Practice Of Football Research Articles

Aerobic and anaerobic physical capacities per station based on field tests of elite Melano-African footballers in hot and humid environments

Anthropometric parameters and physical abilities are taken into account in the footballer's position on the field, for the achievement of good performance. The objective of this study was to assess the anthropometric parameters and physical capacities of Congolese elite footballers by position. Twenty-two (22) footballers aged 27.00 ± 4.58 years to 31.00 ± 1.3 years participated in the study. Anthropometric parameters (weight, height, calf and thigh circumference, lean mass and percentage fat mass) and physical capacities (maximum oxygen consumption, reaction rate and vertical expansion) were measured per shift during the championship. The results showed a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05), anthropometric parameters and physical capacities according to the position held. A positive correlation was observed between the two variables. In conclusion, Congolese footballers have a morphology and physique that differ by position in response to the practice of elite football. Football managers and coaches should place the training material at the footballer's development centre and integrate its evaluation into the annual activity planning.

JORNADAS COMPLEMENTARIAS DEPORTIVAS SUPÉRATE Y SU IMPACTO SOCIO – ECONÓMICO EN LA POBLACIÓN DE LOS MONTES DE MARÍA

Introducción: Se pretende precisar: Cuál es el impacto social y económico de este tipo de programas para tener la evaluación de la población en la aceptación del proyecto: Jornadas Complementarias Deportivas Supérate (JCDS), y de esta forma, encontrar la sostenibilidad y desarrollo deportivo. Objetivo General: Describir el impacto socio económico generado por las Jornadas Complementarias Deportivas Supérate (JCDS) aplicadas a la población en alto grado de vulnerabilidad en el departamento de Bolívar. Metodología: El enfoque es mixto, porque tiene elementos estadísticos, pero, también tiene juicios de valor y categorías de análisis (Hernández, R., y Mendoza, C.,2008), Diseño: Transversal, porque aplica encuestas para recopilación de información, por un solo momento, en un tiempo único. Su propósito es describir variables y analizar su incidencia e interrelación en un momento dado (Hernández, R., y Mendoza, C., 2008). Alcance de la investigación: Exploratoria, porque tiene pocos artículos funcionales, debido a que el problema objeto de estudio, se encuentra aún en estado de inicio (Hernández, R., y otros, 2013, p. 72). Bases de datos consultadas: Google Académico, Dialnet, Asalpet.org, Radalyc.org, Scielo y Bocks, el total de artículos encontrados en estas bases de datos es de: 4.190, se descargaron 90 artículos y se determinaron como artículos funcionales un total de 22 fuentes que dan soporte al estudio. Resultados: Se pudo evidenciar el comportamiento y empoderamiento de las actividades que influyeron en la comunidad, al crear una conciencia sobre la práctica del deporte, donde se puede rescatar la familiaridad que existe en los niños hacia la práctica del fútbol y la actividad física como factor relevante, además, de analizar que esta población ha sido vulnerable con referencia al estrato uno, se benefició este programa de una manera directa, porque les permitió conocer otras oportunidades de actividad deportiva. Conclusiones: El beneficio económico está presente en la asignación de recursos para ejecutar dicho programa, teniendo en cuenta: Transporte, refrigerios, escenarios deportivos, actividades, entrenadores, material deportivo e instructores. Igualmente, se puede evidenciar que este programa de jornadas complementarias es una oportunidad para fortalecer el deporte desde diferentes manifestaciones.

