PPP Mode Research Articles

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Evaluation of air pollutants based on embedded system and PPP project performance factors

In this paper, an air pollutant assessment and monitoring system based on arm series-embedded system S3C44BOX module is proposed. On this basis, this paper analyzes the annual data of PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, O3, and other air pollutants of 17 monitoring stations in C City in the past year. The results show that the air pollutants have air permeability. At the same time, meteorological factors, temporal and spatial changes, and air pollution factors are discussed. At the same time, this paper uses literature and expert interviews to determine the performance factors of PPP projects. PPP mode realizes the participation of social capital in infrastructure construction. We identified 34 factors and used a structural equation model to analyze the path of 333 PPP project performance factors. One of the main performance factors is to apply the results of air pollution assessment based on an embedded system to the research of performance factors of PPP project, so that this paper could successfully promote the effective implementation of PPP project. Through the continuous research of embedded system and its application in air pollution evaluation and PPP project performance, it can effectively improve the air pollution evaluation and PPP project performance.

A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for risk evaluation of urban rail transit PPP projects

The Public-Private Partnership (PPP mode) has been widely used in the field of transportation infrastructure. It can relieve the debt pressure of local governments and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. However, due to the long life cycle of urban rail transit PPP projects and numerous participants, the potential risks arising from the coordination of multi-party relations have become a major obstacle to the development of urban rail transit PPP mode. Based on the perspective of the PPP project company (SPV), this paper adopts the method of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, takes Shenzhen Metro Line 4 project as the research object and constructs the risk index system from nine dimensions to evaluate the risks of PPP project. Political risk, legal risk and project promotion risk are the most important risk indicators, while relationship risk and force majeure risk take the lowest proportion. According to the above results, the risk management system, risk sharing scheme and countermeasures in key risk areas are proposed. The study not only applies the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to the research of urban rail transit risks, but also provides a systematic risk assessment basis and prevention and control reference for the smooth implementation of PPP projects.

Analysis of Asset Securitization Based on PPP Mode

Analysis of Asset Securitization Based on PPP Mode

PPP Model Applicability Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Project Based on the Dual Perspective of Government and Private Sector

At present, the applicability evaluation perspective of PPP mode of sewage treatment project in China is single, and the operability of evaluation method is poor. On the basis of the existing evaluation methods, combined with the characteristics of China’s sewage treatment projects, this paper establishes the applicability evaluation model of PPP mode of sewage treatment projects from the dual perspectives of government and private sectors, and introduces the psc-ppp value comparison method and the marketability theory to evaluate the value for money. The research results show that the method is feasible and has practical reference value for the applicability evaluation of PPP mode in sewage treatment projects.

Research on the Development of Internet Insurance in China ——Based on the exploration of the road of Huize insurance

In 2020, Huize insurance came to the market in the United States, which will again push the Inter net insurance industry to the peak of social concern. As the one of three pillars of the financial industry, the Internet insurance industry is generated with the promotion of Internet finance. After experiencing a blowou t growth around 2015, the Internet insurance industry bypassed the monopoly of traditional insurance indust ry, At that time, big and small companies had their own characteristics. But as the policy tightens, Internet i nsurance suffers. With the impact of the epidemic in 2020, people’s insurance awareness is constantly streng thened, and the Internet insurance industry will usher in a spring with its unique advantages. This paper com prehensively reviews the development of Internet insurance, analyzes the main problems of the Internet ind ustry, and put forward development recommendations based on Huize’s business model, explore methods th e Internet industry in the social sense of responsibility, product design, and connect with the epidemic, comb ine with the government, to strengthen the construction of preferential and universal insurance, innovate the PPP mode, combine insurance technology to carry on the prospect.

PPP Mode and Regional Economic Development – Empirical Evidence from Coastal Areas of China

Wei, B.; Guo, X., and Wang, Z., 2020. PPP mode and regional economic development – empirical evidence from coastal areas of China. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 262-268. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Based on China's provincial data from 2000 to 2017, this paper investigates the role of infrastructure investment under PPP mode in promoting coastal and inland economic development. The study finds that the PPP mode can significantly promote China's economic growth by breaking down administrative monopolies, improving resource mismatches and increasing total factor productivity. What's more, we find that the impact of the PPP mode on regional economic growth has a significant inverted U-shaped characteristic by using threshold model. Compared with inland regions, PPP mode can no longer significantly promote economic growth of coastal areas. The discrepancy is due to differences in regional infrastructure capital stock, local leading industries, and the degree of regional marketization. This research offers theoretical reference to the local governments which plan to introduce PPP mode, and also provides enlightenment on how to develop the economy under the “New Normal”.

