Ppm Benzylaminopurine Research Articles

Ex vitro shoot induction of rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) with benzyl amino purine and naphthalene acetic acid

A medicinal plant called rodent tuber has the potential to both prevent and treat various diseases. There is no Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) governing the growth method of rodent tuber because it still grows wild and is rarely cultivated. This research aimed to study the optimal growth of rodent tuber for mass seed propagation based on the type of explants and the concentration of auxin and cytokinin combinations for inducing shoots. While generative parameters (harvesting of tubers/shoots) were observed up to 13 WAP (Week After Planting), vegetative parameters were observed up to 10 WAP. The results showed that the best type of explants for shoot induction and growth of rodent tuber were whole plants with a survival rate of 100%; the number of shoots was 6.65; the plant height was 21.27 cm with 6.34 leaves; 26.56 roots with a length of 16.05 cm; and 40.80% flowering plants. PGR (Plant Growth Regulator) combination of 50 ppm BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) and 100 ppm NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) became the best explant soaking solution by forming eight shoots and the height of plants was 24.13 cm with seven leaves. The explant produced the highest root length in a combination of 100 ppm BAP and 50 ppm NAA, which was 17.70 cm. The interaction between whole plant explants immersed in 0 ppm BAP and 100 ppm NAA solution resulted in the most significant number of roots (41). Those goals can support the SOP of propagated methods and ensure the consistency, quality, and availability of raw materials for traditional medicine.

The Effect of IAA and BAP on Root Induction of Cattleya Orchids

Orchid is an ornamental plant commodity that has an important meaning in international trade. Until now, orchids are still the center of attention of farmers and lovers of ornamental plants, because of their bright potential as cut flowers and potted plants. The popular and widespread type of orchid is Cattleya sp. The Cattleya orchid is also called the queen of orchids because of its colorful flowers. Cattleya sp. orchids take a long time to propagate by seed, about 4 to 7 years, so other methods are needed to deal with them. Tissue culture is a method for isolating plant parts such as cells, tissues or organs, and cultivating them in an aseptic environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal interaction of growth regulators indole acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), and their interactions with the root induction of Cattleya sp. Cytokinins interact with auxin in determining the direction of cell differentiation. In this research method, differences in concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA: 0, 2, 4, 6 ppm) and concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP: 0, 0, 5, 1 ppm) were carried out. Parameters observed were the number of roots and root length. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using ANOVA. The highest number of roots was obtained in the treatment medium containing 0.5 ppm BAP and 6 ppm IAA, which was 6.33. The highest root length was found in the B0I4 treatment (BAP 0 + IAA 4 ppm). The results of the analysis of the interaction variance between the IAA treatment and the BAP treatment were 0.005, meaning that there was a significant effect of the combination of IAA and BAP on the leaf length of Cattleya sp.

In vitro seed germination of local red pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) from Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi

South Sulawesi is one of the centers of citrus development in Indonesia. Potential production centers are in Pangkep Regency. One of the cultivars that are cultivated and become a commercial farm is the red pummelo. Red pummelo has higher total phenolic and carotenoid content, so it is a good source of antioxidants and has the potential to become a superior functional food. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimal concentration of benzyl amino purine (BAP) hormone on in vitro germination of red pummelo. Planting material used in this study was seeds extracted from fruit obtained from citrus plantations in Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. After sterilization, the seeds were planted on MS media with the treatment of BAP 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 ppm. Observations were made for 8 weeks with the parameters of the number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test at the 5% level, and if there was a significant effect, it was continued with the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the BAP had a significant effect on the parameters of the number of roots with a value of 0.11 and the number of shoots with a value of 0.16. The results of the Mann-Whitney further test showed that there was a significant difference between the 2.5 ppm and 0 ppm BAP treatments on the number of roots and the 2.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm BAP treatments on the number of shots.

