Practical Limitations Research Articles

American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline update on palliative care for patients with cancer: Addressing the reality gap.

Plain Language Summary We commend the American Society of Clinical Oncology for their sweeping recommendations and advocacy for integrated palliative care as part of oncologic care. The literature that exists is heterogeneous and at times difficult to interpret, and the panel has clearly described their systemic review process and subsequent rationale for their recommendations. Although we agree with the overall recommendations, there are significant practical limitations to their application that renders them aspirational. We worry that the guidelines may be impossible for most programs to fully achieve due to a variety of factors including specialty palliative care workforce shortages, limited health care system resource allocation to integrate palliative care widely in cancer care, and lack of financial support for the research necessary to better answer outstanding clinical and implementation questions. We outline briefly some practical ways in which these recommendations can be applied by existing cancer centers and health care systems. Ultimately, both financial and quality incentives will be necessary to push forward the expansion and integration of palliative care within our national health care system as a whole.

Safeguarding User-Centric Privacy in Smart Homes

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been increasingly deployed in smart homes to automatically monitor and control their environments. Unfortunately, extensive recent research has shown that on-path external adversaries can infer and further fingerprint people’s sensitive private information by analyzing IoT network traffic traces. In addition, most recent approaches that aim to defend against these malicious IoT traffic analytics cannot adequately protect user privacy with reasonable traffic overhead. In particular, these approaches often did not consider practical traffic reshaping limitations, user daily routine permitting, and user privacy protection preference in their design. To address these issues, we design a new low-cost, open source user-centric defense system—PrivacyGuard—that enables people to regain the privacy leakage control of their IoT devices while still permitting sophisticated IoT data analytics that is necessary for smart home automation. In essence, our approach employs intelligent deep convolutional generative adversarial network assisted IoT device traffic signature learning, long short-term memory based artificial traffic signature injection, and partial traffic reshaping to obfuscate private information that can be observed in IoT device traffic traces. We evaluate PrivacyGuard using IoT network traffic traces of 31 IoT devices from five smart homes and buildings. We find that PrivacyGuard can effectively prevent a wide range of state-of-the-art adversarial machine learning and deep learning based user in-home activity inference and fingerprinting attacks and help users achieve the balance between their IoT data utility and privacy preserving.

Teleost Caudal Fin Development and Regeneration: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Potential

The caudal fin of teleost fish, a fundamental locomotive structure, has received considerable attention due to its extraordinary capacity for regeneration. Teleosts' ability to regenerate their caudal fins involves complex interactions between various signaling pathways, growth factors, and transcription factors that organize wound healing, cell proliferation, and tissue redevelopment. Key pathways implicated in these processes include Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, FGF, and Notch signaling, which not only regulate the proliferation and differentiation of resident stem cells but also ensure the spatial and temporal coordination necessary for tissue architecture restoration. Moreover, on the practical challenges or limitations of translating these findings to human regenerative medicine would provide more balance. Looking forward, future research could benefit from advanced genomic and proteomic techniques to unravel the finer aspects of cellular dynamics and molecular diversity within the regenerative process of the caudal fin.

Assessing the severity of non-performing loans for residential and non-residential properties in Malaysia

This study attempts to assess the macroeconomic factors impacting non-performing loans (NPLs) in both residential and non-residential properties held by commercial and Islamic banks in Malaysia between 2007 and 2021. The study will analyze quarterly NPL (non-performing loan) ratio data from reputable sources like Bank Negara, International Financial Statistics, and the Bank for International Settlements. It will focus on NPL trends across different property types in commercial and Islamic banks. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the study will evaluate the long-term relationship between NPLs and key macroeconomic factors. The results show a proven cointegrating link between determinants and NPLs. This provides crucial insights into fostering economic growth through macroeconomic factors while also bolstering the overall sustainability of the financial systems. The models are designed to anticipate non-performing loans based on data from Q12007- Q22021. Thus, the conclusions have practical limits, such as distortions in reflecting actual conditions or trends. Since then, the economy, society, and technology have all changed dramatically. Furthermore, human behaviors and preferences might change, making previous patterns less dependable for forecasting future actions. Key regulatory authorities, such as Bank Negara Malaysia, have developed measures to detect and address imbalances and vulnerabilities in the financial industry. Many of these measures have long lags; thus, it is important to identify macroeconomic and macro-financial factors that could act as leading indicators for future non-performing loan developments. The paper primarily contributes by estimating models to predict variables related to non-performing loans (NPLs). Its findings are valuable to regulatory agencies, as these agencies often rely on delayed indicators to identify key drivers of NPLs, including macroeconomic and bank-specific factors.