Feasibility Analysis of PPP Mode of Port Construction Based on the Whole Life Cycle

Li, X.; Wen, J.; You, Z., and Wang, Y., 2020. Feasibility analysis of PPP mode of port construction based on the whole life cycle. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 556–560. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the development of international trade, as a transportation hub, ports play a more and more important role in the economic system, and then brings a lot of port development and construction including port over development, ecological damage and other issues, which gradually appear. The construction of ecological port provides solutions to these problems, so this essay analyzes the feasibility of PPP port construction in the whole life cycle, and compares the value for money of this development mode and the traditional mode. On the basis of reading a large number of domestic and foreign related literature, this essay explains the relevant theories and establishes the value for money evaluation model of ecological port construction under PPP mode. According to the needs of the whole life cycle construction of ecological port, qualitative evaluation indexes are selected, and evaluation standards are constructed for qualitative analysis. After qualitative analysis, the feasibility of the scheme is verified again by using the quantitative analysis model of value for money. The empirical analysis shows that in Q port, the construction of ecological port with PPP mode can achieve value for money. This essay not only establishes the value for money evaluation model of ecological port PPP mode construction from the perspective of the whole life cycle, improving the efficiency of Q port PPP mode construction, and Q port ecological environment and industrial environment, in order to promote port economic development, but also provides support for the sustainable development of PPP mode in China, resulting in providing reference for similar port construction.

Research on sewage treatment under PPP mode

With the continuous progress of China’s reform and opening-up, China’s market economy is becoming more and more perfect, and the scientific and economic level of our country is getting higher and higher, but with the continuous improvement of economic strength, people’s awareness of environmental protection is getting stronger and stronger, and the requirements for the living environment are also getting higher and higher. Sewage treatment, which plays an important role in environmental protection, has attracted people’s attention. at present, our country mainly treats the sewage produced in production and life through the establishment of sewage treatment plants. PPP mode is a very suitable and popular sewage treatment mode. This paper mainly focuses on the characteristics and concept of PPP mode and the various advantages of using PPP mode to deal with sewage, targeted sewage treatment, reduce water pollution, better achieve the goal of energy-saving and emission reduction, and protect the environment.

BDS-3 differential code bias estimation with undifferenced uncombined model based on triple-frequency observation

Since 2015, the new generation global BDS system, i.e., BDS-3, has started its development with five experimental satellites demonstration system and has announced its initial global service officially on December 27, 2018. Among the various characteristics to be analyzed for the new generation BDS satellites, the differential code bias (DCB) is of special attention since that it has a direct dependence on the new signals, i.e., B1C and B2a, and it is one of the most intricacy problems in the ionosphere sensing and positioning with multi-GNSS and multi-frequency observations. To take the full capability of the triple-frequency BDS signals, this paper proposed a new method for the DCB estimation in which the undifferenced uncombined observations are processed in PPP mode. In addition, with the intention to estimate all the unknowns, including the DCB, in a single filter, the DESIGN (deterministic plus stochastic ionosphere model for GNSS) method is applied for the ionospheric delay constrains in this method. In the formula derivation, special attention is given to the DCB and clock parameters due to different frequencies for B1I/B1C, etc. Then, the efficiency of the new method is assessed with observations of 23 iGMAS stations capable for BDS triple-frequency tracking and 21 IGS stations capable for GPS triple-frequency tracking during DOY 001 to 090, 2019. Moreover, the traditional DCB estimation method by employing the geometry-free (GF) combination with the ionospheric delay removed by global ionosphere map product is also performed for comparison purpose. The experimental results suggest that by using the undifferenced uncombined solution, rather than the GF combination, the BDS-2 DCB on B1IB2I and B1CB3I can be improved, especially for the MEO satellites. Regarding to the DLR products, the undifferenced uncombined DCB solution presents a RMS of 0.32 ns and 0.27 ns for B1IB2I and B1CB3I, respectively. Concerning the BDS-3 satellites DCB, it is GF combination that performs better by a factor of 12.7% and 15.2% for B1CB2a and B1CB3I, respectively. This is mainly due to the fact that the undifferenced uncombined DCB solution is sensitive to the limited precision of the BDS-3 orbit and clock. This conclusion is further confirmed by the improvement in the GPS DCB solution with the new method. Compared with the GF combination solution, the STD for daily repeatability improves from 0.088 to 0.061 ns and 0.119 to 0.090 ns for satellite on C1WC2W and C1WC5X, respectively, by using the undifferenced uncombined model.