Callus Development from Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Stem at Various Concentrations of Benzylaminopurine

Potato has the potential for food diversification.The propagation method in a short period is needed. One of the methods used is plant tissue culture. Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), determine the success of propagation by tissue culture method. This research aimed to study the use of different BAP concentrations for callus development from stem explants. The explants put on culture medium added by 0, 1, 2, 3 ppm BAP. The development of the stem explant observed every week for a month. The results showed that callus formed in all media. Without BAP treatment, callus were formed after 2 weeks and got browning, then stopped growing. Callus grew and showed differentiation by application of all the BAP concentration. Callus greowth was optimally at 2 ppm BAP treatment. The callus from 1 ppm BAP produced the most number of roots, shoots and leaves than another concentration. This experiment showed that different BAP concentrations affected callus development of S. tuberosum from stem explant. The conclusion was callus growth has obtained by the treatment of 2 ppm BAP, while the development of callus has obtained on addition of 1 ppm BAP. The novelty of this research is the callus induction method from potato sprout stems grown from potato seeds with plant growth regulators Benzyl Amino Purine. Callus induction method from potato sprout stems grown from potato seeds can be a guide for embryogenic callus induction.

Effect of BAP and 2,4-D on callus induction of Jatropha curcas in vitro

Abstract. Andaryani S, Samanhudi, Yunus A. 2019. Effect of BAP and 2,4-D on callus induction of Jatropha curcas in vitro. Cell Biol Dev 3: 56-65. The aim of this study was to obtain appropriate concentrations of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to increase callus induction in vitro using shoot explants of Jatropha curcas L. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, from July to August 2010. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatment factors and three replications. The first factor is the level of BAP concentration, namely: 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 1.5 ppm, and 2 ppm. The second factor is the concentration of 2,4-D, namely: 0 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.5 ppm, and 0.75 ppm. Observation variables included callus emergence time, callus color, callus texture, root emergence time, number of roots, shoot emergence time, number of shoots, leaf emergence time, number of leaves, and callus fresh weight. Qualitative data are presented descriptively. Quantitative data includes callus fresh weight data, which was analyzed for variance based on the 5% F test and continued with the DMRT test at the 5% level. The results showed that the combination of 2 ppm BAP treatment and 0.25 ppm 2,4-D was the fastest in inducing callus, 5.67 Days After Planting (DAP). All the resulting calluses have a crumb texture. The average callus color in all treatment combinations was yellowish-green. Only the treatment combination of 1 ppm BAP without 2,4-D could produce roots at 9 DAP. The combination of 0.5 ppm BAP treatment and 0.25 ppm 2,4-D was the fastest to produce shoots, 6 DAP. The fastest leaf emergence was obtained in the 1 ppm BAP treatment without 2,4-D, 11 DAP. The combination of 2 ppm BAP treatment and 0.5 ppm 2,4-D resulted in the largest callus fresh weight (2.56 g).

Pengaruh Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh terhadap Perkecambahan dan Inisiasi Tunas Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Kultivar Sukari

The study was conducted to determine the effect of several compositions of growth regulators (PGR) on germination and shoot initiation of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in vitro. The study consisted of 2 experimental stages. The first phase of the study was aimed to determine the effect of the addition of Gibberellin PGR on the length of time the sprouts appeared, the number of explants that germinated, and the length of the sprouts produced. The second stage of the research was to determine the combination of PGR Indhol Acetic Acid (IAA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) which was able to initiate the emergence of shoots in the hypocotyl of dates. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD). The first experiment consisted of 3 media treatments, namely: agar without additional ZPT (GA0); agar medium with 50 ppm GA (GA1); and agar medium with 100 ppm GA (GA2). Each media treatment consisted of 5 seeds and was repeated 3 times. The second stage of the experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with 5 media treatments, namely: P0 (MS medium without PGR); P1 (MS + 1 ppm IAA + 1 ppm BAP); P2 (MS + 2 ppm IAA + 1 ppm BAP); P3 (MS + 3 ppm IAA + 1 ppm BAP); P4 (MS + 1 ppm IAA + 2 ppm BAP); and P5 (MS + 1 ppm IAA + 3 ppm BAP). Each treatment consisted of 5 explants and repeated 3 times. Parameter observation data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if significant results were obtained, continued with the Least Significant Difference (BNT) further test. The results of the first experimental data analysis showed that the treatment with 50 ppm GA3 significantly shortened the time of emergence of sprouts to 10 days and the number of explants that germinated on average was 4.5 explants. The results of observations and data analysis in the second experiment showed that the combination of IAA and BAP ZPT were significantly able to induce shoot formation on P4 and P5 media, which were 2.83 and 1.3 explants that formed shoots, respectively. Treatment with P4 was able to significantly increase the number of shoots produced by an average of 2.63 shoots per explant.

