Portland Pozzolana Cement Research Articles

Effect of Addition of Alccofine on the Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar Cubes

In the modern era, many research works are going on throughout the world for finding suitable cementitious material for the replacement of cement since it causes environmental pollution. In this order Fly ash, Silica fume, GGBS, Metakaolin, Micro materials, Quartz powder, etc. are tried out for replacing partially or fully the cement in concrete. A new ultrafine material called Alccofine (AF) which is manufactured from glass wastes is tried out for replacing partially in this research. Compressive strength is one of the important properties of cement. Strength tests are not made on neat cement paste because of difficulties of excessive shrinkage and subsequent cracking of neat cement. Cement mortar of 1:3 mix proportion is used to cast the cubes having an area of 50 cm2 are used for the determination of compressive strength of cement as per IS: 4031-1988 (Part-6). The graded Indian Standard sand (Ennore Sand -ES) confirming to IS: 650-1991 is used for preparing the cubes. In the same mix proportion, the same size cubes are cast with the River Sand (RS) to study the difference of the compressive strength between the Indian standard sand and river sand. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolana Cements (PPC) are used. The present study is the influence of Alccofine on cement mortar cubes by replacing the cement by Alccofine with various proportions like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% were cast and tested in the laboratory as per Indian Standard 4301-1988 (Part-6) and the results were analysed and presented in the form of charts and graphs. It is observed that the early age strength is obtained for all the combinations but 10 percent of Alccofine yields more strength than other dosages. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01265 Full Text: PDF

Production of Portland pozzolana cement from rice husk ash

This study investigates the compressive strengths of mortar prisms of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) samples prepared with 6.67–20.00% compositions of rice husk ash (RHA) as the pozzolanic constituents. CEN standard sand–cement, and pit sand-cement mortar prisms were separately prepared using cement-sand blend ratio 1:3. The optimum strength of the CEN standard sand-cement mortar prisms after 1, 2, 7, and 28 days was recorded at 20.00% RHA composition. However, the compressive strength of the pit sand-cement mortar prisms, with 20.00% RHA was low on the 7th and 28th day. The micrographs obtained for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the spectra obtained from the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, reveal characteristic properties of the RHA and 20% RHA-cement which makes the RHA a suitable pozzolanic material for PPC production.

Performance studies on limestone calcined clay based concrete

In the construction field, lot of improvement in sustainable development is going on from last few decades, mainly use of pozzolanic materials are increasing day by day for the production of cement. On the other hand a lot of anthropogenic CO2 gas is liberating in to atmosphere while manufacturing cement. To alter the emission of CO2, use of alternative cementious materials is one of the best practices like fly ash, rice husk ash, GGBS and Metakaolin. Due to the use of such materials there is a lag in early strength development in concrete. Hence there is need to develop a substitute material for cement without negotiating in properties. In the present paper Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is examined for strength and durability and the results are compared with Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) for M 50 grade of concrete. From results it is found that the use of LC3 concrete is beneficial in terms of strength and durability.

Experimental studies on mechanical and durability characteristics of lc3 concrete

In the present day context utilization of natural resources is increasing day by day, which is a burden for future generations. Limiting the usage of natural raw materials and development of sustainable methodologies is needed in all aspects of construction activities. In this regard, manufacturing of cement requires large amount of limestone deposits, fuel energy and on the other hand cement manufacturing liberates carbon dioxide (CO2) into atmosphere. Liberation of CO2 results in global warming which leads to climatic changes. Hence there is a need to develop an alternative material superior to cement without compromising its properties. To address the above problem present study is focused on examining the usage of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as partial replacement to clinker to an extent of 50% in concretes. M 30 grade of concrete is considered for investigation with three types of binders (i.e. LC3, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC). From the studies on strength and durability it is evident that the performance of LC3 concrete is better than OPC and PPC based concrete.

