Practice Learning Opportunities Research Articles

Rehabilitation Counselor Preparation to Work With LGBTQ Persons Living With Chronic Illness/Disability: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Purpose:To identify meaningful educative experiences that contributed to the development of rehabilitation counselors’ abilities to provide effective rehabilitation counseling services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons living with chronic illness/disabilities (CID).Method:This was a secondary analysis of a larger qualitative data set that examined the educational experiences and practices of 12 certified rehabilitation counselors working with LGBTQ persons.Results:Using a qualitative content analysis methodology, 5 categories were identified: (a) formal didactic education, (b) affirmative supervision and consultation during practica/internship, (c) extracurricular-related training, (d) identification, and (e) family of origin.Conclusion:To help facilitate future counselors’ self-perceived abilities to provide effective services to LGBTQ persons living with CID, rehabilitation counselor educators should place more emphasis on LGBTQ-related issues in their curriculum and provide practical (experiential) learning opportunities for their students.

Enhancing students' moral competence in practice: Challenges experienced by Malawian nurse teachers.

Nurses and student nurses in Malawi often encounter challenges in taking a moral course of action. Several studies have demonstrated a need for increased awareness of ethical issues in the nursing education. To explore the challenges experienced by nurse teachers in Malawi in their efforts to enhance students' moral competence in clinical practice. A qualitative hermeneutic approach was employed to interpret the teachers' experiences. Individual interviews (N = 8) and a focus group interview with teachers (N = 9) from different nursing colleges were conducted. Ethical approval was granted and all participants signed their informed consent. Two overall themes emerged: (1) authoritarian learning climate, with three subthemes: (a) fear of making critical comments about clinical practice, (b) fear of disclosing mistakes and lack of knowledge and (c) lack of a culture of critical discussion and reflection that promotes moral competence; and (2) discrepancy between expectations on learning outcome from nursing college and the learning opportunities in practice comprising three subthemes: (a) gap between the theory taught in class and learning opportunities in clinical practice, (b) lack of good role models and (c) lack of resources. Our findings indicated that showing respect was a central objective when the students were assessed in practice. A number of previous studies have enlightened the need for critical reflection in nursing education. Few studies have linked this to challenges experienced by teachers for development of moral competence in practice. This is one of the first such studies done in an African setting. There is a clear relationship between the two themes. A less authoritarian learning climate may enhance critical reflection and discussion between students, teachers and nurses. This can narrow the gap between the theory taught in college and what is demonstrated in clinical practice. Moral competence must be enhanced in order to ensure patients' rights and safety.

The role of service-user feedback in undergraduate nursing courses.

There is an increasing expectation that service users should contribute in a meaningful way to student nurse education courses. This article describes how service-user feedback on undergraduate student nurses' performance during practice learning opportunities (PLOs) gives an insight into the qualities service users value in student nurses. At Cardiff University, the new Bachelor of Nursing course, launched in September 2012, took into account the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC) standards for preregistration, implementing a mechanism for service users to feed back on students' clinical performance. To facilitate this service, user/carer feedback pages were inserted into the students' bound clinical practice portfolio. A large sample of the clinical portfolios (n=100) from one cohort across adult, child and mental health nursing fields were examined at the end of year 1, year 2 and again at the end of year 3, and service users' comments collated. In considering the words used by service users, the authors propose that they reflected the six fundamental values-or 6Cs-of care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment that underpin the delivery of excellent care. Conclusions drawn from the feedback were that students exhibited the caring and professional qualities that service users value, and indeed showed the dignity and respect for patients and people that the profession demands.

Health professionals' experience of teamwork education in acute hospital settings: a systematic review of qualitative literature.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBackgroundTeamwork is seen as an important element of patient care in acute hospital settings. The complexity of the journey of care for patients highlights the need for health professionals to collaborate and communicate clearly with each other. Health organizations in western coun

Public health nutrition in the civil service (England): approaches to tackling obesity.

The seriousness and scale of the physical, psychological, economic and societal consequences relating to poor diets, inactivity and obesity is unprecedented. Consequently, the contextual factors underpinning the work of a nutritionist in the civil service are complex and significant; however, there are real opportunities to make a difference and help improve the health of the nation. The present paper describes the delivery of public health nutrition through two work programmes, namely action to support young people develop healthier lifestyle choices and more recently the investigation and deployment of local insights to develop action to tackle obesity. Combining the application of nutrition expertise along with broader skills and approaches has enabled the translation of research and evidence into programmes of work to better the public's health. It is evident that the appropriate evaluation of such approaches has helped to deliver engaging and practical learning opportunities for young people. Furthermore, efforts to build on local intelligence and seek collaborative development can help inform the evidence base and seek to deliver public health approaches, which resonate with how people live their lives.