Design and evaluation of sound-based electronic football soccer training system for visually impaired athletes

BackgroundSeveral countries encourage the practice of football for rehabilitation and social inclusion purposes. For visually impaired people, football is purely sound-based, where the ball and the players are constantly emitting sounds for localization purposes in the field. However, the task of shooting the ball requires of a non-visually impaired extra person, behind the goal (known as caller), whom is punching the four corner of such goal to help the athletes. The presence of the caller restricts the self-sufficiency of the players. This work addresses such problem, by presenting a goal for visually impaired players with the aim of enhancing their self-sufficiency.Materials and methodsThe electronic goal is designed with four functionalities for training purposes, by returning sound-based feedback of its position and the places where the ball has impacted. The system is validated with seven volunteers from Chilean Football Soccer National Team. A questionnaire was answered by the players before and after the tests to statically validate the proposed device.ResultsThe presented system is portable and designed following a modular criterion suitable for visually impaired people self-assembling. From a test of 350 shootings, the electronic goal showed to enhance the shooting assertiveness from 82 to 92%, and the accuracy from 20 to 56% compared to the traditional caller.ConclusionsThe electronic goal showed to enhance the self-sufficiency of athletes, by improving their assertiveness in shooting training. Nevertheless, and according to the responses to the questionnaires, the system needs improvements in its portability and handling.

The Beautiful Game? Hegemonic Masculinity, Women and Football in Brazil and Argentina

The practice of football by women in Latin America is an integral part of historical patterns around the performance of gender roles and offers insights into how power, both symbolic and political, is subject to ongoing processes of negotiation. A study of women's involvement as spectators and players in Brazil and Argentina since the early twentieth century sees football emerge as a field in which the construction of gender identities, both personal and national, may be contested. More recently, a growing presence of female players, writers and academics suggests that female agency through football in Latin America is an increasingly realistic goal.

Tras los bastidores de la patrimonialización cultural del fútbol brasilero en siglo XXI

Considerado para el 77% de la población brasilera la primera pasión nacional, según investigación del Instituto Brasileiro de Opinião Pública e Estatística publicada en el 2013, el fútbol, desde inicio de la década de 2000, en los tres ámbitos de la Federación, sea a través de Consejos de Patrimonio Cultural o por iniciativa legal, viene siendo centro de una especie de “viralización patrimonial”, en que la práctica del deporte, la selección brasilera, estadios, sedes sociales, equipos, hinchadas, “clásicos” e incluso goles, se convirtieron en objetos de procesos de patrimonialización. Por medio de pesquisa documental (proyectos de leyes y actas administrativas, prensa escrita y sitios electrónicos de hinchas) y asumiendo que la investigación del patrimonio y del deporte debe ir más allá de la exaltación de valores nostálgicos, esto, debido a la posibilidad de caer en reivindicaciones precarias desde el punto de vista de la legitimidad, ya que el patrimonio cada vez más se presenta conflictivo, este artículo pretende poner en evidencia la realidad patrimonial del futbol en Brasil, analizando sus adecuaciones a la legislación y a requisitos patrimoniales. Buscaremos también demostrar las disputas de poder existentes entre agentes de los campos político, económico y futbolístico, que resultan en la manipulación de instrumentos “patrimonializadores” para ganar capitales simbólicos y atender intereses privados, que al final suelen resultar en la prórroga de deudas, influencias en la valorización de propiedades de los clubes, acumulación de votos en periodos electorales, entre otros beneficios.

SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL VARIABLES WHICH CONTRIBUTE IN ATTRACTING CHILDREN TO FOOTBALL ACADEMIES FIELD STUDY ON LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE

