Practice Of Standard Precautions Research Articles

Knowledge and practice of standard precautions among healthcare workers in primary and tertiary health facilities in Enugu state, Nigeria; a qualitative study

Background: Standard precautions (SP) is a broad concept involving measures that should be applied in hospital setting to reduce infection transmission. Most hospital acquired infections occur due to breach in SP practices. The objective was to determine the knowledge and practice of SP among HCWs in primary and tertiary health facilities in Enugu State Nigeria.Methods: The study used a qualitative design with case study in primary and tertiary health care workers (HCWs) in Enugu Metropolis, Enugu State Nigeria. A total of 74 HCWs; 24 from the primary and 50 from the tertiary health facilities were observed while 37; 12 from primary and 25 from the tertiary health facility were interviewed. The qualitative study used in-depth interview and triangulation with observational checklist.Results: The HCWs had good knowledge but poor practice of SP. Higher proportion of the tertiary HCWs had better practice of hand hygiene than those in the primary health facilities (OR=17.637, p<0.001). Also, the tertiary HCWs used personal protective equipment (PPE) more adequately (OR=11.417, p=0.001) and practiced injection safety better than the primary HCWs (OR=22.369, p<0.001) except in detaching of needles from syringes where higher proportion of the tertiary HCWs were involved in such practice (tertiary =40.0%, primary =29.2%).Conclusions: There was good knowledge of SP among the HCWs but their practice was poor.

Knowledge and practice of nurses regarding standard precautions in a tertiary care public hospital, North India

Background: Hospital-acquired infections could occur as a result of lapses in accepted standards of practice on the part of health care personnel (HCP). All individuals, particularly HCPs, are potentially at high risk of infection due to their frequent exposure. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of nurses regarding standard precautions at a tertiary care hospital, North India.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Uttarakhand enrolling 134 nurses purposively from different units of the institute. Data was collected using a pre-structured self-administered questionnaire to seek information on participants’ knowledge and practices regarding standard precautions. SPSS version-23 was used to analyse the findings. Descriptive statistics were applied for the analysis of the results.Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.52±2.93 years, with more than half of the respondents were males (58.21%), and (41.79%) were females. Almost 60.45% had three or fewer years of work experience. Most respondents preferred hand hygiene (97.01%) and the use of PPE (88.06%). Almost 94.03% of participants favored disinfection of frequently touched surfaces. Regarding the practices, 95.52% answered that the right hand-washing is before wearing gloves, after removing the gloves, and after leaving the patient’s care area. About 98.51% of them answered that bio-medical waste should be discarded in the right type of color-coded bins.Conclusions: Findings suggested adequate knowledge and compliance among nurses regarding standard precautions. However, specific training programs may be conducted to attain full adherence to standard precautions. These programs can enhance their awareness and can work as a vital tool to achieve the desired improvement in knowledge and practices of standard precautions.

Factors Influencing Standard Precaution Practices Among Nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria

Introduction: Nurses are known to be at the frontline of risks and victims to occupational hazards within the healthcare system. These hazards include exposure to infections that may arise from injuries from sharps and contacts with body fluids. Standard precautions are taken to mitigate and minimize hazards in hospitals. This study assessed the factors influencing standard precaution practices among Nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Method and material: This study involved a descriptive cross-sectional study which was carried out among 305 nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja. A self-structured instrument was employed for this study and data were gathered from consented respondents. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics of mean, frequency and percentage. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 41.64±10.1 years and many (68.5%) had more than 10 years of work experience. The respondents had above average level of knowledge (24.69±2.16) and close to two-third (59.7%) had a positive attitude towards standard precaution practices. The most reported factors influencing the practice of standard precautions were non-availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) (92.1%), lack of regular training on standard precautions (91.1%) and lack of good policy on standard precautions (81.5%). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had above average level of knowledge and positive attitude towards standard precaution. There is a need for continued sensitization and monitoring of standard precaution practices by nurses to sustain the high level. Also, healthcare institutions should ensure the availability of PPE for standard precautions and regular in-service training of nurses on standard precaution practices.

