Power Stability Research Articles

Design and Implementation of 6-T SRAM using FINFET

Abstract: SRAM is designed using conventional CMOS tech- nology to store data in memory. A lot of devices, including logic and memory, are having different issues as a result of the channel being lost of control. These include low leakage current, high power consumption, and short channel effects, which raise production costs and lead to significant changes in characteristics and decreased dependability. It is advised to employ FINFET based SRAM cells rather than traditional CMOS ones as a result of these problems. One of the primary elements that must be decreased in order to increase the stability of SRAM cellsis thought to be power dissipation and leakage currents. The amount of power dissipation and leakage currents can be de- creased using a variety of low power methods. These include the Self Controllable Voltage Level (SVL) technique, Power Gating, Stacking technique, Variable Threshold CMOS (VTCMOS), and Multi Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS). Here, we suggest designing a FINFET SRAM cell using the 28nm technological approach andcomparing its dynamic power consumption and stability to thatof the 8T FINFET SRAM cell. Every simulation is carried out using the Cadence Virtuoso Tool.

An Overview of Electron Transport Layer Materials and Structures for Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells

The electron transport layer (ETL) has gained significant attention recently for its essential role in facilitating charge extraction, transportation, and reducing recombination in photovoltaic cells. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with ETLs have achieved remarkable efficiencies exceeding 19%, and indoor OPVs have reached a peak efficiency of 29.4% under 3000 LX illumination. Despite these accomplishments, the difficulties in choosing appropriate ETLs for contact alignment have constrained device performance. This review comprehensively overviews the latest advancements in ETL materials used in conventional and inverted OPVs. Additionally, it investigates the evolution of dopant materials, emphasizing the need for improved electron mobility, energy level alignment, and surface passivation treatment of the buffer layer and absorber layers in OPVs. Continual studies of transport materials and the potential utilization of doping or multilayer ETLs are suggested as inevitable research toward achieving higher power conversion efficiency and stability in OPV technology. Additionally, identifying optimal ETL materials capable of synergistic interactions remains crucial for sustained progress in renewable energy technology.

An efficient power management control strategy for grid-independent hybrid renewable energy systems with hybrid energy storage: Hybrid approach

The increase in renewable energy resource based electricity generation in the past few years can be attributed to dwindling fossil fuels and their negative environmental impact, as well as the exponential expansion of electricity consumption. Furthermore, RERs are environmentally benign and sustainable. This manuscript proposes a hybrid method for managing power in a Hybrid Energy Storage System within a grid-independent Hybrid Renewable Energy System. The proposed hybrid technique combines the Prairie Dog Optimization (PDO) and Multi-scale Attention Convolutional Neural Network, hence named the PDO-MACNN technique. The principal objective of the proposed method is to minimize Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), maintain active power stability among generation and consumption through the charging or discharging of the Hybrid Energy Storage System, and regulate the DC-link voltage within strict bounds. The PDO algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the three-phase inverter controller, while the MACNN algorithm is used to predict the performance of the hybrid renewable energy systems. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared to other existing methods on the MATLAB platform, demonstrating superior performance to methods like the Whale Optimization Algorithm, Seeker Optimization Algorithm, and Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm. Based on the outcome, it is concluded that the proposed approach achieves a 0.8 % lower THD compared to the existing techniques.

A Digital Twin Infrastructure for NGC of ROV during Inspection

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide practical solutions for a wide range of activities in a particularly challenging domain, despite their dependence on support ships and operators. Recent advancements in AI, machine learning, predictive analytics, control theories, and sensor technologies offer opportunities to make ROVs (semi) autonomous in their operations and to remotely test and monitor their dynamics. This study moves towards that goal by formulating a complete navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) system for a six DoF BlueROV2, offering a solution to the current challenges in the field of marine robotics, particularly in the areas of power supply, communication, stability, operational autonomy, localization, and trajectory planning. The vehicle can operate (semi) autonomously, relying on a sensor acoustic USBL localization system, tethered communication with the surface vessel for power, and a line of sight (LOS) guidance system. This strategy transforms the path control problem into a heading control problem, aligning the vehicle’s movement with a dynamically calculated reference point along the desired path. The control system uses PID controllers implemented in the navigator flight controller board. Additionally, an infrastructure has been developed that synchronizes and communicates between the real ROV and its digital twin within the Unity environment. The digital twin acts as a visual representation of the ROV’s movements and considers hydrodynamic behaviors. This approach combines the physical properties of the ROV with the advanced simulation and analysis capabilities of its digital counterpart. All findings were validated at the Point Rouge port located in Marseille and at the port of Ancona. The NGC implemented has proven positive vehicle stability and trajectory tracking in time despite external interferences. Additionally, the digital part has proven to be a reliable infrastructure for a future bidirectional communication system.