Respon Pertumbuhan Hipokotil Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barari Madu pada Beberapa Konsentrasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh secara In Vitro

This study aims to determine the growth response of the hypocotyl date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barari on several types and concentrations of Growth Regulators (PGR) in vitro. The research was carried out by planting 30-day-old hypocotyl dates on Murashige Skoog (MS) media by giving several concentrations of ZPT Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP). The treatment given is; P0 (Media MS0, without the addition of PGR), P1 (Media MS+1 ppm NAA+1 ppm BAP), P2 (Media MS+2 ppm NAA+1 ppm BAP), and P3 (Media MS+3 ppm NAA+1 ppm BAP). Each treatment consisted of 20 explants with 3 replications. The parameters observed were: 1) the first time shoots/roots appeared; 2) percentage of explants forming roots; 3) percentage of explants forming shoots; and 4) the color of the explants in each treatment after 30 days. Observational data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the hypocotyl response of the Barari cultivar planted in treatments P1, P2, and P3 showed cell enlargement and elongation, in contrast to explants in treatment P0 which did not show any growth response. In treatments P1 and P2, cell elongation occurred until the 10th day followed by root formation on the 15th day after planting. The percentage of explants that formed roots at P1 and P2 were 21.67% and 16.67%, respectively. In the P3 treatment, the explants only experienced cell enlargement and elongation without the formation of shoots or roots. The color of the explants on P0 treatment was slightly brown green with black tips after 30 DAP. Explants planted at P1, P2, and P3 formed shoots or shoots+roots, the hypocotyl area remained green, shoots were greenish-white, and roots were white.

Response of some soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) varieties on flooded conditon with application of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Salicylic Acid (SA) in the R3 phase

Soybean production (Glycine max (L.) Merril) in Indonesia has fluctuation every year. The area of wetlands in Indonesia is about 24.5 million ha, but only about 8.5 million ha of wetlands are used as rice fields, the remaining 16 million ha have not been utilized. The study aims to determine the response of some soybean varieties on the application of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and salicylic acid (SA) in flooded conditions. The research initiated in research land of the Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Sumatera Utara, using the Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatment factors namely varieties consisting of 3 varieties (Demas 1, Dering 1 and Burangrang), the concentration of plant growth regulator consisting of 3 levels (control, 50 ppm BAP + 100 ppm of SA and 100 ppm of BAP + 200 ppm of SA) and the treatment of flooding stress consisting of 2 treatments (control and flooded). The results showed that the varieties had critical effect on the parameters of number of pods per plant and the weight 100 seeds. Synthetic plant growth regulator concentration had no effect on all the observation parameters, but flooding stress had significant induce on the parameter of number of pods per plant.

MICROPROPAGATION OF Labisia pumila USING EMBRYO CULTURE

Labisia pumila or commonly known as Kacip Fatimah is one of the plants that were used as a medicinal purpose. Previously, several studies on the regeneration of the plant through tissue culture had been conducted. L. pumila can be planted using macropropagation technique in which L. pumila can be propagated by using stem cuttings. However, the seed yields were low. This study was initiated to regenerate L. pumila using micropropagation from the embryo as the explant. Embryos were cultured on different strength MS culture mediums which are full–strength and half–strength whereby the half-strength MS medium was supplemented with 0.5 ppm benzylaminopurine (BAP) for shoot induction. Shoot formation was achieved from both media. High rate of shoot formation occurred on full-strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. Multiple shoots was established on half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 ppm BAP. Shoots elongation and plantlet establishment were produced with culture on half-strength MS medium with combination of 0.5 ppm BA and 0.5 ppm IAA.