Multi-step thermal design of microwave vacuum heating to basaltic regolith simulant towards lunar base construction

Humanned exploration and extended stay on the Moon are the hottest challenges today. We report highly robust materials by microwave heating under high-vacuum conditions (10− 3 Pa) from a basaltic regolith simulant (FJS-1) to ensure the feasibility of lunar infrastructure construction. The violent degassing dynamics were revealed by monitoring vacuum pressure during heating and analyzing the compounds evolved from basaltic silicate compounds: thermal pyrolysis of silicate compounds became more pronounced above 1000 oC, leading to a catastrophic deformation accompanied by forming countless pores of several hundred µm sizes. The preferential formation of the magnetite phase in vacuum heating dominantly caused the radical change in microwave absorption capacity compared with conventional heating routes using an electrical furnace in atmospheric conditions. Besides, the in-situ measurement of dielectric properties during microwave vacuum heating clarified the increase in one order of magnitude from 100 to 1000 oC. Based on the presumed phenomena during microwave-vacuum heating for basaltic regolith, we propose a new thermal design concept to overcome the practical limitations of microwave technology. The multi-step temperature profile successfully fabricated a highly robust product that demonstrated world-class mechanical performance, equivalent to the compressive strength of 65 MPa without any vigorous hydrostatic cold press as a pre-treatment.

Part I: examining the broken history of manual therapy across professions. A survey-based analysis

ABSTRACT The historical development of manual therapy is an area of ongoing debate impacting clinical practice, education, and practice regulations. Primary professions utilizing manual therapy include chiropractic, manual medicine, osteopathy, and physiotherapy. A survey was developed to explore perceptions, experiences, and opinions across professions, and was disseminated globally. It was completed by 194 individuals. Results demonstrated this topic is of significance with over 80% reporting that knowledge of historical development informs professional identity. Of the respondents, 64% had over 20 years professional experience. Student participation was low (<1%). Over 95% acknowledged an ancient basis for manual therapy, with 67% emphasizing bonesetter contributions. North America was reported as the primary area for the development of modern manual therapies by all except physiotherapy, which identified Northern Europe. Osteopathy’s impact on current practice was recognized, though each profession ranked its own impact highest. Of respondents, 85% agreed there was conflict between professions over history. Thematic elements identified a shift for respondents from their initial education to a more nuanced understanding of the history over time, and an appreciation that there is not one profession that owns or developed manual therapy. Practice limitations were identified, as 19% of respondents reported limitations due to inaccurate historical understanding. This study highlights a lack of historical knowledge and its potential benefits for practice, education, regulation and interprofessional relations if recaptured. (the abstract was rewritten per reviewer comments to reformat)

University rankings and sustainable development: the state of the art

Purpose In light of the growing emphasis on sustainability in higher education, this paper aims to explore the effectiveness of sustainability university rankings, specifically focusing on sustainable development (SD), to understand their impact on advancing universities’ sustainability goals and address gaps in practical implications and limitations. Design/methodology/approach This study examines sustainability rankings in higher education (HE) through document analysis. Chosen for significance, these rankings were evaluated for regional participation, criteria and the top 20 universities. The method involved scrutinising official ranking websites for diverse perspectives on sustainability. The results are classified into three categories: regional participation, assessment criteria and top universities in the latest iterations. Findings The findings show that sustainability rankings are widely spread, and their existence has led to an increased motivation for universities to further engage in efforts in the field of SD. This study offers suggestions for optimising the role of promoting SD principles and practices in HE. Originality/value This comprehensive assessment sheds light on rankings’ operations and success levels. It makes a significant contribution to the literature, providing an unprecedented overview of analysed rankings and on sustainability assessment and their impact. This analysis will be valuable for universities towards the integration of SD principles and practices into the HE environment.