A parallel power system linear model reduction method based on extended Krylov subspace

With the ever-increasing scale of power systems, stability analysis and control usually bear heavy storage and massive calculation burdens. In view of this, the model order reduction technique proves valuable by constructing a low-dimensional approximate model of the original system, which is crucial for efficiently handling large-scale systems. Balanced truncation (BT), a famous model reduction method, confronts practical limitations as it requires the systems to be stable and cannot deal with unstable models. Therefore, a parallel linear balanced truncation method for power systems based on extended Krylov subspace (EKS) is proposed in this work. Besides extending the BT method to unstable systems by α-shift, the key contribution also lies in strategies to enhance the convergence of the EKS method, whereupon the algorithm improvements include effective and efficient techniques for solving dual Lyapunov equations, and parallel acceleration of the singular value decomposition. The results of the simulation case verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the convergence of the EKS method by increasing α-shift, and the improvement work in this paper reduces the total time consumption of the BT method by about 26 %–33 % of the original, exhibiting better calculation efficiency. In addition, the case studies show that the simplified model still retains the time-domain and frequency-domain response characteristics of the original high-dimensional model.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON NOVEL SEGMENTED OMNI WHEELED HYBRID MOBILE ROBOT TO ASSESS OBSTACLE CLIMBING CAPABILITY

Abstract This article introduces a novel quadrupedal hybrid mobile robot with a segmented omni wheel design capable of climbing obstacles of height greater than its wheel radius. The unique wheel design comprises of two parallel coaxial 240-degree segmented omni wheels per leg with independent offset angle control. The transformation from wheel to leg mode and vice versa can be seamlessly achieved by controlling the offset angle between the segmented omni wheels. A series of experiments are carried out to evaluate the robot's performance for obstacle climbing capability utilizing various wheel end effector designs, and a comparative analysis is presented. The results indicate that the obstacle climbing capability of segmented omni wheel design with zero offset angle is improved by 40.7% compared to standard wheel and the unique wheel design configuration facilitates seamless staircase climbing capability without any complex control scheme. In addition, statistical studies using Taguchi method and ANOVA are performed on the experimental findings. A linear regression model to predict power consumption has been developed and the significant factors influencing the robot's power consumption and stability are presented.

Increasing Value Added Tax (VAT) Rates on Community Purchasing Power and Economic Stability

Added Tax (VAT) already become money maker for the country. VAT rates experienced enhancement from 10% to 11% as of April 1, 2022. This naturally raises pros and cons from various society. Ascension tariff tax the in accordance with stated mandate in rule about Harmonization Regulation Taxation. However, for raise something tariff tax in the middle decline Indonesian economy as impact from This Covid-19 pandemic become question. Study this is very urgent Because can made evaluation for government specifically Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) for policy will made in the future, above evaluation the government can innovate for meet state revenue targets from sector taxation. Study this also contributes in educate must tax to get it follow future VAT policy, with hope state revenue will increase. Study this aim for analyze about influence enhancement VAT rate against Power buy society and stability country's economy. Analysis techniques used is an analysis technique quantitative with Analysis Simple Linear Regression. Research result mention that enhancement VAT rates matter positive and significant to Power buy society and stability economy.