Infection control and practice of standard precautions among hospital staff nurses in Indonesia

Background : Universal precaution as a strategy recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in efforts to prevent infection and disease transmission among health workers, through the hospital Infection prevention and control (IPC) committee seeks to protect health workers and patients of the risk of transmitting the infection . Purpose : To determine the factors associated with the application of universal precautions in the prevention of infectious disease transmission in nurses at Lamaddukelleng Hospital, Wajo district. Method : A descriptive quantitative using cross-sectional design. The population is nurses at Lamaddukelleng Hospital, especially nurses in the emergency ward, with a total sampling of 28 respondents. Results: The Chi-Square test finding factor of nurses had a trained with p-value = 0.001 which shows that the nurses had a trained has a significant relationship to the application of universal precautions by nurses, while the availability of Infection prevention and control equipment facilities is p-value = 0.557 and the monitoring factor is p-value = 0.274, showing no relationship to the application of universal precautions by nurses. Conclusion : Shows that 75% of respondents have applied universal precautions. Suggestions to hospital management to be paying attention to provide Infection prevention and control equipment facilities and provide regular training, especially related to Infection Prevention and Control.

Organizational Culture for Infection Control and Practice of Standard Precaution in Veterans Hospital Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between organizational culture for infection control and practice of standard precaution, and explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy in Hospital nurses. Methods: A descriptive research design was used. The subjects of this study were nurses working at the Hospital. Data collection was done using a self-report questionnaires in June 2019. Total 172 nurses participated for survey paper. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 was used. Results: The mean scores of organizational culture for infection control and practice of standard precaution were 56.39 and 161.76 respectively and self-efficacy was 67.52. Practice of standard precaution was positively associated with self-efficacy (r=0.53, p<0.001), and organizational culture for infection control (r=0.39, p<0.001). Self-efficacy plays a full mediation in the relationship between organizational culture for infection control and practice of standard precaution (Z=4.43, p<0.001). Conclusions: Improving self-efficacy may help in increasing practice of standard precaution.

Influences of Safety Attitude for Patient, and Moral Sensitivity in Practice of Standard Precaution in Small and Medium Hospital Nurses

Influences of Safety Attitude for Patient, and Moral Sensitivity in Practice of Standard Precaution in Small and Medium Hospital Nurses

"해군 의무시설 근무자의 감염관리 표준주의지침 수행 영향요인"

"해군 의무시설 근무자의 감염관리 표준주의지침 수행 영향요인"

Knowledge and Practice of Standard Precautions for Infection Prevention and Control among Health Care Workers in Public Primary and Secondary Health Facilities in Edo State: A Reflection of the Neglect of First and Second Levels of Care in Infection Preve

Standard precautions (SP) refer to the minimum infection prevention practice applied whenever providing patient care, irrespective of the diagnosis. SP is applied to all patients all the time to prevent unprotected contact with body fluids so that bloodborne infections and the risks of infection transmission are unlikely. It involves various components that when consistently practised, prevents the spread of infection to health care workers, patients, and visitors. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of standard precaution among health care workers in public primary and secondary facilities in Edo State. A Cross-Sectional study design was used to study 217 HCWs in both public primary and secondary health facilities. Respondents were selected using the cluster sampling technique. The study was carried out between April and October 2019. Most of the HCWs (94.5%) were aware of SP with their source of awareness, mainly from their colleagues. Their knowledge of SP was generally poor. Only 23 (10.6%) of the respondents had good knowledge, others either had fair 153(70.50%) or poor 41(18.90%) knowledge of SP with a statistically significant relationship between knowledge of SP and the HCWs level of completed education (p-value 0.019) as well as with the professional group they belong to (p-value 0.002). The practice of SP was generally abysmal, with only 3(1%) having good practice. The knowledge and practice of standard precaution among health workers at both the primary and secondary levels of care in Edo State were abysmally poor. There is an urgent need to organise sustained infection prevention and control (IPC) training as well as implement strategies to improve IPC competence among the HCWs in the primary and secondary facilities in Edo State.