Learning opportunities in rheumatology practice: a qualitative study

Purpose – This paper aims to explore what opportunities for learning practitioners in rheumatology perceive of in their daily practice, using a typology of workplace learning to categorize these opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – Thirty-six practitioners from different professions in rheumatology were interviewed. Data were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis with a directed approach, and were categorized according to a typology of formal and informal learning. Findings – The typology was adjusted to fit the categories resulting from the analysis. Further analysis showed that work processes with learning as a by-product in general, and relationships with other people in the workplace in particular, were perceived as important for learning in the workplace. The use of many recognized learning opportunities was lower. Barriers for learning were a perceived low leadership awareness of learning opportunities and factors relating to workload and the organization of work. Research limitations/implications – The generalizability of results from all qualitative inquiries is limited by nature, and the issue of transferability to other contexts is for the reader to decide. Further studies will need to confirm the results of the study, as well as the proposed enhancement of the typology with which the results were categorized. Practical implications – The study highlights the importance of relationships in the workplace for informal learning in rheumatology practice. In the clinical context, locally adapted strategies at organizational and individual levels are needed to maximize opportunities for both professional and interprofessional informal learning, taking the importance of personal relationships into account. The findings also suggest a need for increased continuing professional education in the specialty. Originality/value – The workplace learning typology that was used in the study showed good applicability to empirical health-care study data, but may need further development. The study confirmed that informal workplace learning is an important part of learning in rheumatology. Further studies are needed to clarify how informal and formal learning in the rheumatology clinic may be supported in workplaces with different characteristics.

Experiences of Early Transdisciplinary Teams in Pediatric Community Rehabilitation

Although a transdisciplinary approach (TA) is considered best practice for children aged 0–3 years, there is limited information for professionals on how to successfully implement TA services. Using qualitative inquiry, in-depth interviews were conducted to explore the experiences of 6 service providers and managers who took part in early implementation of 2 pilot transdisciplinary teams. Although sought, no parents were recruited. Data were condensed by a system of coding and developed into inductive themes. The study findings reveal 3 main themes that captured the experiences of stakeholders. The primary theme is ensuring alignment with organizational values when guiding teams through change. The second theme is the awareness that is needed for managing change when an organization is going through a transformation. The third theme is valuable learning occurs throughout the change process. For early intervention service providers and managers, the study findings emphasize the importance of ensuring participants' awareness of change management processes while staying true to organization values when developing new team structures. Balancing theoretical knowledge acquisition and practical learning opportunities is essential when learning a new service delivery approach. Further attempts to explore the involvement of parents within collaborative teams are recommended.

Attainment of Program Outcome '3b' of ABET through Laboratory Experiment for the Undergraduate Program

The engineering education has gone through several re-engineering efforts under various names. Some of the popular names in the past have been sustainable engineering and concurrent engineering. While each of these names has a different flavor to it, the underlying principle of effective engineering education has been its ability to provide practical and functional learning opportunities to students. Experiential learning, which encompasses all types of practice-based learning opportunities, is the founding principle of a successful engineering education model. This paper presents an approach to enhance active and collaborative learning in 'Metal Cutting' laboratory by the undergraduate students of V Semester Industrial&Production Engineering using the concept of Design of Experiments, to study the effects of various parameters on machining performance. The paper also describes the assessment of program outcome '3b' of ABET criteria through laboratory experiment.

Professional Practice as Processes of Muddling Through: a Study of Learning and Sense Making in Social Work

Using an ethnographic approach, the aim of this study was to explore how social workers learn and make sense of experiences in their daily practices. Five events that took place during an ordinary day of child investigation work are described and serve as the basis for the analysis. The findings imply that investigation work is largely a social rationalization process and that the interaction between different actors in work is a strategy to enhance the level of knowledge and contribute to learning among the professionals. Thus, learning is embedded in daily activities, for example, consulting colleagues, framing problems and building relationships. Furthermore, the findings suggest the possibility of assuming a contextualized view of reasoning, a so-called contextual rationality, which maintains that practitioners need to make judgments in a way that is sensitive to and relevant for their own contextualized settings. Contextual rationality is a reasonable strategy to deal with complex problems in daily practices that cannot be completely analysed or solved. Contextual rationality is thus not about accuracy; rather, it engages individuals to find meaning and order in the complexity of modern organizations where norms, values and expectations provide frameworks for explanations. Besides offering an explanation for the basis of practice, the study identifies a variety of learning opportunities in everyday practice that could potentially be used in efforts to organize a more reflective practice to facilitate improved workplace learning.