Research on fuzzy adaptive GPC of average coolant temperature based on regulation of boric acid concentration

In order to keep the balance of power distribution in the core of a nuclear reactor, the method of adjusting the boric acid concentration to regulate the average temperature of the coolant has been adopted to track the demands of power changes in the core. However, the chemical reaction process of regulating the average coolant temperature by adjusting the boric acid concentration is too slow to better meet the demands of power changes. In view of this challenge, this paper proposes an innovative fuzzy adaptive incremental generalized predictive control strategy to optimize the process of regulating the coolant temperature. This strategy employs a dynamic adjustment of control parameters, specifically through the application of incremental factors γ, which is calibrated using a fuzzy logic-based algorithm to enhance system responsiveness and robustness in real-time. The strategy aims to improve the efficiency and responsiveness of the nuclear reactor control mechanism and further enhance the safety and stability of nuclear power generation.Firstly, the system state space equations are established based on the boric acid concentration equation and the nuclear reactor kinetics. Secondly, the step factors β and incremental factors γ are used in improved-GPC to improve control real-time and robustness. The step factor β speeds up the rolling optimization, and the incremental factor γ is adjusted based on the fuzzy algorithm according to the online recognition degree of the system. Finally, the 1000 MW Pressurized Water Reactor is modeled and simulated. The results show that improved-GPC has a shorter regulation time and a stronger ability to cope with the model mismatch in this system than other controllers.

PhDMADBr assisted additive or interface engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air

The fabrication of high-quality perovskite films with low defect density in ambient air is an important approach to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this paper, efficient and stable PSCs were fabricated in ambient air, and p-xylilenediamine bromide (PhDMADBr) assisted additive or interface engineering were carried out to modify perovskite films, which was dispersed into the electron transport layer (ETL) or deposited in the ETL/ perovskite interface. Notably, interaction between PhDMADBr and perovskite layer could reduce defect density and release residual stress of the active layer, which would induce a high-quality perovskite film, and accelerate the transport rate and prolong lifetimes of charge carriers, contributing to the PCE and stability of devices. As a result, compared with the PCE of the control device (22.54 %), the PhDMADBr modified target PSCs exhibited the enhanced PCE of 24.15 % and 23.74 % after additive or interface treatments in ambient air, respectively. Except the improvement of the PCE, PhDMADBr-based devices also presented the enhanced moisture stability. The average efficiency retained the 88 % or 84 % of initial efficiency after 120 h with RH of 40 ± 5 % for additive or interface modification, respectively. In contrast, the PCE of the control devices would decline to 51 % of initial efficiency after storage for 120 h.

Cost–Performance Optimization of a Renewable Energy Resources Based Multimicrogrid System

The growing energy demand, the increase in its price, and the increasing pollution worldwide are considered large problems that need unusual solutions. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to search for innovative solutions using renewable resources and energy management of the energy systems. Energy management means reducing the operating, maintenance, and generation costs of the system and enhancing system performance with methods such as power loss reduction and stability enhancement and alleviating the harmful emissions to the environment. Thus, the energy management of a micro-grid has become one of the most vital aspects of the power or energy system all over the world.The objective of this paper is to optimize a multiobjective problem of a renewable energy resources (RER) based multimicrogid (MMG) system considering the output variation of the photovoltaic (PV) and wind Turbine (WT) as renewable energy resources and variation of the load demand and electricity prices. In this paper three microgrids (MGs) are connected with IEEE 33-bus distribution system each MG consists of a PV and WT. A three objective functions are modeled for this system to optimize the total annual cost, the voltage deviation and the voltage stability index (cost –performance multiobjective function). The optimization problem is solved with particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique for the system with and without RER.A comparison is carried out with two other optimization techniques, mountain gazelle optimization (MGO) and gorilla troop optimization (GTO). The results of the simulation show that the system cost is considerably reduced and the performance optimized.

Passive laser power stabilization in a broadband noise spectrum via a second-harmonic generator.

An extremely conspicuous passive power noise stabilization is the first, to the best of our knowledge, discovered in a cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) process. Differing from the SHG as a buffer reservoir, the stronger strength of the nonlinear interaction pushes the power noise suppression level to a higher value and exhibits a broadband noise reduction performance due to the mechanism of dynamic pump suppression in the SHG process. The noise is suppressed to near shot noise limit (SNL) among the kHz to MHz frequency range, accompanied by a maximum noise reduction of 35 dB. A comprehensive demonstration indicates that the nonlinear interaction has no function on the phase noise of fundamental and harmonic waves. A theoretical model is also established that is consistent well with the experimental results. The methodology is beneficial to multiple optical metrology experiments.