Knowledge, Compliance and Determinants of Use of Standard Precautions for Infection Control among Health Care Workers – A Teaching Hospital Based StudyKnowledge, Compliance and Determinants of Use of Standard Precautions for Infection Control among Hea

Introduction: Standard Precautions, which are easily implementable and universally acceptable interventions, can help reduce the transmission of infections in the health care setting. However, knowledge and compliance with regard to Standard Precautions remains unsatisfactory. Materials and Method: This cross sectional study was conducted on 200 health care workers (HCWs) at ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad. A self-administered structured questionnaire with specific subsections to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of Standard Precautions was used for data collection. Regression analysis was used to analyze the relation between knowledge, attitude and compliance. Chi Square test was used to determine relation between various determinants and the knowledge and practice of Standard Precautions. Results: Mean knowledge, attitude and compliance scores among HCWs were 11.47 + 4.16, 7.09 + 1.46 and 10.72 + 2.57 respectively. A moderately positive correlation was observed between knowledge and attitude scores (r=0.421, p<0.001). Mean knowledge scores were higher for females, higher professional posts, those with previous Hepatitis B immunization and those with history of recent occupational exposure. Compliance scores were higher for females, for those with more professional post and in those with history of recent needle stick injury. A significantly greater number of females (p=0.02), trained HCWs (p=0.003), doctors & nurses (p=0.003), Hepatitis B immunised personnel (p=0.003) and those with history of recent occupational exposure (p<0.001) within the past 1 year had satisfactory knowledge scores. Similarly, significantly more number of female HCWs (p=0.004), nurses (p=0.001), experienced HCWs (p=0.01), and those with history of recent needle prick injury (p=0.04) achieved satisfactory compliance scores. Conclusion: The knowledge and compliance of Standard Precautions is generally poor. Pre- induction and periodic in- house training in Standard Precautions should be mandatory for all health care workers along with compulsory Hepatitis B immunization to reduce the risk of occupational exposure in the health care setting.

Healthcare Personnel Opinion and their Implementation Obstacles Regarding the Standard Precautions in Hemodialysis Unit

Context: Hemodialysis HD patients, as well as the dialysis staff, are vulnerable to contracting health-care-associated infections (HAIs) due to frequent and prolonged exposure to many possible contaminants in the dialysis environment.
 Aim: Assess healthcare personnel HCP opinion and their implementation obstacles regarding standard precautions (SPs) in the hemodialysis unit.
 Methods: The study conducted at the hemodialysis unit at Al Mouwasat University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. A descriptive research design was used to collect data for this study. All healthcare personnel working in the setting mentioned above were included. Two tools were used. The first tool is a standard precautions practices in hemodialysis observational checklist: The second tool is a structured interview questionnaire to assess the opinion of healthcare personnel regarding the applicability of standard precautions in the hemodialysis unit and their implementation obstacles.
 Results: The standard precautions practice score showed unsatisfactory practice among HCP. Regarding their opinion, the majority of HCP disagreed to follow the five moments and reported that the WHO technique of hand hygiene is so sophisticated and time-consuming; they disagreed with changing gloves between patients and considering gloves as a substitute to hand hygiene. The majority recap the needle by two hand techniques disagreed with following respiratory hygiene, and color-coding was accepted only from nurses. Also, it was found that there was a positive correlation between years of experience, infection control training programs, and the level of SPs practice score.
 Conclusion: Unsatisfactory SPs practices showed a high percentage of HCP. Healthcare personnel tends to agree to certain infection control practices over other practices. Availability and accessibility of equipment and supplies that interfere with the application of SPs practices and lack of knowledge concerning infection prevention and control were considered as implementation obstacles of SPs practices. Education and training of HCP on SPs, together with consistent and robust management support, are recommended. In addition to the development of national precautions after conducting researches that confirm its effectiveness.