Exploring the Influence of Feedback on Student Social Workers' Understanding of Childcare and Protection

Social work tutors and practice teachers are under increasing pressure to better prepare students for practice in the area of childcare and protection; however, little attention has been given to the role of feedback in this process. This study uses a content analysis of written feedback from tutors and interviews to examine students' experiences of feedback on a social work course. Findings suggest there is considerable variation in the extent, type and source of feedback in student learning about childcare and protection. Students consider feedback to be most effective when it is formative and delivered by an experienced practice teacher during the practice placement. The key factors which mediate upon student experiences of feedback are: the personal and emotive nature of the instruction; the expertise of practice teachers and learning opportunities on placement; and the quality of relationships between the giver and receiver of feedback. These factors are not exclusive to a particular source or type of feedback. The task for tutors and practice teachers is getting the right balance of factors across the different types and sources of feedback, aligning it with the teaching and learning process, and empowering students to participate in feedback practices.

Innovation in Practice Learning: Messages from the Review of a Student-centred Unit

Social work education in England is currently undergoing a process of review and change reflecting broader reforms in the profession as a whole. It is therefore timely to identify the achievements of the Centre for the Development of Social Care Practice at the University of Bedfordshire which since 2006 has offered a range of practice learning opportunities to social work students in partnership with the local authority and with the participation of service users and carers. This article places this initiative in the context of other broadly similar non-traditional practice learning provision and reviews recent feedback to identify its particular characteristics. Strengths in the provision of student-centred and empowering practice learning are explored and the need for further evaluation acknowledged.

Are Non-Traditional Social Work Placements Second-Best Learning Opportunities for Social Work Qualifying Students?

This article reports on the evaluation of practice learning opportunities for student social workers within ‘non-traditional’ placements provided by a major children’s charity in England, Scotland and Wales between 2010 and 2012. The student social workers undertook a well-being role within the project and the research here reports on the charity’s ability to provide a twelve-week programme through the use of delivery partners. In particular, the research highlights the experiences and perspectives of student social workers, project leaders and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to meet the six key roles, and demonstrate working with the legal framework, risk awareness, and management and assessment skills. The article also considers how the developments in England will impact upon such placements in the future and their implications for the project. Lastly, the article suggests that these placements are not second best, but different and raises the more fundamental question as to whether it is becoming easier to practise social work in placements such as these as opposed to those in statutory social service placements.

The Resilient Survivor—A Student Social Worker's Journey on Placement

This paper represents the continuation of my ‘personal and professional journey’ from social work student to social work practitioner focusing on my first Practice Learning Opportunity (PLO). Recognising the potential impact of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a classroom environment is as important as the potential impact on actual practice learning and practice. This is salient in the real world of social work practice as the potential misuse of a painful childhood experience has greater ramifications. Utilising the ideas and assumptions of social constructionism (including context and multivocality) the significance of silence from social work educators shall be examined in relation to self-disclosure as a means of aiding PLO learning and practice. This paper will also focus on the concept of critical reflection and its significance in exploring the transferability of a childhood experience such as CSA and personal and professional dilemmas regarding self-disclosure. This paper concludes by highlighting areas for consideration for both students and social work educators and conveys an important message regarding the importance of communication between students and social work educators.

THE EVOLUTION OF A NETWORKING LAB TO SUPPORT UNDERGRADUATE NETWORKING AND INFORMATION ASSURANCE CURRICULUM IN A BACCALAUREATE DEGREE PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY

The curriculum of a program in Information Technology must be current and competitive to remain relevant and valuable. The authors of this paper outline the evolution of an Information Technology networking lab that is used to support undergraduate courses in networking and information assurance. An explanation of the processes, opportunities, challenges, and outcomes are available in the Evolution of the Lab section. Finally the paper concludes with implications for students and recommendations for other higher education institutions that are considering implementing similar laboratory environments as a means of enhancing theory with practical hands-on learning opportunities for students.

Lessons from an elective in Sierra Leone.

Lessons from an elective in Sierra Leone.

Is there a future for the use of non-traditional placement settings for final year social work students?

This paper describes the development of a particular type of nontraditional placement setting for final year social work students: a 100 day, last practice placement based within Police Public Protection Investigation Units (PPIUs) through collaboration between the Police and Manchester Metropolitan University. It will evaluate the degree of progress made since these placements began in 2007 and consider some of the strengths and difficulties encountered in providing consistently good quality practice learning experiences for final year students within PPIU settings. The paper will summarise the learning gained from a recent evaluation of these placements and will describe some of the developments that have resulted from this evaluation.This paper will also consider whether such non-traditional placement settings can continue to provide suitable practice learning opportunities for final year social work students in the light of the newly proposed placement criteria for final placements (TCSW, 2012a) and in the increasingly challenging climate for practice learning reflected in the continuing decreased availability of ‘statutory’ placements.

