Practical Communication Networks Research Articles

Robust excitation of C-band quantum dots for quantum communication

Building a quantum internet requires efficient and reliable quantum hardware, from photonic sources to quantum repeaters and detectors, ideally operating at telecommunication wavelengths. Thanks to their high brightness and single-photon purity, quantum dot (QD) sources hold the promise to achieve high communication rates for quantum-secured network applications. Furthermore, it was recently shown that excitation schemes such as longitudinal acoustic phonon-assisted (LA) pumping provide security benefits by scrambling the coherence between the emitted photon-number states. In this work, we investigate further advantages of LA-pumped quantum dots with emission in the telecom C-band as a core hardware component of the quantum internet. We experimentally demonstrate how varying the pump power and spectral detuning with respect to the excitonic transition can improve quantum-secured communication rates and provide stable emission statistics regardless of network-environment fluctuations. These findings have significant implications for general implementations of QD single-photon sources in practical quantum communication networks.

Passivity-Based Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Switched Systems via T–S Fuzzy Modeling

In this paper, state-estimator-based adaptive control is under consideration for a sort of nonlinear stochastic switched systems by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy modeling and sliding mode technique. A new fuzzy sliding surface is established by a reformed state estimator, and a novel adaptive fuzzy reaching motion controller synthesis is carried out to force the state trajectories onto the designated sliding surface in limited moments. A new mean-square exponential stability of the resultant plant with passivity is ensured under the average dwell time method and stochastic stability theory. The key challenge overcome here is that one conditional assumption involved in the previous sliding mode control-based strategies for the considered systems is no longer required despite the unavailable states, unknown perturbations and specified switching signal. At last, a practical data communication network model (DCNM) with simulation is offered to verify the feasibility of the theoretical result.

Dynamic DNR and Solar PV Smart Inverter Control Scheme Using Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning

The conventional volt-VAR control (VVC) in distribution systems has limitations in solving the overvoltage problem caused by massive solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment. As an alternative method, VVC using solar PV smart inverters (PVSIs) has come into the limelight, which can respond quickly and effectively to solve the overvoltage problem by absorbing reactive power. However, the network power loss, that is, the sum of line losses in the distribution network, increases with reactive power. Dynamic distribution network reconfiguration (DNR), which hourly controls the network topology by controlling sectionalizing and tie switches, can also solve the overvoltage problem and reduce network loss by changing the power flow in the network. In this study, to improve the voltage profile and minimize the network power loss, we propose a control scheme that integrates the dynamic DNR with volt-VAR control of PVSIs. The proposed control scheme is practically usable for three reasons: Primarily, the proposed scheme is based on a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, which does not require accurate distribution system parameters. Furthermore, we propose the use of a heterogeneous multiagent DRL algorithm to control the switches centrally and PVSIs locally. Finally, a practical communication network in the distribution system is assumed. PVSIs only send their status to the central control center, and there is no communication between the PVSIs. A modified 33-bus distribution test feeder reflecting the system conditions of South Korea is used for the case study. The results of this case study demonstrates that the proposed control scheme effectively improves the voltage profile of the distribution system. In addition, the proposed scheme reduces the total power loss in the distribution system, which is the sum of the network power loss and curtailed energy, owing to the voltage violation of the solar PV output.

Controlled quantum teleportation in the presence of an adversary

We present a device independent analysis of controlled quantum teleportation where the receiver is not trusted. We show that the notion of genuine tripartite nonlocality allows us to certify control power in such a scenario. By considering a specific adversarial attack strategy on a device characterized by depolarizing noise, we find that control power is a monotonically increasing function of genuine tripartite nonlocality. These results are relevant for building practical quantum communication networks and also shed light on the role of nonlocality in multipartite quantum information processing.

Double-Consensus-Based Distributed Energy Management in a Virtual Power Plant

The penetration of distributed generators increases the significance of virtual power plants (VPP) in the electricity market paradigm. The conventional VPP energy management system relies on a trustable centralized coordinator, which is vulnerable to single-point failure and requires a high-bandwidth communication network. This article proposes a robust, fully distributed consensus-based algorithm (RFDCA) for optimal dispatch of VPP participants in power systems with a practical communication network, which considers noise, communication delay, and a dynamically switching communication topology. The profit maximization problem is decomposed into subproblems using dual decomposition and solved using a double consensus approach, which uses a monotonically decreasing consensus gain function to suppress the adverse effects of communication delay and noise. One of the main advantages of this method is that the VPP participants need not share their private information with anyone, thereby preserving their privacy. Another advantage of the proposed approach is that it can deal with networks of different sizes and topologies. Simulations are carried out on standard 15-node VPP and IEEE 39-bus test systems to illustrate the efficacy of the RFDCA approach. The algorithm removes the need for a central controller in the VPP system, and the faster convergence of the algorithm extends its application in real-time energy management.