Stabilization of Black Cotton soil using Portland Pozzolana Cement and GGBS - A Case study

Stabilization of Black Cotton soil using Portland Pozzolana Cement and GGBS - A Case study

Recycling and utilization of spent potlining by different high temperature treatments

Spent potlining (SPL) is generated at the end of the service life of aluminum reduction cells and is a hazardous solid waste that negatively impacts the environment and ecology. Based on the differences in the hazardous and valuable components of SPL, a classified recycling and utilization path is proposed in this work. Three different high-temperature processes of oxygen-controlled treatment, vacuum treatment, and co-processing in a cement kiln were adopted for spent cathode carbon block (SCCB), spent silicon carbide block (SSCB) and spent barrier and insulating refractory materials (SBIM), respectively. After the classified treatments, all the cyanides in SCCB were decomposed, almost all the Si3N4 was decomposed and Na2SiO3 was removed from SSCB, and over 99% of the fluorides was separated from SCCB and SSCB to obtain high graphitization carbon and silicon carbide. The fluorides in SBIM were converted into a mineralizer that lowered the burning temperature of the cement clinker. The performances of prepared cement met the requirements of Portland slag, Portland pozzolana and Portland flash ash cements.

Performance of nano materials for the strength development in concrete cube used as Partial replacement for cement at different temperatures

These days, applications of nanotechnology in the field of construction are looking for a resolution to decrease the practice of cement and accordingly to decrease the discharge of pollutants in the environment. In this concern, the outcome of different proportions of the functionalized Multi - Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the alteration of mechanical properties of hardened cement paste and cubes was inspected. The addition percentages of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) with % replacement of MWCNT were 0%, 0.01%, 0.025% and 0.05%. Additionally, the Mechanical Property of the hardened Cement Concrete was inspected by the use of different tests on cement, aggregates, on fresh and hardened concrete. The concrete cube is tested in different temperatures (Room Temperature, High Temperature and Low Temperature) in this work. The results show that replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) with up to 0.05% of the functionalized Carbon Nanotubes, as the optimum amount, can be considered both for enlightening mechanical properties with increase in strength up to 22% for OPC and 26% for PPC in different Temperatures (Room Temperature, High Temperature and Low Temperature).

Potential of Portland pozzolana cement in the stabilization of an expansive soil subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying

Cement/lime stabilization of soils is one of the common techniques adopted for improving its geotechnical properties. Lately, the focus of investigation has shifted to blended stabilization with industrial wastes as auxiliary additives. However, the role of blended cement in stabilization of soil has been studied insufficiently despite the fact that it is manufactured under controlled conditions. This investigation deals with the use of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the stabilization of an expansive soil subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying. Unconfined compression strength (UCS) test specimens of dimensions 38mm x 76mm were cast and cured for periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Then, the specimens were subjected to 1, 2 and 3 cycles of wetting and drying and the UCS of the specimens were determined. Based on the results of the investigation, it was found that OPC performed significantly better than PPC under normal conditions. However, under conditions of wetting and drying, PPC stabilized soil performed much better than OPC stabilized soil when sufficient binder content was available.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete prepared with sustainable cement-based materials

The Construction industry consumes a large amount of natural resources and energy. It is one of the main sources of waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The preparation and utilization of concrete have a great impact on climate change and environmental pollution. Environmental impact assessment of concrete is of prodigious importance in terms of accomplishing a sustainable society. Cement is a commonly used binding material for the preparation of concrete. The manufacture and utilization of cement in concrete are main responsible for GHG emission and climate change. In this research, to measure the environmental impact of concrete, the Life cycle assessment (LCA) model is prepared by using SimaPro 9.1 software and Ecoinvent database. Concrete is prepared with three different categories of binding materials like Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and portland pozzolana cement (PPC). Results indicate that, PPC and GGBS have greater impact on environment when compared to OPC.

Comparative studies on LC3 based concrete with OPC & PPC based concretes

Abstract Now a day’s utilization of sustainable cement based materials are increased in construction industry to enhance the performance of concrete in from strength and durability point on one side and the other side to decrease the emission of CO2 into atmosphere. The availability of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is not that much of production of cement due to implementation of sustainable development strategies in every industry. However, SCM‘s may not be available in many countries. Due to this cement clinker can be partially replaced with limestone + calcined clay to an extent of 50%, which can show promising results as per strength and durability point of view. Present study is focused on comparison of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) based concrete with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) based concretes. M 40 grade concrete is considered for strength and durability aspects. From this investigation, it is found that replacement of clinker with LC3-50% is beneficial in terms of strength and durability.