Sharing of data archive of radiation exposure animal experiments in QST/NIRS and IES.

Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), and Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES) have conducted large-scale animal experiments for radiation risk analyses in terms of life shortening and cancer prevalence. It is important to store data and biological samples from these large-scale experiments for sharing and future use since the economic and practical limitations, as well as the ethical considerations, make it difficult. QST/NIRS established an archive called the Japan Storehouse of Animal Radiobiology Experiments (J-SHARE) for the purpose of storing and sharing these historic collections. We plan to integrate the data and tissue specimen images obtained at the IES into J-SHARE by standardizing the archive format, with the aim of maximizing the results of radiation biology research. This integration is expected to contribute to the generation of new knowledge for radiation risk assessment and the provision of scientifically based information on radiation protection.

Challenges and future directions in evaporative cooling: Balancing sustainable cooling with microbial safety

Evaporative cooling systems are gaining popularity due to their environmental benefits, particularly in reducing energy consumption and utilizing air (R-729) and water (R-718) as refrigerants. However, these systems are susceptible to microbial contamination, posing significant health risks, especially in environments where air is in direct contact with water. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the microbial risks associated with evaporative cooling systems, focusing on bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila, fungi, and other pathogens that can proliferate in the moist environments these systems create. While Legionella contamination is well-documented and frequently addressed, this study highlights the need for more comprehensive evaluation of other microbial risks. The research compares the microbial safety of evaporative cooling systems with that of traditional vapor compression cooling and examines the role of cooling pad materials and water quality in promoting microbial growth. It also underscores the limitations of current maintenance practices, which often overlook non-Legionella risks. To improve microbial safety, the paper proposes several mitigation strategies, including UV water treatment and heat exchanger surface modifications, to reduce microbial contamination. Additionally, the study calls for more detailed and consistent maintenance guidelines that cover a broader spectrum of microbial threats beyond Legionella, as well as regular monitoring of indoor air quality to ensure the safe operation of these systems in human-occupied spaces.Ultimately, the findings emphasize that, with improved microbial safety protocols and regular maintenance, evaporative cooling systems can become a sustainable and safe alternative to conventional cooling technologies in various environments.

Exploring the utilization and deficiencies of Generative Artificial Intelligence in students' cognitive and emotional needs: a systematic mini-review.

Despite advances in educational technology, the specific ways in which Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) and Large Language Models cater to learners' nuanced cognitive and emotional needs are not fully understood. This mini-review methodically describes GAI's practical implementations and limitations in meeting these needs. It included journal and conference papers from 2019 to 2024, focusing on empirical studies that employ GAI tools in educational contexts while addressing their practical utility and ethical considerations. The selection criteria excluded non-English studies, non-empirical research, and works published before 2019. From the dataset obtained from Scopus and Web of Science as of June 18, 2024, four significant studies were reviewed. These studies involved tools like ChatGPT and emphasized their effectiveness in boosting student engagement and emotional regulation through interactive learning environments with instant feedback. Nonetheless, the review reveals substantial deficiencies in GAI's capacity to promote critical thinking and maintain response accuracy, potentially leading to learner confusion. Moreover, the ability of these tools to tailor learning experiences and offer emotional support remains limited, often not satisfying individual learner requirements. The findings from the included studies suggest limited generalizability beyond specific GAI versions, with studies being cross-sectional and involving small participant pools. Practical implications underscore the need to develop teaching strategies leveraging GAI to enhance critical thinking. There is also a need to improve the accuracy of GAI tools' responses. Lastly, deep analysis of intervention approval is needed in cases where GAI does not meet acceptable error margins to mitigate potential negative impacts on learning experiences.

Microscopic Modeling Techniques for Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete: Applications and Future Directions

This article reviews micro-modeling methods for steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), including finite element, discrete element, and computational fluid dynamics approaches, to analyze its mechanical and structural behavior. The models offer predictive insights on stress response, crack propagation, and durability in SFRC, particularly in high-stress structural applications. This study discusses the limitations of current modeling practices, such as high computational demand and parameter determination challenges, and suggests future improvements to enhance simulation accuracy and scalability. This review aims to support the advancement of SFRC in structural engineering applications.