Research on Throughput-Guaranteed MAC Scheduling Policies in Wireless Networks.

In wireless networks, MAC scheduling methods can be divided into two types according to the implementation model: centralized and distributed scheduling. By reasonably designing MAC scheduling policies, both centralized and distributed schedulers can ensure a reliable throughput capacity region, i.e., realizing throughput-guaranteed. However, it can be found that some existing throughput-guaranteed scheduling schemes cannot further ensure bounded end-to-end average delay, and the reason for this phenomenon has not been deeply analyzed. In practical communication networks, throughput and delay are equally important. Based on this idea, the existing MAC scheduling strategies are investigated systematically in this paper from two aspects of throughput and delay, and their performances are evaluated and compared through both theoretical analysis and simulation experiments. The work of this paper provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of MAC scheduling technology in the next-generation wireless networks.

Random Graph-Based M-QAM Classification for MIMO Systems

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) has been identified to perform a key role to realize technologies such as cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum management, and interference identification that are arguably pivotal to practical SG communication networks. Random graphs (RGs) have been used to better understand graph behavior and to tackle combinatorial challenges in general. In this research article, a novel modulation classifier is presented to recognize M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signals using random graph theory. The proposed method demonstrates improved recognition rates for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and single-input single-output (SISO) systems. The proposed method has the advantage of not requiring channel/signal to noise ratio estimate or timing/frequency offset correction. Undirected RGs are constructed based on features, which are extracted by taking sparse Fourier transform (SFT) of the received signal. This method is based on the graph representation of the SFT of the 2nd, 4th, and 8th power of the received signal. The simulation results are also compared to existing state-of-the-art methodologies, revealing that the suggested methodology is superior.

Design of Delta–Sigma-Based PID Controller for Networked Wind Energy Conversion Systems

In recent years, a new paradigm in control engineering, called networked control system (NCS), has emerged due to the success of Internet and associated communication infrastructure. The NCS offers various advantages compared to the traditional control systems, which include increase of agility, wiring reduction, and easy maintenance and diagnosis. With an objective to investigate the effectiveness of various controllers in networked environment, the present study designs a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma$</tex-math></inline-formula> -based single-bit PID controller for the rotor-side converter of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system. This consists of 20-DFIGs of 5 MW capacity each. A comparative performance investigation has been carried out with three other controllers; a conventional PID, Q-learning and dynamic fuzzy Q-Learning controller. The study considers various imperfections of a Zigbee protocol-based practical communication network, such as random delay and packet dropout. The results of both the simulation and experiment demonstrate that the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma$</tex-math></inline-formula> -based single-bit PID controller shows better performance compared to other controllers.

Bringing Network Coding into SDN: Architectural Study for Meshed Heterogeneous Communications

Modern communications have moved away from point-to-point models to increasingly heterogeneous network models. In this article, we propose a novel controller-based architecture to deploy adaptive causal network coding in heterogeneous and highly meshed communication networks. Specifically, we consider using the software-defined network as the main controller. We first present an architecture for highly meshed heterogeneous multi-source multi-destination networks that represent the practical communication networks encountered in the fifth generation of wireless networks and beyond. Next, we present a promising solution to deploy network coding over the new architecture. We also present a new controller-based setting with which network coding modules communicate to attain the required information. Finally, we briefly discuss how the proposed architecture and network coding solution provide a good opportunity for future technologies.

Delta-Modulator-Based Quantised State Feedback Controller for T–S Fuzzy Networked Systems

This paper proposes a Delta-Modulator ( $$\Delta $$ -M)-based quantised state feedback controller for Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy networked systems. The $$\Delta $$ -M (a single bit quantiser) essentially belongs to one class of sliding mode quantisers (SMQs) and offers various advantages which include lower design complexity, lower cost and less noisy. For a prescribed quantisation error, the gains of the state-feedback controller and the quantiser are derived (both in continuous and discrete time domains) using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which ensures the stability of the overall system. The performance of the quantised control system is illustrated considering a practical communication network based on ZigBee protocol. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed $$\Delta $$ -M-based quantised controller could effectively achieve desired performance under various imperfections of the practical communication network.