Research on the Application of PPP in Preventing and Resolving Local Debt Risk in China

By the end of 2018, China's local government debt balance was 1.83862 trillion Yuan, and the local government debt ratio was 76.6%. If the hidden local debts is taken into account, the debt ratio of local governments in China will be higher, which may approach or reach the internationally accepted warning standard. The increase of local debt will lead to increase the risk of local financial, economic, credit, social and politics. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the prevention of local debt risk. PPP mode itself will generate local debts, but PPP mode is one of the effective ways to prevent and dissolve local debts. It can prevent and defuse local debts by absorbing social capital to invest, invigorating existing infrastructure assets with PPP mode, transforming local financing platform with PPP mode and securitization of PPP project assets. However, there are still some problems in the application of PPP model in preventing and resolving local debts in China. It is necessary to reasonably design the risk sharing and prevention and control mechanism of PPP, further standardize the operation and management of PPP, promote the transformation of local financing platform companies with PPP model as far as possible, and actively promote the asset securitization of conditional PPP projects

Intelligent Heating Business Model Based on PPP Mode

Jinping Xi mentioned in China nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party that we should adhere to the principle of “continuous improvement in the management and application of Internet construction", establish an innovative “comprehensive network management system", promote the “new type of city moving towards the interconnection of all things" and enhance the ability of the government and enterprises to use Internet technology and information technology to carry out work and production and operation on the existing basis. The development of the Internet era has subtly changed the business models of all walks of life. All walks of life have also ushered in spring with the support of the Internet. As a livelihood industry that concerns tens of thousands of people, should heating innovate the traditional PPP model? This is a question worthy of our consideration. If we want to make users the center in the big environment, we should take up data as a powerful tool, use technology as an innovation opportunity, and innovate new business models on the original PPP model. This paper binds the interests of heating enterprises, users and the government, and seeks a business model that can better meet the interests of the three parties on the basis of the original PPP model.

Research on Risk Assessment of Expressway Project under PPP Mode

On the basis of literature survey, this paper combines qualitative research with quantitative research to evaluate the influencing factors of expressway project risk under PPP mode. This paper starts from three parts:Firstly, starting from the current situation of expressway construction projects at home and abroad through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of PPP mode and three characteristics, the necessity and importance of project risk management under PPP mode are obtained. Secondly, the paper elaborates the risk of PPP project of expressway identifies the corresponding risk, and initially determines the three major factors affecting the risk of expressway project under PPP mode. Finally, according to expert judgment, the most critical factor is determined and a scientific, reasonable and effective risk factor evaluation index system is established. The index system includes three first-level indicators and six second-level indicators. On this basis, the judgment matrix is constructed by using the analytic hierarchy process, so as to form the influencing factor model. Finally, taking Fuling-Fengdu Expressway in Chongqing as an example, this paper uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to carry out an empirical study on the model, in order to determine the importance of different risk factors.

Research on Fiscal Sustainability Risk Evaluation Model Based on Large-Scale Regional Comprehensive Development PPP Project

With the development of urbanization in China, the traditional PPP mode is no longer suitable for the urbanization in China. Therefore, the regional comprehensive development PPP mode is gradually concerned by government and enterprises. In view of the above development trend, this paper establishes a model of fiscal sustainability risk for large-scale regional comprehensive development PPP project to realize efficient allocation of resources, value maximization, fiscal sustainability risk evaluation, so as to achieve fiscal sustainability.

Factors affecting public-private partnership preference in Indian municipal waste sector

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management has been a crucial social sector and is part of millennium development goals. Government of India started to use public-private partnerships for this infrastructure provision but without knowing the rationale of its adoption. To this end, this study purposes to draw lessons on factors affecting PPP preference in Indian MSW sector. Questionnaire survey and interviews with the stakeholders of the PPP project provided the data for analysis. Factor analysis technique on the survey data resulted in four components each for attractive and negative factors. The findings suggest that MSW services primarily and importantly procured because of the PPP mode is more favoured on account of the dire need of MSW services in India and benefits. But, stakeholders perceived that PPP caused unfavourable results such as failed projects, high transaction costs, and overexploitation by the private sector. They attributed this negativity to the inappropriate procurement process. Hence, deliberation of the attractive factors and devising strategies to overcome the negative factors will help the public sector to successfully adopt PPP in MSW sector and to frame policies for the procurement of MSW projects through PPP route. This work is novel for providing sector-specific nuances.

Risk Assessment of PPP Model Based on Fault Tree Model for Urban Underground Utility Tunnel

The application of PPP mode in urban underground utility tunnel project has been vigorously promoted and popularized in China. However, the degree of project promotion varies greatly in different regions, and the enthusiasm of social capital to participate in projects varies. In essence, the impact of project risks cannot be ignored. Using the fault tree model to analyze the factors that affect the risk of PPP mode in the urban underground utility tunnel project, and obtains five factors which have great influence on the risk of the project, such as the demand for corridor entrance, revenue, financial capacity, imperfect legal system, land expropriation and historical legacy. Considering the different economic development strengths of different regions, the adaptability of PPP projects is different. Through the empirical analysis of improving the correlation degree, the conclusion is drawn that the application of PPP model in underground comprehensive pipeline corridor is more suitable for developed areas.

