Ppm Iron Research Articles

Dietary iron and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced alterations in hepatic lipid peroxidation, glutathione content and body weight.

The effects of various levels of dietary iron on hepatic lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA] content), reduced glutathione (GSH) and GSH peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity as well as liver and body weights of female rats following TCDD administration were examined. Rats were fed diets containing deficient (6 ppm), normal (35 ppm) and supplemented (120 ppm) iron for 17, 24 and 31 days. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 40 micrograms/kg/day P.O.) in corn oil or the vehicle was given on days 9, 8 and 7 prior to sacrifice. TCDD treatment produced a 3-fold increase in hepatic MDA content in animals on normal iron diet. TCDD administration failed to increased MDA content in iron deficient animals. In the iron supplemented groups, TCDD resulted in 2.5 fold increases in lipid peroxidation. Dietary iron had no effect on hepatic GSH-PX activity. Animals on the iron deficient diet had 12-21% decreases in hepatic GSH content. TCDD administration resulted in 15-22% decreases in GSH content in animals on the control and iron supplemented diets. TCDD treatment resulted in significant decreases in body weights of animals on all 3 diets. TCDD induced lipid peroxidation appears to be iron dependent. However, the loss in body weight due to TCDD toxicity may not be dependent on lipid peroxidation.

2-Oximinodimedone monoguanylhydrazone as spectrophotometric reagent for determination of iron

The synthesis, properties and analytical possibilities of 2-oximinodimedone monoguanylhydrazone as spectrophotometric reagent have been examined. A new method for the determination of iron has been developed in a concentration range varying from 0·2–5·0 ppm of iron; the molar absorptivity is 1·1×104 litres mol−1 cm−1 at 600 nm and the relative error is ±0·3%. The method has been applied satisfactorily to the determination of iron in different inorganic samples.

Spectrophotometric determination of iron(II) with 2-(3′-sulfobenzoyl)pyridine benzoylhydrazone

A new, water-soluble hydrazone ligand, 2-(3-sulfobenzoyl)pyridine benzoylhydrazone (SBPBH), was prepared and used in the spectrophotometric determination of trace iron( II). The proton dissociation constants of the ligand determined spectrophotometrically were p K a1 = 3.6 6and p K a2 = 10.6 3at 25 ° C and μ = 0.2 (NaCl). Iron( II) reacts with SBPBH to form a 1:2 metal to ligand ratio complex, which has an absorption maximum at 646 nm. The optimum pH range for the formation of the complex is 7–11. Beer's law is obeyed over the range 0–4 ppm of iron( II). The proposed method was applied to the determination of the total iron in natural water samples.

Iron deficiency and interleukin 1 production by rat leukocytes

The production of the immunotransmitter, interleukin 1 (IL-1), by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) was examined in iron-deficient and control rats. Three groups of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified diet containing 6, 12, or 35 ppm iron for 6 wk to produce severe iron deficiency, moderate iron deficiency, or adequate iron status. Crude IL-1 samples were prepared from acute PEC and assayed for activity. IL-1 preparations from severely and moderately iron-deficient rats enhanced mouse thymocyte proliferation in vitro less than half as much as IL-1 preparations from control rats. In a rabbit bioassay, injection of IL-1 prepared with PEC from either group of iron-deficient rats had little effect on body temperature or plasma minerals, while IL-1 from iron-adequate source PEC produced a febrile response and markedly lowered plasma iron and zinc in recipient rabbits. Severe or moderate iron deficiency, then, clearly impairs IL-1 production by rat PEC.

Diffusion of positive mouns in copper detected by zero-field μSR

Using the Zero-Field μSR method coupled with the unique pulsed muon beam, new systematic measurements of diffusion (hopping) rate of positive muon were performed for the two ultra-pure copper samples (residual resistivity ratio = 18,000 and 7,350) and for the copper doped with 95 ppm iron. For these measurements a new detection system with an improved time resolution was installed to reduce the distortion of μ-e decay time spectrum due to the counting loss of positrons. A preliminary result suggests that the leveling-off of the hopping rate below 0.5 K is not affected by the purity for the ultra-pure sample, while it is strongly modified for the doped copper.