Retracted] Mobile Communication Network Optimization System Based on Artificial Intelligence

The objective of this paper is to study the key technology of the mobile communication network optimization system based on artificial intelligence technology. Specific Content. This paper designs the artificial intelligence agent‐ (IA‐) type mobile communication network optimization tool iOS2CMCN, analyzes the relevant intelligent technology introduced into the system, and analyzes the feasibility and practicability of iOS2CMCN through application examples. The results show that the optimization of mobile communication networks is one of the important links in the construction of communication networks and ensuring the quality of network service. In the form of an artificial intelligence agent, iOS2CMCN absorbs the experience and knowledge of a large number of network optimization engineers and experts and realizes the intelligence and automation of mobile communication network optimization. It is proven that the fuzzy technology is introduced in theory, the practical problem is reasonably modeled, and the rule and case reasoning are used to simulate the thinking mode of a human being when solving the problem. It reduces the dependence of network optimization on humans, improves the efficiency of network optimization, and provides a new idea for practical mobile communication network optimization.

On the performance of DF-based multi-hop system over α − κ − μ and α − κ − μ-extreme fading channels

Several emerging application scenarios for the multi-hop wireless networking have been introduced in 5G and beyond networks, to provide ultra-low latency and much higher data rate to the end users. In this work, an integrated performance evaluation of a decode-and-forward (DF) multi-hop wireless communication system is undertaken over the non-linear generalized α−κ−μ and α−κ−μ-Extreme fading models. Novel closed-form expressions for the amount of fading (AoF), channel capacity under various adaptive transmission techniques are derived. Additionally, decoding error probability for short packet communication is derived and analyzed. The provided expressions are very useful in designing the channel/link quality for practical multi-hop communication networks. The effects of the fading parameters and the number of hops on the system performance are demonstrated. The correctness of the proposed solutions has been corroborated by comparing them with Monte Carlo simulation results.

Research on Power Communication Network Planning Based on Information Transmission Reachability Against Cyber-Attacks

The deep integration of computing, communication, and information technologies not only improves the operation level of the power grid, but also brings the threat of cyber-attacks on the power grid. This article studies power communication network topology planning problem considering both the normal operation level and the ability to against cyber-attacks from the perspective of information transmission reachability. First, by analyzing the game relationship between ensuring the normal operation level and defending against cyber-attacks, a framework of power communication network topology planning based on game theory is proposed. In this framework, the traditional planner tries to maximize the information transmission reachability of normal operation, while the anti-cyber-attack planner wants to minimize the information transmission reachability of cyber-attacks. Second, considering whether there are uncertainties in the planning, a deterministic topology planning model is proposed for the traditional planner, and an uncertainty topology planning model is proposed for the anti-cyber-attack planner. Third, considering the competition between the two planners, an improved particle swarm algorithm is introduced to solve the models. Finally, a standard example and a practical power communication network are used to verify the correction and effectiveness of the method.

Secure optical communication using a quantum alarm

Optical fibre networks are advancing rapidly to meet growing traffic demands. Security issues, including attack management, have become increasingly important for optical communication networks because of the vulnerabilities associated with tapping light from optical fibre links. Physical layer security often requires restricting access to channels and periodic inspections of link performance. In this paper, we report how quantum communication techniques can be utilized to detect a physical layer attack. We present an efficient method for monitoring the physical layer security of a high-data-rate classical optical communication network using a modulated continuous-variable quantum signal. We describe the theoretical and experimental underpinnings of this monitoring system and the monitoring accuracy for different monitored parameters. We analyse its performance for both unamplified and amplified optical links. The technique represents a novel approach for applying quantum signal processing to practical optical communication networks and compares well with classical monitoring methods. We conclude by discussing the challenges facing its practical application, its differences with respect to existing quantum key distribution methods, and its usage in future secure optical transport network planning.

Performance Improvement of Discretely Modulated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Untrusted Source via Heralded Hybrid Linear Amplifier

In practical quantum communication networks, the scheme of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) faces a challenge that the entangled source is controlled by a malicious eavesdropper, and although it still can generate a positive key rate and security, its performance needs to be improved, especially in secret key rate and maximum transmission distance. In this paper, we proposed a method based on the four-state discrete modulation and a heralded hybrid linear amplifier to enhance the performance of CVQKD where the entangled source originates from malicious eavesdropper. The four-state CVQKD encodes information by nonorthogonal coherent states in phase space. It has better transmission distance than Gaussian modulation counterpart, especially at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the hybrid linear amplifier concatenates a deterministic linear amplifier (DLA) and a noiseless linear amplifier (NLA), which can improve the probability of amplification success and reduce the noise penalty caused by the measurement. Furthermore, the hybrid linear amplifier can raise the SNR of CVQKD and tune between two types of performance for high-gain mode and high noise-reduction mode, therefore it can extend the maximal transmission distance while the entangled source is untrusted.

