be informed about the medical history of their patients but also have some basic knowledge of the practice of tattooing and the effects this procedure can exert on the skin and on the health condition of the patient. Contraindications and special precautions with regard to skin diseases and specific systemic conditions will be addressed in this article.

Gazing into the World of Tattoos: An Invitation to Reconsider how we Conceptualize Religious Practices

Debates around the visibility of religious symbols – including whether and how to regulate them—have been quite vivid in recent years in Canada, and particularly in the province of Quebec. These discussions often focus on minority religious symbols and are based on the premise that symbols can be removed or modified. In fact, Saba Mahmood (2006, 2009) argues that using the term “symbol” precludes de-facto our ability to entertain the possibility that these symbols cannot be removed or modified.Drawing on 15 interviews with religiously tattooed individuals and tattoo artists in Montreal and Toronto, this article explores the practice of religious tattooing. Interestingly, this practice has been overlooked in debates on the regulation of religious symbols, as well as in the scholarly literature covering those debates. In this article, we are interested in thinking about why this is. We also argue that looking at the practice of religious tattooing helps give further credence to Mahmood’s criticism. It broadens our understanding of religious practices, including alerting us to the importance of the idea of ‘lived religion’ in comprehending how these practices can be an essential part of who someone is. While religious tattoos have largely escaped legal regulation, we conclude with a discussion of how they nonetheless remain the object of a regulatory gaze.

Endoscopic tattooing for colorectal lesions: impact on quality of care and patient outcomes.

The National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme guidelines advocate the use of endoscopic tattooing for suspected malignant lesions to assist identification and to facilitate laparoscopic resections. However, endoscopic tattooing practices are variable in endoscopic units, resulting in repeat endoscopy and delay in patient management. The aim of this study was to assess the adherence to tattoo protocol for significant colonic lesions at an endoscopy unit in a large district general hospital. Prospectively collected data were analysed for 252 patients with significant colonic lesions between January 2017 and December 2018. Data were collected through reviewing patient's notes, histopathology findings and endoscopy reports. Data on lesions, complications, number and site of tattoo placed, and any repeat endoscopy for a tattoo were collected. Of the 252 patients, 88% (n = 222) had malignant and 12% (n = 30) had benign lesions. Only 58.7% (n = 148) of those patients who had colonoscopy had tattoo placement reported. Of these 148 cases, the report stated the distance of tattoo in relation to the lesion in only 46% (n = 68) of patients. Unfortunately, 14.3% (n = 36) of patients required repeat endoscopy to tattoo the lesions prior to surgery. Our study highlights the lack of uniformity of tattoo practice among endoscopists. Despite the National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme guidelines, a significant proportion of colorectal lesions are still not tattooed during their first endoscopy. Some patients had to have repeat endoscopy just for the purpose of tattooing. Active involvement and participation of all endoscopists in the colorectal and the complex polyp multidisciplinary teams may help to improve the tattoo service.

Social And Cultural Predictors Of Tattooing Among Athletes Of Federal Universities In Nigeria

The cross-sectional study investigated the social and cultural predictors of tattooing among athletes of Federal Universities in Nigeria. Data was collected from a sample of 594 athletes using a validated structured questionnaire with a reliability index of 0.77. . Data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Multiple regression and logistic regression were used to establish the joint and independent predictors of tattooing among the athletes. The findings of the study revealed that peer influence (P=0.003), family influence (P=0.000), personal achievement (P=0.006) and academic background (P=0.000) were significant social predictors of tattooing among the athletes. Traditional (P=0.000) and religious beliefs (P=0.000) were also found to be significant cultural predictors of tattooing among the athletes. It was concluded based on the findings that the practice of tattooing among Nigerian University athletes followed similar social influence pattern as in other parts of the world. Social marketing was recommended as a veritable tool for health education and communication to enhance informed decisions regarding tattooing among the athletes.

Tattoos in the Wake of Trauma: Transforming Personal Stories of Suffering into Public Stories of Coping

ABSTRACT Growing numbers of trauma survivors have chosen to cope with their ongoing invisible wounds through tattooing their bodies. This phenomenon includes individuals as well as organized and documented projects held in public spaces. The topic of body modification through tattoos has benefited from an explosion in academic interest; however, there has been little scholarly attention directed at examining how tattoo practices may be understood as a means of coping with trauma within a contemporary cultural context. While drawing on psychological and cultural studies’ perspectives we explored the meanings attributed to tattoos by trauma survivors. Analyzing documented personal accounts of tattooed survivors in different countries, we illustrated how being tattooed appears to be a personal way of coping with trauma as well as a cultural practice of meaning making. The meanings attributed by trauma survivors’ included: exposing their trauma for recognition, witnessing, meaningfulness of the tattoo, connection, control, and transformation. The meaning-making process appears to be continuous and dynamic, shaped by psychological responses, social interactions, and cultural narratives.

Inconsistencies in Colonic Tattooing Practice: Differences in Reported and Actual Practices at a Tertiary Medical Center.