Preparedness of Nigerian health institutions toward managing lassa fever epidemic and Covid-19 pandemic

Objectives: The objective is to assess standard practice of healthcare workers and preparedness of their healthcare institutions toward controlling spread of infectious diseases. Background: With the on - going epidemic of Lassa fever and the rising incidence of Covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria, there has been efforts from government and stakeholders in health towards controlling the surge of these diseases. This study is a multi-center survey involving frontline health-care workers, from 102 health institutions. Methodology: Pretested self-administered questionnaires were sent through online Google form to health-care workers across various health institutions through their respective social media platforms. Their consent was sought and the questionnaires were filled through registered emails. Multiple entry from same individual was prevented. The number of respondents was 451. The information gathered include biodata of health-care workers, details of their cadre and years of practice, their level of standard precautions and preparedness of their health institutions. Data gathered were collated, summarized, and analyzed using simple tables with proportions. Results: The practice of standard precaution was inadequate with only 59.4% of respondents washing their hands regularly after touching patients or carrying out procedures, while only 34.4% of them used face masks while consulting patients with respiratory symptoms. As for preparedness of health institutions in control of Lassa fever and Covid-19, 63.1% and 77.6% of respondents affirmed that their health institutions had written protocol of managing infectious diseases and had organized workshop on Lassa fever and/or Covid-19, respectively, while only 45.5% and 20% of respondents had dedicated isolation wards and functional intensive care units in their health institutions. Conclusion: The standard safety precautions by health-care workers were suboptimal and preparedness of their health institutions was generally inadequate for the management and control of infectious diseases.

Understanding Infection Prevention Practices in Optometry Clinics.

The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health investigated an outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis secondary to adenovirus linked to a single optometry clinic between June and July 2017. Suboptimal infection prevention practices were identified in the implicated clinic. The purpose of this study was to determine infection prevention practices in optometry clinics within Los Angeles County. A 17-question survey on infection prevention practices among a sample of optometry providers in the county was conducted by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. The survey was administered via e-mails sent to a local optometric society's Listserv and in person at a local continuing education event for optometrists. The results were analyzed and are represented as percentages. There were 42 responses, 20 via the online survey (response rate, 15%) and 22 via the in-person survey (response rate, 22%). More than half had no written hand-hygiene policy (58.5%, n = 24/41), 46.2% (n = 18/39) did not wear gloves while examining patients with eye drainage, and about half (48.6%, n = 18/37) did not use droplet precautions for patients with respiratory symptoms. The vast majority used multidose eye-drop vials (92.5%, n = 37/40), but 41.6% (n = 15/36) did not discard the vial if the tip came into contact with conjunctiva/skin/environmental surface. To ensure a clean tonometer for each patient, the majority (68.4%, n = 26/38) used 70% isopropyl alcohol, 47.4% (n = 18/38) used noncontact tonometers, and 23.6% (n = 9/38) used disposable tips (answers not mutually exclusive); none used bleach. Our data highlight several areas of concern in the practice of standard or transmission-based precautions in the sampled population. First, hand-hygiene policies are not well enforced. Second, personal protective equipment is not appropriately used while examining potentially infectious patients. Third, eye-drop vials are not consistently discarded if contaminated with eye secretions. Lastly, a large proportion of surveyed practices use inadequate disinfection techniques of tonometers.

Risk factors and outcome among COVID-19 exposed and quarantined healthcare workers: A study on the status of existing practices of standard precautions.