A novel cricoid pressure sensor device enhances the efficacy of oesophageal occlusion during Sellick's manoeuvre: A randomised controlled trial.

The inability to measure the force applied during cricoid pressure is an important limitation in clinical practice. We developed a novel device to measure this force and provide real-time feedback to the operator. To test the hypothesis of superior oesophageal occlusion during cricoid pressure when guided by the novel device as compared with conventional practice. A prospective randomised controlled trial. Tertiary University Hospital, May to December 2021. Sixty-five ASA I/II adult patients of either sex scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia requiring tracheal intubation. Patients with comorbidities involving the neck, those at risk of pulmonary aspiration, anticipated difficult airway and BMI at least 35 kg m-2 were excluded. Operators applied cricoid pressure with their fingers in both groups. Participants were randomised into 'feedback group' where the operator adjusted this force based on the force measured by the novel device, and 'control group' where the force measured by the device was shielded from the operator. The primary outcome was the rate of occlusion of oesophageal opening assessed by whether a 12 CH orogastric tube could be inserted into the oesophageal entrance during videolaryngoscopy. Secondary outcomes included the magnitudes of force measured during cricoid pressure, oesophageal diameter measured ultrasonographically during cricoid pressure and intubation parameters. Sixty-four patients completed the study. The oesophageal opening was occluded in significantly more patients in the feedback group compared with the control group (94 vs. 6%; P = 0.001). The mean ± SD force (N) applied was significantly better and consistent at all time points in the feedback group compared to the control group (22.65 ± 7.81 vs. 14.57 ± 11.13, P < 0.001). The median [IQR] anteroposterior diameter of the oesophagus during cricoid pressure was less in the feedback group compared to the control group (0.49 [0.36 to 0.56] vs. 0.57 [0.48 to 0.65], P = 0.006). The use of the novel sensor device achieved a significantly high rate of oesophageal occlusion during application of cricoid pressure. Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2021/05/033484).

A novel, standalone and low-cost system for in-situ chemical imaging with planar optodes in soils

Planar optodes are optical sensors that provide microscale 2D visualization of various chemical analytes in environmental and biological samples in real-time. The application of planar optodes to study the spatiotemporal dynamics in particular of oxygen, pH or ammonia is a valuable tool for investigating the drivers of many biogeochemical processes in soils. However, such applications are mainly limited to laboratory experiments due to practical limitations of the method that hinder accessibility for field measurements. This study describes a novel and low-cost multi analyte real time in-situ imaging system (MARTINIS) designed for in-situ or mesocosm applications. We show that imaging equipment used in traditional laboratory setups can be significantly scaled down to fit into a Ø250 mm cylinder that can be deployed in soils. To illustrate the functionality of MARTINIS, we demonstrate imaging of oxygen and temperature planar optodes to acquire “panoramic” images with high spatial (≈ 10 µm) and temporal (intervals ranging from minutes up to hours and days) resolution in a laboratory setup and in-situ. MARTINIS aims to increase accessibility for in-situ applications of planar optodes with a standalone solution for both hardware and software. In-situ applications are especially valuable in agricultural settings, where microscale soil dynamics leading to greenhouse gas emissions such as N2O are affected by changing environmental conditions. Tools such as the system described in this study, which aims at long-term online monitoring of spatiotemporal in-situ soil conditions, could thus lead to new insights in the field of soil science.

Multi-Sensor SLAM Positioning and Navigation

This paper provides a comprehensive review of advancements in Positioning and Navigation, focusing on the integration of key technologies to enhance operational efficiency and sustainability. The study examines the application of sensors in robotic systems, with particular emphasis on visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and LiDAR SLAM technologies. Visual SLAM, which uses monocular or binocular cameras to capture environmental images for navigation and mapping, offers cost-effective solutions but faces challenges such as sensitivity to lighting conditions and high computational demands. LiDAR SLAM, utilizing laser pulses to create precise 3D maps, complements visual SLAM by improving accuracy and robustness. The review also covers the integration of these technologies with deep learning and other advanced algorithms, highlighting their potential to enhance robotic performance and address practical limitations. The paper identifies future research directions aimed at advancing these technologies for more effective and sustainable practices.