Identification of Ferrous Sulfate Toxicity in a Commercial Broiler Flock

A 2.5% mortality rate was observed in a flock of 19,000 commercial one-day-old broiler chicks that had been placed 24 hours previously on litter treated with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Ulcerative ventriculitis and severe hepatopathy were the primary lesions observed grossly and microscopically. Pooled digesta contained 6854 ppm iron. Lesions identical to those found in the field case were reproduced experimentally.

Distribution of iron and copper in the liver and spleen of veal calves in relation to the concentration of iron in the diet

The distribution of iron and copper in the liver and spleen of veal calves was determined in a group of calves fattened with a commercial milk replacer supplemented with 5 ppm iron and in a control group fed the unsupplemented milk replacer. No marked variations were detected in the distribution of iron and copper. A liver biopsy is therefore likely to be a representative sample of the whole liver with respect to iron and copper concentration.

Behaviour of tocopherols, heavy metals and stability of some vegetable oils from Egypt and Iraq during refining

AbstractSamples of crude, neutralized; bleached and deodorized cotton seed oil (Egypt), safflower oil (Iraq) and sunflower oil (Iraq) were analyzed for their total tocopherol and their contents of iron and copper, The stability of oils under investigation was measured by the Active Oxygen Method. The crude oils investigated contained from 1.22 to 1.87 ppm of iron and from 0.083 to 0.956 ppm of copper. These values for completely refined oils used were found to range from 0.626 to 1.01 ppm for iron and from 0.051 to 0.576 ppm for copper. The total tocopherol decreased from a range of 77.8 to 113 mg/100 g oils in crude oils to a range of 62.8 to 91.3 mg/100 g oil when the crude oils were completely refined. Studies on oils differing in the degree of refining used in this work evidence that neutralization and bleaching cause great decrease in total tocopherol, iron and copper. Meanwhile, deodorization had no pronounced effect on iron and copper, whereas its effect on total tocopherol was slight. The stability of the vegetable oils investigated decreased markedly during refining.

Indirect Voltammetric Determination of Iron at Parts-Per-Million Levels Using Either Ferron or BPDS

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of ferron and BPDS (bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid) in 0.5 M HAc/NaAc at pH 4.7 is studied by cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. Ferron shows a very sharp oxidation peak at + 0.74 V vs SCE while BPDS shows a sharp reduction peak at - 1.03 V. The heights of the peaks are shown to be inversely proportional to the iron (III) and iron (II) concentration of the solution, respectively. Linear calibration plots are obtained between 5 and 60 ppm of iron (III) for ferron and 0 to 60 ppm of iron (II) for BPDS using, initially, 4.00 mM solution of each reagent. A simple and fast procedure was developed for the analysis of iron content in pharmaceutical samples. The results are comparable with those found by spectrophotometry.

Radiochemical study of Cd, Co and Eu coprecipitation with iron hydroxide in seawater

The co-precipitation of Cd, Co and Eu from seawater onto ferric hydroxide was studied, using the radioactive tracers109Cd,60Co and152–154Eu, as a function of the pH, the concentration of the collector iron, the concentration of the metal spike and the aging of the internally formed precipitate. For preconcentration purpose, a pH 9 and a 35 ppm iron concentration appeared to be suitable. At pH 8, the natural pH of seawater, the distribution coefficients for Cd, Co and Eu are 104.5, 105 and 107, respectively.