Context:Health care workers (HCWs) are at high risk of COVID-19 infection but data on the risk factors for exposure and infection rate among Indian HCWs are limited.Aims:Our study aims to identify the risk factors and behavior of HCWs which make them high risk for COVID-19 infection and the infection rate among them.Settings and Design:This is a retrospective study conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.Methods and Material:Fifty HCWs quarantined at our institute in April and May 2020 following exposure to confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases, or due to development of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) were included. Data was collected from medical records in a predesigned proforma and analyzed.Results:Thirty-eight (76%) of the 50 quarantined HCWs had high-risk exposure and there was a significant breach in personal protective measures. N-95 masks were worn by 59.6%, gloves by 61.7%, and goggles or face shields by 2%. Exposures were more common in non-COVID areas of the hospital. Hydroxychloroquine pre-exposure prophylaxis was taken by 7 (14%). 3 (6%) were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive during the quarantine period.Conclusions:Our study has shown leniency among HCWs in adhering to infection control and personal protective measures resulting in an increased quarantine and infection rate and loss of manpower. The safety of our HCWs must be given paramount importance during this pandemic and should be ensured by educating them about infection control, and persistently reinforcing and strictly adhering to standard precautions.

Awareness and Practice of Standard Precaution for Infection Control among Student Nurses

Infection control is a critical concern in any health care setting among healthcare providerswhich include student nurses. The dearth of literature and studies among student nursesprompted the conduct of this study. This study sought to determine the awareness andpractice of standard precaution (handwashing, safe handling of needles and other sharpdevices, and disposal of contaminated materials) for infection control among student nurses.It also determined the relationship between awareness and practice on standard precaution forinfection control, the difference in the practice of standard precaution for infection controlwhen gender and year level were considered, and the predictors of practice of standardprecaution for infection control. Data were collected from 121nursing students comprising of2nd, 3rd and 4th years. Participants were obtained through purposive sampling, from one ofthe universities in the Philippines. Results showed that the awareness of the respondents wasvery high, practice of standard precautions for infection control in terms of handwashing andproper handling and disposal of contaminated materials were excellent, with very goodpractice in terms of safe handling of needles and other sharp devices. There was statisticallysignificant relationship between awareness and practice on standard precaution in terms ofproper handling and disposal of contaminated materials, wherein those with high awarenessare more likely to have a better practice. However, there was no significant relationshipbetween awareness and the practice of standard precautions for infection control in terms ofhandwashing and safe handling of needles and other sharp devices. Year level and gender didnot make any significant difference in the practice of standard precaution for infection control.However, year level and gender were significant predictors of practice of standard precautionfor infection control in terms of safe handling of needles and other sharp devices, whereinstudents in higher level tend to have a better practice. Awareness was a significant predictorof practice of standard precaution for infection control in terms of proper handling anddisposal of contaminated materials, wherein the higher the awareness the better is the practice.Standard precaution for infection control concept and proper practice should be introduced tothe students as early as their first year in the nursing program.

Knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precaution among Critical Care Nurses

Critical care nurses are the health care professionals who have the compulsion to protect critically ill patients against infection especially those who are immune compromised, in order to enhance their recovery, prevent deterioration in their health, and achieve high quality nursing care. Therefore, critical care nurses should have sound knowledge and strict adherence to infection control standard precautions. The objective of the study is to evaluate the level of knowledge and compliance towards standard precaution. A descriptive cross-sectional research design and non-probability purposive sampling with self-administered questionnaire was adopted among 81 critical care nurses of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Phulbari-11. The obtained data was coded and entered in SPSS program version 23 with descriptive and inferential statistics. The study depicted that more than half of respondent (59.3%) had adequate knowledge and (40.7%) had inadequate knowledge. Majority of the respondent had high compliance (mean= 3.93) and average compliance (mean= 3.44). The use of protective suit or gown had low compliance (mean=2.17) and use of eye patch or goggle had very low compliance (mean=1.37). This study shows significant association between knowledge and compliance with standard precaution. Teaching approaches must be focused toward intensifying further compliance especially with the use of protective equipment. Furthermore, environment that promotes standard precaution practices should be developed by the faculty.

Standard precaution practice and associated factors among health professionals working in Addis Ababa government hospitals, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study using multilevel analysis

ObjectivesOccupational exposure to blood and body fluids is a major risk factor for the transmission of infections to health professionals in developing countries like Ethiopia. The aim of this study...