Charge Diffusion and Repulsion in Semiconductor Detectors.

Semiconductor detectors for high-energy sensing (X/γ-rays) play a critical role in fields such as astronomy, particle physics, spectroscopy, medical imaging, and homeland security. The increasing need for precise detector characterization highlights the importance of developing advanced digital twins, which help optimize the design and performance of imaging systems. Current simulation frameworks primarily focus on modeling electron-hole pair dynamics within the semiconductor bulk after the photon absorption, leading to the current signals at the nearby electrodes. However, most simulations neglect charge diffusion and Coulomb repulsion, which spatially expand the charge cloud during propagation due to the high complexity they add to the physical models. Although these effects are relatively weak, their inclusion is essential for achieving a high-fidelity replication of real detector behavior. There are some existing methods that successfully incorporate these two phenomena with minimal computational cost, including those developed by Gatti in 1987 and by Benoit and Hamel in 2009. The present work evaluates these two approaches and proposes a novel Monte Carlo technique that offers higher accuracy in exchange for increased computational time. Our new method enables more realistic performance predictions while remaining within practical computational limits.

APOE ε4 and Dietary Patterns in Relation to Cognitive Function: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews.

Carrying the apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE ε4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. There is some evidence suggesting that APOE ε4 may modulate the influence of diet on cognitive function. This umbrella review of systematic reviews evaluates the existing literature on the effect of dietary interventions on cognitive and brain-imaging outcomes by APOE status. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched using terms appropriate to each area of research, from their respective starting dates of coverage until March 2023. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction and performed a quality appraisal using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2. Six total reviews were included in the final analysis. Four reviews evaluated randomized controlled trials on individuals aged 50-93 years ranging the entire cognitive continuum. One review combined observational studies and clinical trials conducted on both cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired individuals (age range: 50-90), and 1 review included observational studies of both cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired adults (age range: 50-75). Both observational studies and clinical trials yielded inconclusive results attributed to both practical limitations associated with longitudinal follow-up and issues of methodological quality. Except for the Mediterranean diet, dietary interventions, such as the ketogenic diet, nutraceuticals, and supplements, were generally not effective in older APOE ε4 carriers. This review considers plausible biological mechanisms that might explain why older and cognitively impaired APOE ε4 carriers were less likely to benefit. This review identifies notable gaps in the literature, such as a shortage of studies conducted in middle-aged and cognitively healthy APOE ε4 carriers assessing the impact of dietary interventions and provides suggestions for novel trial designs.

Stimulus-induced rotary saturation imaging of visually evoked response: A pilot study.

Spin-lock (SL) pulses have been proposed to directly detect neuronal activity otherwise inaccessible through standard functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, the practical limits of this technique remain unexplored. Key challenges in SL-based detection include ultra-weak signal variations, sensitivity to magnetic field inhomogeneities, and potential contamination from blood oxygen level-dependent effects, all of which hinder the reliable isolation of neuronal signals. This pilot study evaluates the performance of the stimulus-induced rotary saturation (SIRS) technique to map visual stimulation response in the human cortex. A rotary echo spin-lock (RESL) preparation followed by a 2D echo planar imaging readout was used to investigate 12 healthy subjects at rest and during continuous exposure to 8Hz flickering light. The SL amplitude was fixed to the target neuroelectric oscillations at that frequency. The signal variance was used as contrast metric, and two alternative post-processing pipelines (regression-filtering-rectification and normalized subtraction) were statistically evaluated. Higher variance in the SL signal was detected in four of the 12 subjects. Although group-level analysis indicated activation in the occipital pole, analysis of variance revealed that this difference was not statistically significant, highlighting the need for comparable control measures and more robust preparations. Further optimization in sensitivity and robustness is required to noninvasively detect physiological neuroelectric activity in the human brain.