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Portland Pozzolana Cement and GGBS - A Case Study

Soil is the most commonly available natural material. The knowledge of the soil mechanics has application in many field of civil engineering like foundation, underground and earth-retaining structures, Pavement design, Excavations, Embankments and Dams. The particular, to highway engineering, soil used as sub-grade, sub-base and sometime embankment material. Construction of road in a black cotton soil is a challenging task in the civil engineering field. The B.C. soils are expansive in nature and possess high swelling and shrinkage properties. Such soil can be stabilized using waste materials like fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast furnace slag, bagasse ash, pond ash etc to make the soil to be stable. As Ground granulated blast furnace slag is freely available, for projects in the vicinity of a Thermal Power Plant, the properties of expansive soil with cement and Ground granulated blast furnace slag in varying percentages can be used. In the present study laboratory studies are carried out on two combinations of black cotton soil and binders -10% stabilizing agent with soil (70% GGBS + 30% cement) and 20% stabilizing agent with soil (75% GGBS + 25% cement). The effect of various combinations on strength and durability has been discussed here. The main objective of this research work is to obtain an improved construction material by making the best use of available clayey soil and to make the effective utilization of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag and Portland Pozzolana cement.

Heat resistance of lightweight concrete with plastic aggregate from PET (polyethylene terephthalate)-mineral filler

The addition of filler to plastic aggregate results in better mechanical characteristics of concrete than concrete with plastic aggregate without filler; this has been proven in various studies that have been conducted. Different types of minerals have been used as fillers; namely, red sand, fly ash, rice husk ash, and cement. The use of plastic aggregate in concrete as a substitute for natural aggregate indicates that the concrete produced is included in the lightweight concrete category. It is interesting to examine the effect of heat on the mechanical characteristics of this concrete. This study will use two types of plastic aggregate which are differentiated based on the filler used. The first aggregate is an artificial aggregate made from PET plastic with rice husk ash filler; the second aggregate uses Portland pozzolana cement. Four proportions of the concrete mixture were made using these two types of plastic aggregate. As a reference, a fifth concrete type Ⅰs created, namely concrete with all-natural aggregate fractions. The test results show that starting at 100 ℃ the concrete with plastic aggregate begins to fine cracks which can only be seen using a digital microscope. While in reference, concrete cracks began to appear at 200 ℃. The presence of cracks causes the mechanical characteristics of the concrete to decrease significantly. On heating of 300 ℃ and 400 ℃, the specimens with plastic aggregate appear charred, and there are holes due to the PET decomposition process, and more cracks with large gaps.

Experimental investigation on concrete beams reinforced with basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars

Abstract This paper dealt with the flexural behaviour study on reinforced concrete beams with conventional steel and basalt rebar using Portland Pozzolana Cement. Conventional steel bars are vulnerable to various environmental attacks and aggressive attacks such as corrosion. Basalt rebar can effectively overcome this problem due to the enhanced properties like inhibiting corrosion, high tensile strength, low young’s modulus, lightweight and resist electrical conductivity. In this paper, flexural behaviour of conventional Steel Reinforced Beam (SRB) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer beam (BFRB) were investigated experimentally and test results arrived were elaborately discussed. It has been noticed that BRB shows significant greater deflection when compared to SRB due to lower elastic modulus, whereas flexural load carrying capacity of BRB increases due to enriched tensile strength property in basalt rebar, significant increase of tensile strength in BRB. The results revealed that basalt rebar can be effectively used in construction as a replacement of conventional steel reinforcement for sustainable development.

Feasibility study of Jarosite as cement replacement in rigid pavement

Abstract Jarosite is a waste hazardous industrial material, produced in the zinc ore extraction process using the hydrometallurgy operation. Hazardous Jarosite is not disposed of directly due to rules and regulations of the government of India that is why before disposal of jarosite waste addition of 2% lime and 10% cement is done to make a nonhazardous material jarofix. Jarosite was replacing with portland pozzolana cement (PPC) in varying percentages of 0 to 25 at an interval of 5%. The experimental investigation confirmed that when the content of jarosite increases in the cement concrete mix, the mechanical strength properties increases, and durability properties like porosity and abrasion loss decrease. From this experimental study, it can be concluded that jarosite has the potential to be replaced with cement at a certain percentage amount.