This study is intended to identify the social, psychological and physical variables which contribute to kids’ admission to football academies at late childhood phase (values, model, professionalism, sport consciousness, happiness, challenge, ambition, skill, training & education). The sample of this paper is chosen randomly. It comprises 200 parents and 200 kids in late childhood phase. The researcher used the descriptive approach by means of using a questionnaire form for both parents and kids and distributing it randomly on a sample from some sport academies. Statistical means have been used to process data in order to reflect individual differences between average, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, chi-square, & weighted Average. The study has found a correlation with significance between children, parents, mothers, birth place, qualification and some questions to parents with the exception of one question only which doesn’t have any correlation with the five variables (do you see that your son’s practice of football as a profession a means of pride?). By calculating chi-square coefficient, the study has reached the following results: A statistically significant relationship between (children’s age, parents’ age, birth place and qualification) with the following questions: (does father motivate son to join sports academy?) as the value of calculated chi-square is higher than tabular chi-square at significance level of 0.05, and that the value of calculated chi-square for the same question is 59.71 at significance level 0.05 which is higher than tabular value; (does mother motivate her son to join sports academy?) as the value of calculated chi-square is higher than tabular chi-square at significance level 0.05, and that the value of calculated chi-square for the same question was 13.99 at significance level 0.05 which is higher than tabular value; (do you agree that your son practice football as his basic profession?) as the value of calculated chi square is higher than tabular chi2 at significance level 0.05 and that calculated chi-square for the same question was 3.38 at significance level 0.05 as it was 0.066 which is smaller than the tabular value, however, it is accepted at significance level 0.10 and, (Are you a member at the club of the academy?) as the value of calculated chi-square is higher than tabular chi-square at significance level 0,05 and that the value of calculated chi-square for the same question was 38.72 at significance level 0.05 which is higher than tabular value. Calculating the chi-square coefficient, the study comes to the following: there is a correlation between birth location and qualification, since difference of governorate and birth location creates differences between governorates, as each governorate has its own habits and beliefs. The previous frequency tables exposes that Cairo and Giza are on top of governorates including football academies. Regarding qualification, the post-graduate educated parents ratio reaches 25% of the sample, while the university-educated parents represents 60% and the middle-educated parents is 155 and they are all totally aware of the necessity to encourage their children to learn football, seeking money and fame from that, being professionals and travelling abroad which is finally better than education. Lights, fame, players’ news, and their selling prices have become more important than a child’s learning of writing and reading, benefitting from the internet or reading scientific stories. The most interesting, is that parents have no objection to that, and they don’t object it to become their kids’ main job. Results also indicate that the probable mean for fathers’ encouraging their children reaches 96.33% while mothers’ ratio is 72.67% and that convenience level of children practicing soccer as a main career is 75.33 for both sexes. These results show that children are increasingly joining soccer academies and parents are seeking to train them to be under supervision of stars of football which makes it easy to become professional.

In Search of a Five-Star: The Centrality of Body Discourses in the Scouting of High School Football Players

This study explores how high school football athletes’ bodies are constructed within the context of contemporary scouting regimes. Deploying a quantitative approach, we analyze 6600 scouting reports on a total of 1650 high school football athletes available online from four high-profile media outlets which offer ‘expert’ analyses of athletes’ body characteristics, performance, and estimated potential. The findings indicate that subjective measurements of the athlete’s body are the best predictors of hierarchical classification. The findings also indicate that objective measurements do not seem to predict the subjective assessment of those very athletic bodies. We argue that the evaluation of high school football athletes by so-called expert analysts is remarkably arbitrary, and thus call into question the very practice of football scouting that has become so dominant and influential. ‘Scouts’ promote a system of scrutiny that contributes the reification of hegemonic relations between the observers and the observed.

Native Americans, Puritans and ‘Brahmins’: genesis, practice and evolution of archaic and pre-modern football in Massachusetts

First, this paper will track the origins of archaic and pre-modern football in Massachusetts. It will then analyse the genesis and development of the Boston Game. Finally, it will provide an explanation why the pre-modern Boston Game/Harvard Game was abandoned by the students of Harvard University in favour of modern rugby.

Football as a part of the Process of Development of Competence of Personal Growth in Students by means of Physical Education

Background/Objectives: Modern open educational space of the high school implies the system of the educational processes offering conditions for independent development of personal education environments. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The article considers approaches to the phenomenon and essence of the shaping of competencies of personal development with the help of football. Use of football in scholastic process of school for students’ physical education and shaping of athletic competency and competencies of personal development. Theoretical analysis of scientific and scholasticmethodical literature on football. Study and journaling of self-sentiment and personal development, organization of students’ health cards. Testing a level of development of physical qualities. Experiment. Findings: Studies and testing confirmed close liaison between development, speed-power qualities, technical evaluation of health, shaping of athletic competencies and personal development of students practicing football. Presented observations may be used to control the level of development of certain physical and technical qualities in student practicing football, to adjust the process of training changing its direction for formation of physical, sports and self-development competences. We observe positive increase of physical standards of students taking part in experimental program. Students practicing football, are less prone to catarrhal diseases (ARD, ARVI, influenza) and have higher motivation for physical activity. Regular practice of football teaches students discipline, self-confidence, partnership, team spirit; promotes normalization of fitness, shaping of athletic competency and competency of individual development. Applications/Improvements: It is one of ways of physical shaping and development of physical qualities in personality within the process students’ self-realisation in their professions of choice.