Variation of axillary growth as respond of Morus spp. micropropagation using various concentration of Indonesian local solid substance

Abstract. Wulandari YRE, Anggradita LD. 2020. Variation of axillary growth as respond of Morus spp. micropropagation using various concentrations of Indonesian local solid substance. Biodiversitas 21: 80-85. The difficulties of growing Morus spp. makes it become one local plant that hard to cultivate conventionally even though it’s a beneficiary plant. Hence cultivation Morus spp. through tissue culture technique could help growing this plant. This research is aimed to design the optimal condition for micropropagation of local Morus spp. (Morus bombycis var. lembang, M. cathayana, M. multicaulis, and M. alba var. kanva-2) using agar-agar as Indonesian local solid substance. This solid substance is used as its cheap and easy to find compared to other solid substances. This research used MS medium supplemented with 0.1 ppm naphthalene acetic acid + 1.0 ppm benzyl aminopurine and various concentration of agar-agar (0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%). Growth rate, axillary bud length and number, leaf number, callus formation and contamination were observed in this research. All those concentrations could be used for micropropagation of Morus spp. Agar concentrations of 0.8 and 1.0% showed better results than 0.6% because it showed the highest results.

Pengaruh Air Kelapa dan BAP terhadap Tanaman Teh Klon GMB 7 setelah Centering Ke-2

The Effect of Coconut Water and Bap on Tea Plant Clone Gmb 7 After 2nd Centering. Tea plants as one of the leading commodities in Indonesia demanding high productivity. Clone GMB 7 and maintenance such as the formation of the area of plucking by 1st centering and 2nd centering on the immature plant can be done to improve the productivity of tea. Centering that plays a role in stimulating bud formation can be enhanced by the addition of Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) derived from natural ingredients such as coconut water and synthetic ingredients such as Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP). This research was conducted to determine the effect of BAP concentration and coconut water on tea plants after the 2nd centering. The research was conducted from July 2017 to September 2017 at Ciparanje Field Station, Padjadjaran University. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments repeated 4 times. The treatment used were: control (without PGR); 25% coconut water; 50% coconut water; 75% coconut water; 60 ppm BAP; 90 ppm BAP; and 120 ppm BAP. The best result are shown by 50% coconut water on the ratio of leaves number, the ratio of bud number, and the bud length.

Shoot multiplication of Pogostemon cablin var. Sidikalang and patchouli oil profile

Abstract. Hardjo PH, Susanto DPS, Savitri WD, Purwanto MGM. 2019. Shoot multiplication of Pogostemon cablin var. Sidikalang and patchouli oil profile. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 123-127. Pogostemon cablin Benth. is a plant producing patchouli oil, which mostly consists of patchouli alcohol compound. Patchouli oil has great potentials in the world market because of its stability and high price. In this study, in vitro multiplication of Sidikalang variety of Acehnese patchouli shoots was done on solid and liquid Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. This study aimed to determine the effect of cytokinins in various combinations of shoot multiplication and to compare the patchouli oil yield of in vitro and ex vitro culture. In vitro multiplication of Acehnese patchouli shoots by using solid MS medium with addition of 0.2 ppm benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 ppm Kinetin resulted in shoot explants with an average growth index of 82.198 ± 0.690. Patchouli oil extraction was done on 7 weeks old in vitro shoot explants cultured on solid MS medium + 0.2 ppm BAP + 0.2 ppm Kinetin using water distillation method. In vitro shoots yielded 2.5% patchouli oil and contained ± 35% patchouli alcohol compound, whereas ex vitro shoots produced 4% patchouli oil and contained ± 25% patchouli alcohol compound. The qualitative analysis by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that there were similarities in the number of spot and Rf value for each spot of ex vitro and in vitro patchouli oil.