Compressive Strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Concrete with Metakaolin

The intention of the present study is to assess the possibility of using Metakaolin as a partial replacement of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) in the concrete to improve its workability and compressive strength. It also explores the study on the connection between ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) on different replacement percentage of mineral metakaolin and compressive strength by using a compression testing machine for M40 grade of concrete. Concrete specimens were cast of size 150 mmx150 mm x150mm by partial replacing PPC with metakaolin in the range of 4% to 28 % by the weight of cement. For better consistency and workability the Visco-Flux superplasticizer was used. Usual procedure of water curing of specimens was done for 7, 28, and 90 days to determine the effect of curing time on strength. All 8 different mix specimens were tested for compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity. It was observed that up to 24% metakaolin replacement the strength was increased but after that, the strength gets reduced as compared to the normal concrete and the optimum value of compressive strength was obtained at 16% metakaolin replacement. The increase in the UPV of test samples indicated the formation of the homogeneous structure due to the addition of metakaolin. So the use of metakaolin as a partial replacement of PPC in concrete is a good choice to reduce the cost of production and increase the strength of concrete. A mathematical model is generated by regression analysis in the form of an equation to correlate the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.

Properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete incorporating discarded sandstone slurry

Sandstone waste generated during the cutting and polishing process destroys the atmospheric condition when it is dumped along roadside, water bodies and landfill. The present investigation aims to utilize sandstone slurry (SS) as a partial replacement to portland pozzolana cement (PPC) in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Sandstone slurry was characterized by chemical composition, mineral phases, specific gravity, density, particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy test as primary investigation. Afterwards, five replacement percentages (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) of sandstone slurry by weight of portland pozzolana cement were assessed for their fresh and hardened properties. Scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were also conducted. Microstructural study confirms that the sandstone slurry did not influence the cement hydration, and the workability was decreased by the particular shape and surface texture of the sandstone slurry. To achieve the target workability, water to cement ratio was kept high and the dosage of superplasticizer was increased. This phenomenon validates increment in permeable voids and water absorption, reduced density and strength decrement of the self-compacting sand stone slurry concrete in comparison to the control concrete mix. The results point out the possibility of utilizing sandstone slurry (up to 15%) in self-compacting concrete, applicable for narrow and congested reinforcements, as well as in general structural works as a green and sustainable building material. This work discovers sandstone slurry as a sustainable substitution to portland pozzolana cement in the production of self-compacting concrete by minimizing the use of raw material and avoiding the environmental hazards created by the uncontrolled dumping of the sandstone by-products.

Mechanical and environmental characteristics of cemented paste backfill containing lithium slag-blended binder

Lithium slag (LS), a waste residue produced during the processing of lithium products, has rarely been utilized in the cement industries. The disposal of LS as solid waste causes serious land occupation and environmental pollution. This research work was performed by mixing the LS with NaOH to improve its pozzolanic activity. The blended binder (defined as CPL) was prepared by replacing 30 wt% of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) with LS-NaOH mixtures. Retardations for early strength development (3 and 7 d) were observed in the CPL specimens, according to the results on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test. The specimens richer in NaOH showed higher strength, and the 28 and 56 d strengths of CPL6.0 specimens increased to 32.3 and 39.7 MPa, respectively, which were similar to the strength of PPC specimens (33.4 and 41.8 MPa). It was indicated by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) that the weight-loss rates of CPL6.0 specimens in the intervals 40–200 °C, 400–500 °C, and 600–800 °C were 10.73%, 1.66%, and 1.24%, respectively, which were higher and closer to the PPC specimens than those for CPL0, CPL2.0, and CPL4.0 specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and less calcium hydroxide (CH) were observed in the specimens richer in NaOH. It was indicated that the degree of pozzolanic reaction increased with the content of NaOH, also in good agreement with the results of UCS tests and TGA. Results on leaching experiments showed that the contents of harmful elements in CPL specimens were far below the standard values for category III of China's quality standard of groundwater (DZ/T 0290–2015). In addition, the feasibility of the engineering application of CPL as a supplementary binder was demonstrated by the industrial experiment. Results on the industrial experiment indicated that the CPL4.0- and CPL6.0-based binders both satisfied the strength requirements for backfill mining in the lead–zinc mine in Gansu Province, China. It may be confirmed that LS, activated effectively by adding NaOH, could be utilized as supplementary cementitious material in the engineering application of backfill mining. The results of the present research can provide an effective and environmental approach to recycling useless LS.