High-Power GHz Burst-Mode All-Fiber Laser System with Sub 300 fs Pulse Duration

An all-fiber low-repetition-rate SESAM mode-locked fiber oscillator combined with a dispersion-managed active fiber loop produces a flexible GHz burst-mode laser source. The high-power output is then produced by amplifying the GHz burst-mode laser source using an all-fiber chirped-pulse amplification system. Then, the laser is compressed using a grating pair compressor; a maximum amplified power of 97 W is obtained. This results in a compressed high power of 82.07 W with a power stability RMS of 0.09% and beam quality better than 1.2. Accurate dispersion control allows for the production of a high-quality pulse duration of 265 fs.

Constructive synchronous observer design for inertial navigation with delayed GNSS measurements

Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) estimate a vehicle’s navigation states (attitude, velocity, and position) by combining measurements from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with other supporting sensors, typically including a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and a magnetometer. Recent nonlinear observer designs for INS provide powerful stability guarantees but do not account for some of the real-world challenges of INS. One of the key challenges is to account for the time-delay characteristic of GNSS measurements. This paper addresses this question by extending recent work on synchronous observer design for INS. The delayed GNSS measurements are related to the state at the current time using recursively-computable delay matrices, and this is used to design correction terms that leads to almost-globally asymptotic and locally exponential stability of the error. Simulation results verify the proposed observer and show that the compensation of time-delay is key to both transient and steady-state performance.

Waste tobacco-derived N, P dual-doped porous carbon loaded with heterostructured CoFe/CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis and Zn-air batteries

Bifunctional oxygen reduction/oxidation reaction (ORR/OER) electrocatalysts can be derived from waste biomass for implementing rechargeable Zn–air batteries, which not only turns waste into wealth, but also provides a novel approach for solving the energy crisis and promoting environmental restoration. Herein, heterostructured CoFe/CoFe2O4 nanoparticles grown on waste tobacco-derived N,P-co-doped carbon (CoFe/CoFe2O4@PNC) are constructed. Benefiting from the accelerated electron transfer due to the synergistic effect of CoFe and CoFe2O4 along with the enlarged active area owing to N,P-codoping, the CoFe/CoFe2O4@PNC electrocatalysts exhibit remarkable OER/ORR activity, reaching a half-wave potential of 0.86 V for ORR solution and driving 10 mA cm−2 by OER overpotential of 360 mV in 1.0 M KOH. Moreover, the zinc-air battery assembled with CoFe/CoFe2O4@PNC can reach a power density of 141.5 mW cm−2 and exhibit impressive durability for exceeding 300 h, which are superior to the power density and stability of zinc-air batteries assembled with precious metal-based materials. This work opens up new possibilities for preparing advanced ORR/OER catalysts for efficient Zn-based batteries.

Study of Retention of Drilling Fluid Layer on Annulus Wall during Cementing

To guarantee that the cement sheath has a sealing effect, it is best to replace the drilling fluid entirely and fill the annulus with cement slurry throughout the cementing process. A significant driving power and high stability at the interface between the cement slurry and drilling fluid are often necessary for achieving a high displacement efficiency. It is important that a comprehensive theoretical characterization is established on the thickness and location of drilling fluid retention and the conditions to prevent the formation of drilling fluid retention. In this study, firstly, the characteristics of annulus fluid shear stress distribution are analyzed by establishing the differential equation of shear stress distribution. Subsequently, the calculation model of the drilling fluid retention layer’s thickness is constructed. Subsequently, the impact of cement slurry and drilling fluid properties, eccentricity of the casing, and additional variables on the annular wall’s drilling fluid retention thickness are scrutinized. The quantitative conditions for preventing drilling fluid retention are also analyzed (i.e., Equation (23)). Based on the newly developed model, a case study is conducted to show the significance of the new model. This offers a theoretical foundation for enhancing cement injection displacement efficiency and cementing performance optimization.

A Hybrid Biofuel Cell with High Power and Operational Stability Using Electron Transfer‐Intensified Mediators and Multi‐Interaction Assembly

AbstractBiofuel cells (BFCs) offer an eco‐friendly route to convert biochemical energy into electricity. However, their performance is hindered by insufficient enzyme immobilization as well as limited electron transfer within the enzymatic electrode. While the incorporation of redox mediators (RMs) into enzyme layers has been shown to improve BFC performance through enhanced electron transfer, progress has plateaued in the last decade. Herein, a major breakthrough is presented realized by a novel strategy that exploits electron transfer‐intensified RM layers. Metal nanoparticles covalently bridged between neighboring RMs facilitate electron transfer ubiquitously. Electron transfer characteristics are enhanced not only within the RM layers themselves, but also at the glucose oxidase (GOx)/host electrode and GOx/GOx interfaces. This leads to a remarkable performance boost in the enzymatic anode. A hybrid BFC constructed with innovative anode and Pt‐based cathode exhibits a striking combination of high power output (2.3 and 8.5 mW cm−2 at 10 and 300 mmol L−1 glucose, respectively) and exceptional operational stability (≈80% and 47% power retention after 10 days and 1 month, respectively), outperforming all previously reported BFCs by a significant margin.