Will industrial restructuring under the infrastructure sector promote local governments to adopt the PPP model?

Based on the panel data of the industrial structure of 31 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) in China from 2007 to 2017, this paper studies the relationship between local government’s choice of PPP financing and industrial structure and regional attributes. The study found that the advanced industrial structure has a restraining effect on the choice of PPP mode for local governments in the infrastructure sector. Further research after adding regional attributes shows that the attributes of the central and western regions have different effects on the selection of PPP mode. This paper believes that the industrial structure is an important factor for the government to use the PPP model for financing. Therefore, local governments should fully consider the impact of regional industrial structure when conducting infrastructure investment and financing.

The Impact of Auditor Switch on Private Sector’s Financial Constraints during the Implementation of the PPP Contract: Empirical Analysis Based on PSM-DID Model

Government intervention is the primary reason for the failure of PPP projects in China. Therefore, project implementing agencies should “loosen the shackle” of social capital or project companies (private sector), so as to give full play to their subjective initiative and innovative spirit. Practically, however, the winning of the social capital or the project company in the implementation of the PPP will tend to take opportunism behaviour in order to increase their income, resulting in the phenomenon of “the winner’s curse”, so the project implementing agencies still need through inspection, testing, auditing, and other ways to supervise and control the social capital or the project company. Based on the above research background, It will be of great significance to explore the impact of auditor changes on the subsequent financing constraints of the private sector during the implementation of PPP contracts. Using data from listed companies participating in PPP project construction from 2000 to 2017, through the PSM-DID model, we find that: After eliminating the selectivity bias, auditor changes result in additional costs of debt; Audit opinion shopping, accompanied by auditor changes, makes listed companies face greater debt financing constraints during the implementation of the PPP contract. The results of this study enrich the research on the influence factors of corporate financial constraints and the corporate governance mechanisms of audit market, and reveal the effectiveness of audit supervision in PPP mode to improve project management efficiency and project operation.

The study on concession pricing mechanism of traditional village conservation projects based on PPP mode

Even though the introduction of PPP mode to the traditional village protection programs can make the private capital living and ease the government’s fiscal pressure, the direct contradiction between the interests of traditional village is an important factor influencing the successful implementation of the projects. The research on concession pricing mechanism of traditional village projects based on PPP mode aims to deal with the design of reasonable incentive mechanism and the establishment of the government compensation system, and coordinate the relationship among multiple stakeholders in PPP mode to ensure the smooth development of traditional village protection programs. Based on the above analysis, a model of traditional village protection PPP mode by the Multi-objective Planning could be built and according to the interests of participating subjects, the constraint conditions and priority ranking could be set. In the end of this paper, the solution of the franchising price interval was calculated by empirical analysis.

Risk Assessment and Analysis of Prefabricated Building Project based on PPP Mode

Nowadays, China has been promoting prefabricated construction. However, need for substantial initial investment, heavy incremental costs, and unclear market prospects result in low investments by enterprises and difficulty in promotion of the prefabricated construction. Therefore, many local governments consider public projects with an investment from the government to adopt prefabricated construction. This system leads to financial pressure on the government. Concerning the application of the PPP model for prefabricated construction projects, this paper considers several steps for risk evaluation and the analysis of such projects. First, the framework incorporating the PPP model for prefabricated construction is developed. Second, the assessment and importance analysis of the risks in these projects is carried out. Third, the system dynamics (SD) method is applied to construct the dynamic impact model for evaluating risks in the PPP-based prefabricated construction projects. Finally,the dynamic impact model is analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the related risks and impacts of applying PPP model to the public prefabricated construction projects. This analysis will help to identify alternative ideas and risk assessment methods for resolving the problems concerning the development of prefabricated construction.

Supervision Strategy of PPP Project in Urban Underground Integrated Pipe Gallery

The choice of government and social capital partner cooperation strategy in PPP mode has an important impact on the operation of the whole project, and the change of strategy of either party will be affected or influence the choice of the other party’s strategy. Therefore, the construction of the urban underground integrated pipe gallery PPP project is a process of a dynamic game between the government and social capital. It is impossible to use a single regulatory strategy throughout the life cycle of the project. This paper takes government supervision as the starting point, based on the evolutionary game theory, constructs the evolutionary game model according to the characteristics of the urban underground integrated pipe gallery PPP project, and mainly analyzes the equilibrium stability of the evolutionary game, which provides strong support for the improvement of the PPP project supervision strategy for urban underground integrated pipe gallery.