Effects of the Practice of Football in Medium Congolese College on the Development of Speed Quality

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a football cycle in Physical Education on improving the quality of speed in young college Congolese. This longitudinal and analytical study was carried on 20 subjects aged 14 to 17 years (mean age: 14.1 ± 0.3 years). They moved in the general secondary schools. All subjects underwent a program of 12 lessons 6 themes for each. Each 45-minute theme was given a specific objective. Before and after the duration of cycle one month and two weeks, two assessments were allowed to determine the running time, the speed and the force of the lower limbs (maximum anaerobic power, PAmax. For this, two races tests were used: linear running and hook over a distance of 20 m. Data obtained shown the time taken during the linear travel by subjects after the program was significantly shorter than those recorded during the hook race: 3.57 ± 0.12 s versus 5.49 ± 0.21 s. Thus, the average speed of topics during the linear running test was higher than that recorded in the hook running (5.60 ± 0.07 m/s against 3.04 ± 0.08 m/s). In contrast, for the absolute PAmax the finding was equal to 1748.8 ± 36.4 watts for hook running (p < 0.01) against 1345.5 ± 43.7 watts for linear running. It was the same for the PAmax on the weight. On completion of the program, with respect to the hook running event race times were significantly diminished among midfielders: -13.6%. In contrast, the values of speed and PAmax were distinguished by superior performance, respectively: 14.5%, 23.3% and 15%, 3%. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the effectiveness of a good football cycle to maximize sprint performance. In short, an appropriate educational content is an effective strategy for improving the quality performance rate among college students in the football.

Study of the Determinants of the Sports Performance in Football

It is important to find the most reliable method possible which will draw on criteria and scientific standards to increase the chances of champions by generalizing the testing on a larger number of individuals and selecting that young people have a chance of succeeding. The lack of certainty in all what is being done on the detection and selection shown was how it is difficult to conduct well was the work of sports talent identification. To conduct this study, we chose to study of essential data, namely .the skills ' sample is composed of 21 coaches, having a great experience, at which on a request to assess skills required in football and their degree of solicitation. The analysis of the results show that (expert) coaches have estimated that among the 13 skills studied, five from among them emergent and get a certain unanimity and for which there is agreement .Skills required for the practice of football in order of importance are endurance cardio respiratory, the explosive force of the lower members, the dynamic force of the lower members, speed and the strength of the trunk. Experts have withdrawn the other ruled less specific to football. And for the preparation of tests simplified and affordable we have selected three skills that we judges consistent with the categories of ages studied.

Switzerland - a stronghold in European football, 1930–1954?

ABSTRACTIn the aftermath of the First World War, the practice of football underwent rapid development in continental Europe as a professional sport as well as a new diplomatic instrument. This article aims to analyse the role and the involvement of Swiss football leaders in this context of commercialisation, mediatisation and politicisation, from the 1930s to 1954, when in the same year Swiss officials organised the World Cup and held the Basel congress, which laid the first stone of a European governing body: the Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA). The analysis of those officials’ involvement stresses the importance of the role played by Switzerland in the administration of the game (the headquarters of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association have been based in Zurich since 1932, the UEFA moved to Bern in 1960), in the organisation of a great number of international games and competitions for clubs (Coupe of Nations in 1930) and national teams (World Cup in 1954), but also more broadly in the international relations, where sport – and especially football – was increasingly used as a tool of diplomacy in changing geopolitical configuration.