사단급 이하 의무시설 근무자의 감염관리 표준주의지침에 대한 지식, 태도와 수행도

사단급 이하 의무시설 근무자의 감염관리 표준주의지침에 대한 지식, 태도와 수행도

Compliance with standard precaution practices and associated factors among health care workers in Dawuro Zone, South West Ethiopia, cross sectional study

BackgroundInfection in healthcare facilities is a major public health problem in most developing countries like Ethiopia. Currently the overall incidence of health care associated infection has been increased and burden of these infections is staggering. This study aimed to assess health care workers compliance with standard precaution practices and associated factors in public health institutions of Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia, 2016.MethodsAn institution based cross sectional study was conducted from February1–30/ 2016 in 17 health institutions found in Dawuro zone. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire on 250 health care workers selected by simple random sampling technique. Collected data was checked, coded and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultTwo hundred fifty health care workers were participated in the study. Out of the total respondents, 162(65.0%) of respondents had complied with standard precaution practices. Service year less than or equal to 5 years, training on standard precaution, having good hand hygiene and availability of personal protective equipment were independently associated with compliance to standard precaution practices.ConclusionSignificant numbers of health care workers were not complied with standard precaution practices in this study. Therefore strategies targeted in fulfilling health institutions with supplies like hand hygiene material, Personal Protective equipment and training on standard precaution will improve compliance with standard precaution practice.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE PREDICTORS OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE ON STANDARD PRECAUTIONS (SP) AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS (HCWS)

Background: Standard Precautions (SP) is important in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAI) as well occupational infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) in healthcare facilities. However, the knowledge and practice of SP among HCWs is still poor. Objectives: To identify the predictors for knowledge and practice of Standard Precautions among HCWs. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched using Pubmed, Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines using keywords “Standard Precautions OR infection control AND knowledge practice”. Types of studies included are analytical observational studies. Only English articles published from 2010 to 2018, accessible as full texts and evaluating multiple components of Standard Precautions were included in the review. Result: There are 10 articles included in this study. Several predictors had been identified through this review such as age, marital status, clinical experience, knowledge, administrative role, grade of hospital and working department, training, history of blood and body fluid exposure and constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM). Conclusion: HBM’s construct is among the important predictors of knowledge and practice on SP. Program aiming at comprehensive education and training about knowledge and practice on SP tailored to the HBM’s construct could help improve the compliance with SP among the HCWs in order to reduce the chances of occupational exposure to infections. Keywords: Standard Precautions, predictors, healthcare workers, knowledge and practice, infection control.

THE INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE STANDARD PRECAUTIONS (SP) KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS (HCWS): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Standard Precautions (SP) is the basic requirement in infection control measures to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) as well occupational infection in healthcare settings. Many interventions have been done to increase the knowledge and practice of SP among healthcare workers (HCWs). Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of interventions to improve knowledge and practice on Standard Precautions among HCWs. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched through Pubmed, Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines using keywords “Standard Precautions OR infection control AND interventional study OR experimental study”. Types of studies included are randomised control trials of individuals, cluster-randomised trials, non-randomised trials, controlled before-after studies, and cross sectional study. Only articles written in English published from 2010 to 2018 and accessible as free full texts were included in this review. The articles must evaluate the multiple components of Standard Precautions simultaneously. Result: There are 14 articles included in this study. Most of the studies implemented educational and training intervention with or without infection control support. Other intervention strategies were theory-based module, self-instructed computer module with clinical case simulation, checklist and coloured cues for communication enhancement as well as Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Initiative (CHAIPI). However, different studies used different measures to assess the knowledge and practice of Standard Precautions among HCWs. Conclusion: Because of this heterogeneity, it is difficult to draw a clear conclusion about the effectiveness of different interventions. However, it was shown that interventions do promote Standard Precautions knowledge and practice, but further research is warranted to determine which interventions are the most effective. Keywords: Standard Precautions, intervention, healthcare workers, knowledge, practice.