Arbitrated quantum signature scheme with quantum teleportation by using two three-qubit GHZ states

Arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) scheme based on quantum teleportation has better flexibility and practicability. In this paper, we propose an arbitrated quantum signature scheme with quantum teleportation by using two three-qubit GHZ states. It has been proved that a cluster state has a maximal persistence when compared with an entangled state, and it is also more robust against decoherence. To resist against Alice’s disavowals or Bob’s (outside attacker’s) repudiation, two secret quantum key strings are pre-shared and two random numbers are introduced. The security analysis results show that our AQS scheme can make sure about the impossibility of disavowals by the signer Alice and repudiations by the verifier Bob, and the impossibility of forgeries by any illegal attacker. In addition, the proposed scheme does not require the complex quantum measurement operation, only Bell state measurements, projective measurements and unitary operation are needed to recover the arbitrary two-qubit state, which is the message copy from the signer Alice to the verifier Bob, and that is an appealing advantage in the implementation of a practical quantum communication network.

Delta-Modulator-Based Quantised Output Feedback Controller for Linear Networked Control Systems

This article proposes a $\Delta $ -Modulator ( $\Delta $ -M) based quantised output feedback controller for linear networked systems. The proposed $\Delta $ -M is essentially a 2-level quantiser, in contrast to some of the existing quantisers such as $2^{p}$ level ( $p \geq 1$ ) uniform-interval-nearest-neighbour quantiser, and offers various advantages which include lower design complexity, less noisy and lower cost. The three key components of the control system: the controller , the filter and the quantiser are designed to achieve the desired performance. The stability conditions of the $\Delta $ -M are derived and conditions for the existence of zig-zag behaviour in steady-state are determined. The performance of the proposed controller is illustrated through simulations considering practical communication network based on ZigBee protocol. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed controller could effectively achieve desired performance under various imperfections of the practical communication network.

Defense against unknown broadband jammer for time‐critical operation in smart grid

In this work, the authors consider the communication network of a power substation, where multiple intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) transmit their delay sensitive control and monitoring messages to a common receiver over a wireless network; in the presence of a broadband jammer, which is capable of jamming multiple channels simultaneously. The objective of the IEDs is to successfully transmit their messages within a specified time, whereas the jammer wants to obstruct IED's transmission. A novel utility function is designed for the players, that addresses the time-critical nature of communication. Due to the conflicting interest of the IEDs and the jammer, they model the interaction between them as a repeated Bayesian zero-sum game, which also addresses the repeated interaction among the IEDs and the jammer, and the unavailability of exact information about the jammer. The equilibrium strategies for both the scenarios of perfect and imperfect monitoring are derived and verified through simulation results. Further, the performance of the proposed game model in various scenarios is thoroughly compared in the result section. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed defence strategies is tested in a practical communication network of a power substation under jamming, which is simulated in Optimised Network Engineering Tool (OPNET).

Artificial Intelligence and Suicide: Where Artificial Intelligence Stops and Humans Join In

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social NetworkingVol. 22, No. 6 EditorialArtificial Intelligence and Suicide: Where Artificial Intelligence Stops and Humans Join InBrenda K. WiederholdBrenda K. WiederholdBrenda K. Wiederhold, Editor-in-Chief Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:7 Jun 2019https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.29153.bkwAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"Artificial Intelligence and Suicide: Where Artificial Intelligence Stops and Humans Join In." Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6), pp. 363–364FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byEffectiveness of VR Technology Based on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Overcoming Psychological Barriers in Taekwondo Practical LearningSecurity and Communication Networks, Vol. 2022A Two‐Wave Cross‐Lagged Study on AI Service Quality: The Moderating Effects of the Job Level and Job Role16 July 2021 | British Journal of Management, Vol. 33, No. 3Simplify the Difficult: Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing in Healthcare26 March 2021Is AI for Psychologists? Brenda K. Wiederhold12 December 2019 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 22, No. 12 Volume 22Issue 6Jun 2019 InformationCopyright 2019, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Brenda K. Wiederhold.Artificial Intelligence and Suicide: Where Artificial Intelligence Stops and Humans Join In.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.Jun 2019.363-364.http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.29153.bkwPublished in Volume: 22 Issue 6: June 7, 2019PDF download

Quantum error rejection for faithful quantum communication over noise channels

Quantum state transmission is a prerequisite for various quantum communication networks. The channel noise inevitably introduces distortion of quantum states passing through either a free-space channel or a fibre channel, which leads to errors or decreases the security of a practical quantum communication network. Quantum error rejection is a useful technology to faithfully transmit quantum states over large-scale quantum channels. It provides the communication parties with an uncorrupted quantum state by rejecting error states. Usually, additional photons or degrees of freedom are required to overcome the adverse effects of channel noise. As quantum error rejection method consumes less quantum resource than other anti-noise methods, it is more convenient to perform error-rejection quantum state transmission with current technology. In this review, several typical quantum error-rejection schemes for single-photon state transmission are introduced in brief and some error-rejection schemes for entanglement distribution are also briefly presented.