Accurate localization of a colonic lesion is crucial to successful resection. Although colonic tattooing is a widely accepted technique to mark lesions for future identification surgery or repeat colonoscopy, no consensus guidelines exist. The objective of this study was to determine whether the current tattooing practice at a tertiary medical center differs from recommendations in the literature and self-reported provider practice. The study consisted of an observational retrospective chart review of patients who received colonic tattoos, as well as a provider survey of reported tattooing practices at a tertiary academic medical center. A total of 747 patients older than 18 years of age who underwent colonoscopy with tattoo were included. Forty-four gastroenterologists performing endoscopy were surveyed on tattooing techniques. In the majority of cases, neither the number of tattoos, location of the tattoo nor the distance from the lesion was specified within the report. Following the index procedure, a tattoo was detected in 75% of surgical resections and 73% of endoscopies. At the time of surgery, however, the tattoo and/or the lesion was detected approximately 94% of the time. Twenty-five endoscopists (56.8%) completed the survey. Differences were seen the between the chart review and reported practice. Most providers report placing ≥2 marks (87.2%); however, chart review revealed that only 56.2 % were tattooed with ≥2 marks. Variation exists between the reported tattooing practice and actual practice. Despite this, most tattoos are identified at the time of surgery or repeat endoscopy. Further research is needed to determine whether a standardized approach to tattooing and reporting could improve localization at repeat endoscopy.

El tatuaje en el mundo contemporáneo: un recurso significante para la subjetividad individual

En este documento se realiza un ejercicio de aproximación al esquema singular que conduce a algunas personas hacia la práctica del tatuaje, para ello se elige un grupo de supuestos del psicoanálisis para ubicar los procesos que permiten que el tatuaje participe de la construcción de la subjetividad individual. La propuesta aquí es que el tatuaje puede llegar a ser un eslabón dentro de una cadena más amplia de significantes, con lo cual se convierte en un mecanismo que soporta una búsqueda individual en la que el tatuaje puede posibilitar el desplazamiento de una metáfora.

Redefining the age of tattooing in western North America: A 2000-year-old artifact from Utah

How people decorate their bodies provides insight into cultural expressions of achievement, group allegiances, identity, and status. Tattooing has been hard to study in ancient societies for which we do not have tattooed mummies, which adds to the challenge of placing current body modification practices into a long-term global perspective. Historic studies document the practice of tattooing among many Indigenous North American groups. While the distribution and complexity of tattoo traditions indicate these practices predate the fifteenth century CE and arrival of Europeans, the antiquity of North American tattooing is poorly understood. During a recent inventory of legacy archaeological materials from the Turkey Pen site in southeastern Utah, we discovered a tattooing implement constructed from a sumac stem, prickly pear cactus spines, and yucca leaf strips. This artifact was recovered in 1972 from an in situ midden but, until now, remained unidentified. The tattooing artifact dates to 79–130 CE during the Basketmaker II period (ca. 500 BCE – 500 CE), predating European arrival to North America by over 1400 years. This unusual tool is the oldest Indigenous North American tattooing artifact in western North America and has implications for understanding archaeologically ephemeral body modification practices. Events such as the Neolithic Demographic Transition—which occurs in many places around the globe—may link to an increase in body modification practices as social markers, as appears to be the case for the Basketmaker II people in the southwestern United States.

Knowledge of potential risk of blood-borne viral infections and tattooing practice among adults in Mandalay Region, Myanmar.

IntroductionTattooing especially gains popularity among both men and women in adulthood from the wide range of socioeconomic groups and is noted as a risk taking behaviour in adults. Especially when tattooing does not perform to the highest standards, it can potentially be the hazardous practice. Myanmar has a paucity of evidence-based information on the estimated prevalence of tattoos and awareness of potential disease transmission from tattooing under insanitary conditions as well as the infection risk. The present research was undertaken to help identify the self-reported prevalence of tattooing among adults (18–35 years) and their knowledge of transmission risk of blood-borne infections and its determinants.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study focused on residents aged 18–35 years was carried out in two urban and two rural areas in Mandalay district, Mandalay Region during 2015. Trained interviewers used a pre-tested structured questionnaire for face-to-face interviews with one eligible participant per selected household (n = 401). Bivariate analysis and multivariable analysis using binary logistic regression were done to ascertain the relevant explanatory variables.ResultsThe overall self-reported prevalence of tattooing was 19.5% (78/401) (95% CI = 16–24). Nearly 80% of participants (318/401) knew at least one blood-borne viral infection that could be transmitted from tattooing. The persons who had high formal education, manual laborers and those who lived with their families were significantly more likely to cite at least one blood-borne viral infection. Their perceived possibility to remove tattoo independently influenced the practice of tattooing (aOR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.06–3.45; p = 0.03) compared with participants who reported no perceived possibility. Tattooing was more common in male (aOR = 13.07, 95% CI = 6.25–27.33; p<0.001) compared to female which was independently significant.ConclusionsThis study ascertained the tattoo prevalence as two in ten adults of working age especially among male in central part of Myanmar in the context of lack of registration system for tattoo parlours and the issuance of safety guidelines. Findings have suggested the target groups and risk factors to be included in future health promotion programs. Future research directions should focus on perspectives of tattooists to create and sustain the sanitary practices to reduce the chance of transmission of blood-borne viral infections.