Outcomes of Law Teaching in Social Work Education: Further Findings from a Cohort Study

This paper reports further findings from research on the outcomes of teaching law to social work students on UK programmes. This paper compares the results for students on undergraduate and postgraduate routes to an initial social work qualification. It also analyses the similarities and differences in outcomes between the seven universities that participated in the study. Statistical analysis of students' self-audits of their legal knowledge, skills for practising social work law, and their perceptions of the relationship between law and practice, is explored further by drawing on observations from students in focus groups and interviews with their tutors. The differences which emerge between undergraduate and postgraduate students highlight the importance of practice learning opportunities in reinforcing acquired legal knowledge and in developing skills for applying that knowledge in practice. Law teaching can clearly be seen to impact on confidence levels but to be constrained by lack of time and sustained focus throughout the overall curriculum. The similarities of outcome between different universities suggest the impact of particular orientations towards, and an acknowledged core curriculum for, teaching law within the academic curriculum.

Systems-Based Practice Learning Opportunities in Student-Run Clinics

Student-run clinics (SRCs) provide preclerkship medical students with systems-based practice (SBP) experiences as they engage in patient care and manage clinic operations. This study explored the types and context of SBP activities students participate in at SRCs. Between November 2011 and February 2012, the authors conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of medical students who served as volunteers and coordinators (student leadership role) at four independently run SRCs within the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. They also interviewed SRC faculty advisors. Interviews focused on student roles in SRCs, SBP learning opportunities in SRCs, and comparisons of SBP experiences in SRCs with those in the formal preclerkship curriculum. The authors used thematic analysis techniques to code and synthesize data. Data from interviews with 8 volunteers, 14 coordinators, and 4 faculty suggested six major domains related to SBP learning opportunities in SRCs: interprofessional roles and collaboration; clinic organization; patient factors affecting access to care; awareness of the larger health care system and continuity of care; resource acquisition and allocation; and systems improvement. Coordinators, who managed SRCs, demonstrated greater depth of SBP understanding than volunteers, who provided patient care. Students and faculty agreed that SRCs provided students with SBP learning opportunities beyond those available in the formal curriculum. Preclerkship students' participation in SRCs provides opportunities for in-depth learning of SBP, particularly among students who take on leadership roles. SRCs may model ways to effectively introduce key components of SBP to early medical learners.

‘They thought I wasn’t good enough for social work practice’

The few studies of why social work students fail their practice learning opportunity (PLOs) have been undertaken through the lens of practice educators, lecturers and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with no input from students. Using qualitative interviews; this research explores the reasons for failure from the perspective of the students. The findings identified a number of interrelated issues such as previous work experiences, family history and personal circumstances as the rationale for what led those interviewed into social work. Issues such as ill health, personal problems and lack of clarity around assessment criteria as well as perceived lack of support from HEIs were identified as some of the factors that led students to fail their practice learning experiences. Recommendations from those interviewed included the suggestion that HEIs should, at the recruitment stage, provide clear information about the implications of failing practice learning opportunities and clarify what type of support for is available for those who fail. The students interviewed also echo the desire expressed by the HEIs and practice educators for clearer assessment criteria/frameworks and a more supportive process for all parties.

‘It's been hell.’ Italian and British practice educators’ narratives of working with struggling or failing social work students in practice learning settings

Periods of assessed learning in practice settings are common requirements for social work students worldwide. The ‘practice learning opportunity’ as it is known in the UK, and ‘tirocinio di servizio sociale’ as it is referred to in Italy, are important sites of gatekeeping in preventing unsuitable people from becoming social workers. The experience of assessing failing students in practice learning settings, however, has been found to be particularly stressful and challenging for practice educators. This article documents findings from two qualitative studies that explored field educators’ experiences of working with struggling or failing social work students in Italy and England. The study finds both similarities and differences in the narratives of the assessors from the two countries. Similarities include, unpleasant emotional experience of working with a failing student, internalisation of the students’ failing as the practice educators’ own failing, perceptions that the universities may hide negative information about students and lack of acknowledgement of the gatekeeping function inherent in the practice educator role. Differences include the level of emotionality experienced by educators, the way students are spoken about and the perceived role and responses of the university. Further comparative European research that focuses on practice education is indicated.