Study on the psycho-motor profile of the central defender in Romanian football compared to European football

Abstract The stage reached nowadays in the development of the game of football throughout the world, as a result of the effort and concern of specialists and players for continuous improvement of the game, inevitably led to the development of new well-established ideas and solutions about the manner of playing, the game and training system, the selection and promotion of players. All this made the performance level be very high at present, both nationally and especially internationally, and this can only be achieved by players whose performance capacity is particularly large and growing. A special contribution in solving these problems has been brought and will be brought further by scientific research, both the fundamental one which studies essentially the mass basis of performance football in all its conceptual complexity, and the applicative one which addresses more limiting issues but still definite, specific to the practice and methodology of football at this level. Moreover, until now there have been numerous studies with an applicative nature joined by many specialists worldwide through research studies conducted over the years. Thus, it can be appreciated that most of the issues regarding the effective contact time with the ball are identified by the manner in which the possession of the ball is gained and lost. Therefore, we compared the two competitions, the players involved, depending on their position in a team. We want the results to be mostly a support for the advanced training of football players at all divisionary levels, with the possibility of achieving specific training plans and stages.

Comparative Study of Aerobic Performance Between Football and Judo Groups in Prepubertal Boys

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the practice of football and judo on lung function and aerobic performance of prepubertal boys. Methods: A total of ninety six prepubertal boys were studied. They assessed a measure of body composition using the skin folds method. They performed lung plethysmography at rest, followed by an incremental exercise test. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline spirometry between all groups (P>0.05). The maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] and the VO2 at the ventilatory threshold [VT] were similar between all groups (P>0.05). The maximal minute ventilation [VEmax] of judokas was significantly higher than footballers (P<0.01) and similar at the [VT]. The Heart rate [HR] at [VT] of footballers and judokas was similar and significantly higher than control group (P<0.01). VO2max was significantly related to LM and negatively associated with FM. At the [VT] there was a significant relationship between P[VT] and LM and mainly with VE to VO2 [VT], P[VT] and HR[VT] in all groups. Conclusion: Training in football and judo does not affect lung volumes and capacities, VO2max and VO2 at the [VT].

Comparative Study of Aerobic Performance Between Football and Judo Groups in Prepubertal Boys

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the practice of football and judo on lung function and aerobic performance of prepubertal boys. A total of ninety six prepubertal boys were studied. They assessed a measure of body composition using the skin folds method. They performed lung plethysmography at rest, followed by an incremental exercise test. There was no significant difference in baseline spirometry between all groups (P>0.05). The maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] and the VO2 at the ventilatory threshold [VT] were similar between all groups (P>0.05). The maximal minute ventilation [VEmax] of judokas was significantly higher than footballers (P<0.01) and similar at the [VT]. The Heart rate [HR] at [VT] of footballers and judokas was similar and significantly higher than control group (P<0.01). VO2max was significantly related to LM and negatively associated with FM. At the [VT] there was a significant relationship between P[VT] and LM and mainly with VE to VO2 [VT], P[VT] and HR[VT] in all groups. Training in football and judo does not affect lung volumes and capacities, VO2max and VO2 at the [VT].

Comparative study of body composition and anaerobic performance between football and judo groups