Application of Penning mixture proportional counters for gas turbine engine x-ray fluorescence spectrometer wear metal monitor

The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry/analysis detection sensitivities for titanium, iron, copper, and silver in a lubricant oil matrix have been determined by using argon-neon, argon-xenon, and argon-isobutane Penning mixture proportional counters and curium-244, iron-55, americium-241, and cadmium-109 isotope source excitation. Three sigma wear metal detections under static conditions of 3 ppm iron, 1.2 ppm copper, 5.4 ppm titanium, and 9.6 ppm silver were achieved for a measurement time of 1000 s. The detection sensitivities of flowing analysis of used gas turbine engine lubricant were 3 ppm for iron and 1.8 ppm for copper. These values can enable the detection of abnormal wear metals in gas turbine engines. 10 references, 12 figures, 6 tables.

Rapid spectrophotometric determination of iron in natural waters with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-6-chlororesorcinol

4-(2-Thiazolylazo)-6-chlororesorcinol reacts sensitively with iron(II) to form a water-soluble brown complex which has a characteristic absorption at 741 nm. By utilizing this absorption, rapid and selective spectrophotometric determination of iron has been developed. The absorbance is constant at pH 8.7 to 10.9 and Beer's law holds up to 1.8 ppm of iron, with a molar absorptivity of 3.13 × 10 4 liters mol −1 cm −1. Many types of ions are tolerable and the method has been applied successfully to the determination of iron in river waters.

Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of iron(III) by extraction of mixed-ligand iron-tartrate-purpurin or iron-NTA-purpurin complex

Spectropbotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Iron(III) by Extraction of Mixed-Ligand Iron-Tartrate-Purpurin or Iron-NTA-Purpurin Complex A selective method is described for the determination of microgram amounts of iron(III) by means of its reaction at pH 9.0 with purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone) and tartrate or NTA and extraction into methyl isobutyl ketone. The molar absorptivity of the 1∶1∶2 iron(III)-auxiliary ligand-purpurin complex is 4.8×104 1·mole−1·cm−1 at 595 nm. Beer's law is obeyed from 0.05 to 0.25 ppm of iron in the aqueous phase. Procedures for determination of iron in tartrate or NTA medium, and fluoride-tartrate-NTA medium are given. The method is suitable for determining iron in Zn metal, W metal, NTA, drinking water, wines, urine and tartrates.

Germination, growth and starch breakdown in Cl3Fe pretreated pea and barley seeds

Abstract Pea and barley seeds were soaked for 3 hours in Cl3Fe solutions of 0, 50, 500, 2500 and 5000 ppm of iron. The influence of this pretreatment on germination, seedlings growth and starch breakdown was subsequently determined. These results were related to the capacity of iron accumulation in seeds and it subsequent transport to the seedlings.

Decreased antibody formation in iron-deficient rat pups—effect of iron repletion

Rats were fat diets containing 6, 12, or 250 ppm iron throughout gestation and lactation. On day 17, pups immunized with sRBC were used to determine antibody synthesis by the Jerne plaque assay. In both iron-deficient groups, antibody formation was decreased by at least 50% compared to controls. For 3 weeks beginning on day 21, iron-deficient pups were fed either a control diet (35 ppm iron) or the same iron-deficient diet as fed to the dam. IgG and IgM formation was only slightly improved in repleted rats and remained significantly below that of rats fed the control diet throughout the experiment. In contrast, 250 ppm iron pups fed an iron-deficient diet postweaning had significantly decreased IgG and IgM production compared to littermates fed a control diet postweaning. Maternal iron deficiency during the critical pre- and postnatal growth periods may result in long-term impairment of humoral immunity that is not corrected by dietary iron repletion after weaning.

Cellular Growth in Iron-Deficient Rats: Effect of Pre- and Postweaning Iron Repletion

Effects of iron deficiency and repletion pre- and postweaning on cell growth in young rats were studied. Pregnant dams were fed 6 or 250 ppm iron. On d 2 of lactation, half of the dams in each group were fed the opposite diet. On d 17, cell growth in the crossed-over groups was similar to controls showing that cellular development is impaired only when the iron deficiency is present during gestation and laction. In a second experiment pup littermates of dams fed 6 (D), 12 (M) and 250 (C) ppm iron were weaned to either the same diet as fed to their dams DD, MM or CC; repleted with iron DC, MC; or fed the deficient diet CD until 42 d of age. After dietary iron repletion, cell numbers in thymus (DC and MC) and liver (DC) were greater than those of deficient littermates, but were less than those of controls (CC). Iron repletion postweaning reduced the cardiac hypertrophy (DC vs. DD and MC vs. MM) and increased splenic cell number compared to unrepleted deficient littermates (DC vs. DD). Thus, the severity and reversibility of impaired cellular growth is dependent on the timing and severity of the deficiency and the organ affected.