Induksi Kalus Tanaman Puspa (Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth) dengan Penambahan Beberapa Konsentrasi Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP) dan 2,4-Diklorofenoksiasetat (2,4-D)

The research about Callus Induction of Puspa (Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth) with several concentrations addition of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetid acid (2,4-D) had been done from October until November 2016 at Plant Physiology dan Tissue Culture Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University. The aim of this researh is to get the combination of 2,4-D and BAP to induce the best callus of Schima wallichii. This research used a Completely Randomized Design Method with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The result showed that combination of 2 ppm 2,4-D + 0,75 ppm BAP was the best concentration to induce callus of Schima wallichii.

PENGARUH BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) DAN AIR KELAPA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TUNAS PUCUK DAN KANDUNGAN SULFORAFAN BROKOLI (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) SECARA IN-VITRO

This study aims to know the effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Coconut Water on shoot bud growth and Broccoli Sulforaphane content (Brassica oleracea L. var italic Plenck). The study was conducted in the laboratory of Biotechnology Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture of Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, that conducted from August-December 2017. This study used a Complete Randomized Design (RAL), consisting of 8 treatments and each repeated as many 4 times, so we get 32 unit experiment. The variables observed were number of buds, number of leaves, plant height, wet weight, root number and Sulforaphane content analysis. The result of research shows that analysis of variance showed that in the use of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) concentration 3 ppm tends to increase the number of leaves aged 4 Weeks After Culture (MSK) and increase the number of shoots age 2 and 6 Weeks After Culture (MSK). Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 3 ppm can increase the wet weight of age 6W eeks After Culture ((MSK). Coconut water 20% tends to increase the number of leaves at age 6 Weeks After Culture (MSK) and increase the number of shoots aged 6 Weeks After Culture (MSK), while for combination of 3 ppm Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and coconut water 20% tends to increase the number of leaves aged 2 Weeks After Culture (MSK) and the number of shoots aged 2 Weeks After Culture (MSK). Combination of coconut water and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) is not detected by the content of Sulforaphane.

Thidiazuron regulated growth, secondary metabolism and essential oil profiles in shoot cultures of Ajuga bracteosa

Ajuga bracteosa a highly demanding pharmaceutical plant, is getting endangered in several regions of the world due to ruthless and destructive harvesting. Research efforts need to be done for its sustainable production and utilization. In this study, effects of Thidiazuron (TDZ) in comparison to conventional cytokinins were tested in vitro on shoot morphogenesis, antioxidant system and biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds in A. bracteosa. Thidiazuron alone acted as the best growth regulator for direct shoot morphogenesis in explants by promoting highest induction of shoots (88%) in stem explants cultivated on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 1.2 ppm (TDZ). At lower doses (0.5 ppm), TDZ resulted in highest multiplication (18 shoots) and elongation (5.8 cm) of shoots. Further, shoot cultures raised in vitro at TDZ (1.2 ppm) displayed higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD: 4.2 U/mg protein), peroxidase (POD: 2.8 U/mg protein) and ascorbate peroxidase (APx: 1.8 U/mg protein), respectively.Maximum total phenolic content (TPC; 4.5 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC; 3.5 mg QE/g DW), respectively were detected in shoot cultures grown over MS medium combined with 1.2 ppm TDZ plus 2.0 ppm benzylaminopurine (BA). Analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) showed, biosynthesis of 34 volatile compounds in the in vitro raised shoots. Wherein, TDZ (1.2 ppm) resulted in production of substantial amounts of bioactive monoterpene hydrocarbons including α-pinene (5.3%), camphene (4.45%), limonene (3.4%), 1,8–cineole (14.3%), α-thujone (9.4%) and oxygenated monoterpenes such as camphor (12.2%), borneol (11.4%) and nerol (9.2%). Thus, besides providing an ex-situ conservation strategy for a high valued medicinal herb, this study has the potential for commercial production of important bioactive volatile compounds.