Strengthening Resilience and Sustainability for Post-Disaster Recovery: A Comparative Law and Economics Analysis on Smart Mixes Between Mechanisms

This article advocates smart mixes of mechanisms of post-disaster recovery in terms of boosting resilience and sustainability through liability rules, government intervention, insurance, and their combinations. Liability rules can provide compensation to victims and, in theory, also reduce disaster risks, while they have their limits in practice. The government widely intervenes in disaster compensation in many countries, but it faces challenges in how it can intervene fairly and efficiently, whether through informal channels, such as ad hoc charity, or structured approaches, such as compensation funds. As governments may struggle to provide efficient and effective compensation ex post, insurance may offer proactive solutions with models of first-party catastrophe insurance and third-party liability insurance ex ante. Where market failure, liability failure, and government failure may all arise, a smart mix of mechanisms is often preferable from a law and economic perspective, rather than relying solely on one framework. However, upon examining empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of these instruments in China, the UK, France, Germany, and Turkey, it becomes apparent that a mix of mechanisms is not always applied in an effective manner. Models of mandatory comprehensive disaster insurance, and Public–Private Partnership (PPP), which both receive government intervention as a last resort to the market and liability failures, can reach the goal of more effective compensation for disaster victims, risk prevention and resilience when faced with disaster recovery, and should therefore be substantially implemented beyond the current levels. To be clear, the proposed mix of solutions mainly focuses on legal and economic dimensions which are rather limited, ignoring, for example, building codes for structures and physical interventions.

Dynamic Real-Time Biosensing Enabled Biorhythm Tracking for Psychiatric Disorders.

This review article explores the transformative potential of dynamic, real-time biosensing in biorhythm tracking for psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric diseases, characterized by a complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial pathophysiology, pose challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. Common denominators in the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases include disruptions in the stress response, sleep-wake cycle, energy metabolism, and immune response: all of these are characterized by a strong biorhythmic regulation (e.g., circadian), leading to dynamic changes in the levels of biomarkers involved. Technological and practical limitations have hindered the analysis of such dynamic processes to date. The integration of biosensors marks a paradigm shift in psychiatric research. These advanced technologies enable multiplex, non-invasive, and near-continuous analysis of biorhythmic biomarkers in real time, overcoming the constraints of conventional approaches. Focusing on the regulation of the stress response, sleep/wake cycle, energy metabolism, and immune response, biosensing allows for a deeper understanding of the heterogeneous and multifactorial pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. The potential applications of nanobiosensing in biorhythm tracking, however, extend beyond observation. Continuous monitoring of biomarkers can provide a foundation for personalized medicine in Psychiatry, and allow for the transition from syndromal diagnostic entities to pathophysiology-based psychiatric diagnoses. This evolution promises enhanced disease tracking, early relapse prediction, and tailored disease management and treatment strategies. As non-invasive biosensing continues to advance, its integration into biorhythm tracking holds promise not only to unravel the intricate etiology of psychiatric disorders but also for ushering in a new era of precision medicine, ultimately improving the outcomes and quality of life for individuals grappling with these challenging conditions.

Evaluating Brayton Heat Pump Potential for Industrial Decarbonisation

Abstract High-temperature heat pumps facilitate the integration of renewable into industrial processes and foster thermal production decarbonisation in industry. Among the various options available, Brayton heat pumps are increasingly researched due to their ability to produce heat at higher temperatures than the vapour-compression alternatives, for which commercial solutions are limited to up to 200 °C. While Brayton HTHPs feature a maximum heat production temperature that may easily overcome 350 °C, this technology does not produce heat at a constant temperature, such that the average temperature of the produced heat may be much lower than its maximum value and more in line with vapour compression technologies, potentially vinifying the competitive advantage of Brayton HTHPs. This paper reviews the applicability fields of Brayton HTHP, considering the maximum and minimum temperature values required by various industrial processes. Furthermore, the trade-off between the COP and the average temperature of the produced heat is explored for various Brayton HTHP configurations by considering the practical limitations that operating pressures, temperatures and mass flow rates impose on the HTHP components, namely compressors, expanders and heat exchangers. In this way, a comprehensive characterisation of the Brayton HTHP technology and its potential for industrial decarbonisation is assessed.