Multi-objective optimal power flow with wind–solar–tidal systems including UPFC using Adaptive Improved Flower Pollination Algorithm(AIFPA)

ABSTRACT Among the most significant non-linear challenges for power network design and smooth functioning of current modern updated power system networks is the optimum power flow (OPF) problem. Importance of the electrical system modeling has recently come to light due to the incremental use of energy from renewable sources in power systems networks. The goal is to use wind, solar and tidal sources to recreate the issue of OPF. In this work, Weibull, Lognormal, and also Gumbel probability distribution functions were applied to simulate the uncertainties of wind, photovoltaic, and tidal energy system. Additionally, by adding test scenarios of unpredictable wind, solar and tidal energy systems involving minimization of the cost function, loss of active power, voltage deviation, and increase stability of voltage. In accordance with the chosen thermal producing units, the solutions were evaluated using different locations using IEEE 30-bus systems of testing that incorporate renewable energy sources. The proposed power system planning problem was solved by multi-objective function where unified power flow controller are utilized as flexible AC transmission systems controllers via recently introduced optimization algorithms and the simulation outcomes of the aforementioned technique have been compared with Multi Objective Adaptive Guided Differential Evolution algorithms. The adaptive improved flower pollination algorithm (AIFPA) is a strong and reliable algorithm that is presented in this work. The AIFPA can efficiently deal with many kinds of high-complexity objective regions in multi-objective optimization situations. Utilizing an IEEE 30-bus test system, the suggested approaches’ performance was examined and evaluated for a range of objective functions. The simulation results obtained from the proposed algorithm were effective in finding the optimal solution compared to the results of the meta-heuristic algorithm and were reported in the literature.

Overall Design of a Gradient‐Ordered Membrane Electrode Assembly for Direct Liquid Fuel Cells

AbstractThe direct liquid fuel cell (DLFC) constitutes a promising energy conversion system that directly conveys the chemical energy of liquid fuels into electrical energy. In certain DLFCs, gas is produced as a product of electrochemical reactions during operation. However, the accumulation of gas inside the porous electrode can significantly hinder the transport of reactants, leading to the failure of active sites and severe concentration loss. To address this issue, a gradient‐ordered membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is designed and fabricated, consisting of a dual‐gradient diffusion layer that comprises a pore‐size gradient and a wettability gradient as well as a catalyst layer constructed by nanoneedle catalyst. This MEA promptly removes the produced gas and delivers the fresh solution, thereby enhancing the cell power output and stability. The fuel cell with the gradient‐ordered MEA achieves a remarkable peak power density of 177 mW cm−2 and a discharging time of 19 h, which are more than four times and 30 times, respectively, higher than those of the conventional MEA.

A frequency servo SoC with output power stabilization loop technology for miniaturized atomic clocks

A frequency servo system-on-chip (FS-SoC) featuring output power stabilization technology is introduced in this study for high-precision and miniaturized cesium (Cs) atomic clocks. The proposed power stabilization loop (PSL) technique, incorporating an off-chip power detector (PD), ensures that the output power of the FS-SoC remains stable, mitigating the impact of power fluctuations on the atomic clock's stability. Additionally, a one-pulse-per-second (1PPS) is employed to synchronize the clock with GPS. Fabricated using 65 nm CMOS technology, the measured phase noise of the FS-SoC stands at −69.5 dBc/Hz@100 Hz offset and −83.9 dBc/Hz@1 kHz offset, accompanied by a power dissipation of 19.7 mW. The Cs atomic clock employing the proposed FS-SoC and PSL obtains an Allan deviation of 1.7 × 10−11 with 1-s averaging time.

Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial performance of a manufacturing and commercial setup

Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network.