To compare the impact of the practice of football and judo on body composition and anaerobic performance of prepubertal boys. Thirty-two footballers, 32 judokas and 32 control subjects achieved a measure of body composition using the skin folds method. They performed the Squat-jump test, the Countermovement jump and the Wingate test to determine their anaerobic performance. The lean mass (kg) of footballers and judokas was similar but higher than the control group ( p = 0.001). Fat mass (kg) of controls was higher than footballers ( p = 0.023). There was a significant difference for specific power (W/kg) related to total body mass in Squat-jump between footballers and other groups ( p = 0.0057). The specific power (W/kg) in Countermovement jump was higher in footballers than judokas ( p = 0.000012). Specific power (W/kg) measured during Wingate test was similar between footballers and judokas. There was no significant difference in the peak power (W/kg) between all groups when it is related to the lean mass. This study shows that footballers are more powerful than judokas and controls in the tests Squat-jump and Countermovement jump. Peak power of footballers and judokas is similar when it is related to lean mass. Comparer l’impact de la pratique du football et du judo sur la composition corporelle et les performances anaérobies chez des garçons prépubères. Trente-deux footballeurs, 32 judokas et 32 sujets témoins ont réalisé une mesure de la composition corporelle par la méthode de prise des plis cutanés et des tests de Squat-jump, de Counter-movement-jump et le test de Wingate pour déterminer leurs performances anaérobies. La masse maigre (kg) des footballeurs et des judokas était similaire et supérieure aux témoins ( p = 0,001). La masse grasse (kg) des témoins était supérieure aux footballeurs ( p = 0,023). Au cours du test de Squat-jump, nous avons observé une différence significative de la puissance spécifique (W/kg) relative à la masse totale entre les footballeurs et les autres groupes ( p = 0,0057). La puissance spécifique (W/kg) des footballeurs au Counter-movement-jump était supérieure à celle des judokas ( p = 0,000012). Les puissances spécifiques (W/kg) des footballeurs et des judokas mesurées au test de Wingate étaient similaires. Il n’existe aucune différence significative entre les pics de puissances (W/kg) relatives à la masse maigre chez tous les groupes. Cette étude montre que les footballeurs sont plus puissants que les judokas et les témoins pour les tests de Squat-jump et Counter-movement jump. Le pic de puissance relative à la masse maigre est similaire chez les footballeurs et les judokas.

Medicine for football: football for health

Lecture 7Football has developed enormously over the last 25 years but there is no doubt that over the same period the world around football has developed even further.The medical world...

Policy, sport and integration: the case of talented ethnic minority players in Danish football clubs

Increased public funding, more governmental involvement and an emphasis on the instrumental values of physical activities have in general become characteristic of Western nations' policies towards sport. Denmark is, however, a little different in that there is still little political intervention in sport, although sports clubs do get economic support and are seen as having the potential to solve crucial social issues. The purpose of this article is to analyse and discuss the ways in which the political assumption that sport can enhance social integration is reflected in the practical governance of integration issues in particular in sports clubs. The article is based on a local field study in which we interviewed 10 talented football players with ethnic minority backgrounds and eight coaches and club leaders from six different football clubs. Distinguishing between integration and assimilation, the analysis shows that coaches (and the Danish football governing bodies) employ a strategy of integration towards ethnic minority players' different preferences for food and clothing. However, in the daily practice of football the clubs have an implicit strategy of assimilation. The coaches attempt to treat everyone the same (no matter the ethnicity and background of the players). Inspired by anthropological studies this is analysed as a common way to downplay differences between the members of a society (or in this case a football team and club) and to enhance instead an ‘imagined sameness’ that is central to the national self-understanding in Nordic countries. This leads us to discuss a possible change of strategy for elite sports clubs to develop explicit policies for their work with ethnic minorities.

O ESPAÇO DE REPRESENTAÇÃO DO FUTEBOL: UMA APREENSÃO DO FUTEBOL COMO UM ELEMENTO SOCIOCULTURAL E ESPACIAL

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um corpo teórico-conceitual que possibilite que o futebol seja estudado como um elemento sociocultural e espacial. Propõe- se um diálogo entre a abordagem cultural em geografia, a teoria das representações sociais de Moscovici (2003) e as formulações sobre o espaço de representação de Lefébvre (1991), Soja (1996) e Gil Filho (2003). Foi a partir de uma leitura das idéias destes autores que se formulou oconceito de espaço de representação do futebol, composto por diversos elementos, que se dividem em categorias centrais (fato futebolístico, prática social do futebol e poder), categorias de mediação (símbolo, mito moderno, discurso, identidade futebolística) e reinos (política institucional, ethos futebolístico e paixão/afetividade).