Comparative Mechanical Characterization of M30 Concrete Grade by Fractional Replacement of Portland Pozzolana Cement with Industrial Waste Using CoCoSo and CODAS Methods

Since last few years, marble has been deliberated as some of the utmost significant embellished constructing resources. Marble Powder (MP) and Fly Ash (FA) are nearly those materials, which creates health hazards and pollutes the environment. This present study targets to investigate the effect of marble powder and fly ash as fractional replacement of cement respectively in different concrete mixes. The M30 grade of concrete was chosen with a continual w/c ratio 0.43 where fractional replacement of Portland Pozzolana Cement with Marble Powder and Fly Ash is done in different proportion. After preparing the samples according to Taguchi’s method orthogonal array, the mechanical characterizations are performed. Hardened concrete tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength test have been piloted to appraise the mechanical properties of concrete. Two current multi-response optimization techniques were used i.e. Combinative Distance-based Assessment (CODAS) and Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) method for optimization of process parameters. In order to outline comparative consequence of measured criteria a pairwise comparison matrix was used. The results of all tests were analyzed, comparison has done among concrete mixes and the conclusion is drawn.

Prediction of properties of the cement incorporated with nanoparticles by principal component analysis (PCA) and response surface regression (RSR)

Abstract The present work plans to mix the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) mortar and assessing the imaginable enhancements for their mechanical and physical properties. The current research study will also be helpful in the hereafter for the successful use of ZnO as a sustainable construction material in the building industry. The amount of ZnO differing from 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% & 0.75% by a weight of cement. The properties of cement-like consistency, setting time of cement, Soundness, and Compressive strength were tested. At the end of the research work, it was discovered that all properties of PPC were improved as an increase in the level of ZnO, anyway, perfect test results are procured on the addition of 0.5% ZnO. As compared to reference mix the compressive strength increases by 5%, Initial and final setting time are reduced by 4%, water requirement for making cement paste is reduced by 1%, expansion by cement is reduced by 9%. The incorporation of ZnO quickens the cement hydration responses, decreases the volume of voids, and increases the compressive strength of the cement. In actual practice, the merging of ZnO in cement is suitable for the up-gradation of mechanical properties of cement and also aids in attaining sustainable development. The research work results are validated by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Response Surface Regression (RSR) analysis. PCA describes the correlation and necessity of dependent and independent variables in the research work and mathematical model developed by RSR analysis predict the results very closer to the experimental values. So RSR gives the best-fitted model for the experimentation as the residuals by the model are very few with value near to zero.

Strength properties of hybrid fibre reinforced quaternary blended high performance concrete

The study was intended to estimate the effect of steel and banana fibre hybrid composition in the quaternary blended high performance concrete. M40 grade concrete was selected to evaluate the performance of hybrid fibre in quaternary blended system. Factory made binary blended fly-ash based Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) was selected and Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) was added at 5% and 10% as partial replacement of cement for making the ternary combination. The Nano-silica (NS) was added at 1% of total powder content to all the concrete mixtures as third mineral admixture. Steel fibre and banana fibre were supplemented to improve the performance of the concrete. Steel fibre was added at 2% and the banana fibre dosage was varied from 0.1% to 0.3% of volume of concrete to develop the hybrid fibre composition. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were determined and the correlation between the strength properties was predicted. The findings from this investigation, decrease in workability after adding fibres was noticed and suitable modification using superplastizer was made to make the estimated level of slump value. The regression equation between the mechanical properties were found and presented. The combination of 0.2% banana fibre + 2% steel fibre + 5% GGBS + 1% NS had shown the best performance.