Effects of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) on mineral elements and lipid content in relation to senescence of two cowpea varieties

The effects of combined treatment of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and benzyl amino purine (BAP) was studied on mineral elements (Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, sodium, iron and Manganese) and lipid content in relation to senescence. The experimental site for this study was situated at the botanical garden of the Biological Science Department of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. The cowpea varieties used for this study were, Kanannado, a local cowpea variety and IT 89KD – 288 an improved variety which are photosensitive, there were four treatments namely nitrogen fertilizer, BAP, combined treatment of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and BAP and then the control, there were 15 replications for each treatment. The procedure involved foliar spray of the plants with liquid nitrogen fertilizer (100ml in 15 liters of water), BAP at 200ppm concentration, combined treatment of liquid nitrogen fertilizer with BAP at 3:1 ratio while the control plants were foliarly sprayed with distilled water, the spray was done at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after planting. The rainy season trial was carried out on the 9th of August 2012, while the dry season trial was carried out on 20th January 2013. IT89KD-288 had the highest content of calcium and potassium while Kanannado had the highest content of magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, iron and manganese. While comparison between the treatment showed that the treatment with the highest mineral elements contents such as Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium and Iron in the varieties was the combined treatment of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and BAP (150%N+200ppm BAP), while 200ppmBAP had the highest content of Magnesium and Manganese. 150%N treatment had the highest content of calcium; the control plants had the least content of all the mineral elements. Comparison between the two seasons, the result had shown that there were more mineral elements in the rainy season than in the dry season. With regards to lipid content comparison between the treatments has shown that the variety IT89KD-288 had the highest lipid content at 6 weeks only but at 9 and12 weeks Kanannado had the highest content. Between the treatments, 150% N + BAP had the highest content followed by 150%N at 6 weeks but at 9 and 12 weeks there was more lipid with 200ppm BAP, between the two seasons, there was more lipid in the rainy season than dry season. The significant findings of this study is that the combined treatment of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and BAP (150%N+200ppm BAP) improved the mineral element and lipid content and delay senescence in the two cowpea varieties. Therefore could be recommended for usage to farmers.Keywords: Cowpea, Benzyl Amino Purine, Lipid, senescence, Fertilizer

ENRAIZAMIENTO IN VITRO DE EMBRIONES CIGÓTICOS DE Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd ex Mart

<p><em>Acrocomia aculeata</em> es una especie potencial para la industria energética; sin embargo, la latencia de sus semillas retrasa la germinación, afectando al rendimiento. El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, el objetivo fue establecer un protocolo de embriogénesis cigótica y enraizamiento de esta especie. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, aplicándose el test Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney con 5% de probabilidad de error, previa comprobación de supuestos de distribución. Los tratamientos fueron medios MS (Murashige y Skoog) con bencilaminopurina (BAP) en 1, 2 y 4 ppm, medios MS con 2 g/L de carbón activado (CA) y MS simples. Se utilizaron 45 embriones cigóticos cultivados inicialmente en medios MS con 2g/L de CA, expuestos a oscuridad inicial por 20 días; posteriormente subcultivados en los tratamientos. La variable medida fue la longitud radicular, evaluada en dos periodos de 20 días. No existió efectos significativos en los tratamientos con BAP, el CA suprimió la oxidación en explantes; mientras que, los mejores resultados presentaron los tratamientos 1 (MS+1 ppm de BAP) y 4 (MS+CA 2g/L) con 6 y 5 cm de longitud radicular respectivamente, luego de 40 días de incubación.</p>

Comparative Effects of Foliar Application of Gibberellic Acid and Benzylaminopurine on Seed Potato Tuber Sprouting and Yield of Resultant Plants