Highly sensitive spectrophotometric determination of micro amounts of iron with chromai blue G and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride

A ternary complex between iron(III), Chromal Blue G (C. I. 43835) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride is proposed for the determination of iron (III). The stoichiometric ratio of iron (III) to Chromai Blue G is 1∶3. Beer's law is obeyed from 0.04 to 0.4 ppm of iron; the molar absorptivity is 1.43×105 l·mole−1·cm−1. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of iron in a magnesium alloy.

Synergistic Effect of Isopropyl Citrate and Phenolic Antioxidants

The synergistic antioxidant effects of tocopherol (Toc), isopropyl citrate (IPC) and certain phenolic antioxidants on lard and palm oil were investigated by the oven and AOM tests. The antioxidant effects of IPC were compared with those of the phenolic antioxidants in the same manner.1) IPC and guaiac resin (GR) had little antioxidant effect on lard or palm oil, but the other antioxidants had considerable efficiency in the order of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) > propyl gallate (PG) ≥ tertiary butyl hydroquinine (TBHQ) >dibutyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) on lard, and TBHQ>PG>NDGA>BHT on palm oil.2) TBHQ remarkably enhanced the antioxidant effects of a mixture of Toes (m-Toc) and dl-α-Toc on lard, and particularly hindered any increase in POV in the induction period. Synergistic effects on lard resulted by the addition of PG along with m-Toc, but such effects brought about by the addition of any other combination were either the summation of that for each component or less. Besides, efficiency on palm oil by the addition of any antioxidant along with Toc became lower than that by the addition of antioxidant only.3) As in the case of citric acid previously described [Yukagaku, 32, 695 (1983)], IPC enhanced the antioxidant effects of Toc on lard containing 4.4 ppm of iron. Thus, IPC may act as a metal deactivator in this system.

Photo-Oxidation of phenosafranine and neutral red in the presence of iron(III): Determination of trace amounts of iron and phosphate

Phenosafranine (Ph) and Neutral Red (NR) in the presence of iron(III) are decolorized by illumination with light of wavelength shorter than 360 nm. The decolorization mechanism involves ·OH radicals, formed during the photo-excitation of hydrolysed iron(III) species. In the presence of oxygen, iron(III) acts as a catalyst in the photochemical process. The photo-oxidation of Ph and NR is followed by measuring the decrease in absorbance of the dyes, and linear calibration graphs in the range 1–11 ppm of iron are obtained. The decrease in the fluorescence of phenosafranine has also been used to measure the photo-oxidation of this dye, and is linearly related to iron concentration in the range 0.1–1.1 ppm. Phosphate strongly inhibits the iron(III)-catalysed photodecolorization and this can be made the basis of a method for its determination (concentration limit 1×10−5M).

Spectrophotometric and polarographic studies of pyridin-2-aldehyde guanylhydrazone-Fe(II) system

The analytical properties of iron(II)-PAG system are described. The optimal conditions for a spectrophotometric determination of iron are ▪ shown. A determination of Fe(II) with PAG can be performed in a concentration range varying from 0.5 to 4.7 ppm of iron, the molar absorptivity is 1.3 × 10 4 liters · mol −1, at 380 nm and the relative error (95% confidence level) is ±0.3% for 1.9 ppm of iron. A polarographic behavior of iron(II)-PAG system has been attempted. Iron gives well-defined diffusion-controlled reduction wave with half-wave potential −0.42 V at 8.5 pH value. The electrode process is discussed.