Seed potato tubers planted immediately after harvest is characterized by delayed plant emergence, poor establishment and low yields. Gibberellic acid (GA) and Benzylaminopurine (BA) or their combinations cause dormancy breakage though little information is available on their combined application to dormancy termination. The effects of foliar application of GA and BA on potato tuber sprouting and subsequent yield were studied. Three potato varieties with different tuber dormancy period; ‘Asante’ (short dormancy), Dutch Robyjn (medium dormancy) and ‘Kenya Sifa’ (long dormancy) were planted at National Potato Research Centre, Tigoni and sprayed with a factorial combinations of 0, 50, 100, 300 ppm GA and 0, 50, 75, 100 ppm BA separately and combined at the rate of 1000 lts/ha spray volume towards the end of maturation. The resulting tubers were put in diffuse light storage (DLS) and data on number, length and vigour of sprouts recorded. Sprouted seed tubers were subsequently planted and evaluated for both growth characteristics and yields. The data collected was subjected to analysis of variance and significantly different means were separated using Fisher’s protected least significant difference at p≤0.05. Higher rates of foliar application of GA+BA (300 ppm + 100 ppm) compared with the control (0 + 0) resulted in significant increase insprout length (cm), number of sprout/tuber, sprout vigour (score), and % sprouting from 3.24 to 7.02 and 3.84 to 9.03, 2.04 to 4.45 and 2.07 to 4.8, 1.7 to 3.06 and 1.63 to 3.23, 61.21to 86.67and 63.3 to 83.7 in Asante, 2.94 to 8.03 and 2.8 to 7.99, 1.84 to 5.24 and 1.87 to 4.76, 1.3 to 3.0 and 1.27 to 2.63, 50.61 to 92.7 and 52.7 to 85.7in Dutch Robyjn and 0.79 to 6.43 and 1.32 to 6.99, 0.61 to 3.49 and 0.79 to 3.33, 0.61 to 3.03 and 0.73 to 2.83, 22.12 to 85.76 and 28.3 to83.7 in Kenya Sifa after storage in 2008 and 2009 respectively. A combination of BA and GA resulted in significantly more growth than using only GA or BA alone at the same level. Similarly the subsequent tuber numbers per plant and yield (tons/ha) in resultant plants increased from 7.13 to 12.53 and 24.66 to 32.27, 6.93 to 10.47 and 16.73 to 23.37, and 5.63 to 9.6 and 17.53 to 30.13 in Asante, Dutch Robyjnand Kenya Sifa respectively. Combined application of GA + BA at varied rates can be used to improve sprouting characteristics of seed potato and yield of resultant plants.

Anatomical Characterization of Flower-bud Blasting and Suppression Following Hormone Application in Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.

Flower-bud blasting is a constraint for producing Eustoma grandiflorum so a preventative strategy is needed. Flower-bud blasting occurs under low light intensity and high fertilizer input. To gain insight into the mechanisms of flower-bud blasting, we conducted a detailed characterization of flower development under normal and blast-inducing conditions. We found that floral buds under low light intensity ceased to grow at the stamen and gynoecium differentiation stages, although sepals and petals were initiated normally. Aborted flowers rarely had normal ovules. Moreover, an expanded apical meristem was observed. These results show that the differentiation and development of reproductive organs are critically suppressed by blast-inducing conditions; however, combined application of 300 ppm benzylaminopurine and 200 ppm gibberellic acid-3 to floral buds resulted in about five-fold greater frequency of flower opening compared to controls. Blasting inhibition also resulted from excising the inflorescent branch, suggesting the decrease in assimilates in flower buds would be attributed to flower-bud blasting. Moreover, hormone application combined with excision had an additive effect for preventing flower-bud blasting, suggesting that these treatments independently inhibit flower-bud blasting. These results suggest that flower-bud blasting in Eustoma is a break in floral development around the stamen and gynoecium initiation stages and is integrally induced by the factors related to hormone biosynthesis and the decrease in assimilates.

In vitro propagation of Arabis drabiformis Boiss. (Brassiaceae) an endemic rare species of Uludağ mountain (Bursa-Turkey)

In vitro methods were widely used in the conservation of the threatened plants in recent years and it is clear that this trend is increasingly applied to more plant species facing risk of extinction. This study aimed to standardise a simple and proper micropropagation system for relic endemic plant species Arabis drabiformis by using shoot tip and internode explants. Shoot tip and internode explants were excised from 30 to 40 day old in vitro germinated seedlings and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing different combinations of benzylamino purine (BAP) and kinetin (Ki). MS medium supplemented with 2.0 ppm BAP was the most effective for shoot formation. Elongated shoots were successfully rooted in the MS medium that contained 0.5 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Propagation and growth of plantlets under greenhouse condition were managed successfully. Key words : Arabis drabiformis , in vitro propagation, shoot regeneration.