Electronic Power Supply Research Articles

Sistem Arus-Votan yang Murah dengan Rintangan Terkawal-Elektronik di bawah Lampu Xenon Arka untuk Pengukuran Kecekapan Sel Suria

Crystalline silicon solar cell efficiency is required in order to accurately determine its performance and evaluate the fabrication process. Extensive automation has led to development of expensive instrumentation. In this study, simple, inexpensive method for measuring solar cell efficiency is reported. A controllable direct current (dc) illumination intensity method based on low power xenon arc lamps was designed and constructed. Low resistance electrical contacts were formed with conventional front surface probes and back surface Au-plated metal plate with vacuum attachment. In order to measure current-voltage (I-V) response, variable resistance approach was chosen. Commercially available, low cost electronic loads power supply is used to precisely vary resistance while measuring cell voltage and current. The resistance is controllably varied from a short circuit to an open circuit position on the I-V curve while measuring cell voltage and current. Plotting current as a function of voltage generates the characteristic solar cell I-V response. Solar cell efficiency measurements were recorded and plotted using LabVIEW program. The light intensity was varied by increasing number of high intensity discharge (HID) 50 W from 1 to four in order to vary respective illumination intensities from 330 to 1200 W/m2 range. The variation in light intensity was aimed at investigation of the electronic loads power supply at low and high currents. This I-V tester has been applied to different types of solar cell to validate its performance. Solar cells measured as part of this study included commercial silicon solar cell and laboratory solar cells with phosphorus oxytrichloride (POCl3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) emitter formation. This I-V measurement system for commercial cell exhibited an efficiency of 15.83% and efficiency of 16.2% and 13.3% for solar cells with POCl3 and H3PO emitters.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators (Adv. Funct. Mater. 41/2019)

Advanced Functional MaterialsVolume 29, Issue 41 1970287 Inside Back CoverFree Access Triboelectric Nanogenerators (Adv. Funct. Mater. 41/2019) First published: 07 October 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201970287AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) represent an emerging technology for converting mechanical energy into electricity. The TENG could act as a power supply for electronics as a self-powered Internet of Things node, by harvesting mechanical energy not only from oceans on Earth but also on Mars. Volume29, Issue41Special Issue: Nanogenerators and Piezotronics – A Special Issue of the Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsOctober 10, 20191970287 RelatedInformation

An Implementation Method of SVPWM Modulation Algorithm

SVPWM algorithm is widely used in the field of power electronic frequency conversion power supply, motor frequency conversion control, power quality optimization and other technical fields. In this paper, the principle of SVPWM modulation is analyzed, in order to make the over-modulation algorithm more simplistic, the adverse effects on the system are smaller, and a phase and amplitude are used to change the modulation method to optimize the algorithm of the cross modulation II zone[1,2]. And using Matlab software to build SVPWM model for simulation verification. Explains the correctness of this method.

9 Kw VRFB Experimental Facility: High Current Polarization Tests and Energy Analyses

A Vanadium redox flow battery test facility of industrial size (IS-VRFB) has been recently built at the Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory of University of Padua in order to investigate the performance potential of scaling-up from small-scale single-cell bench experiments. The facility is built around a 40-cell 600-cm­ 2 active-area stack and two 550-litre tanks. The facility is provided with advanced electronic bidirectional power supply, multi-physics instrumentation and data acquisition and control system. This paper reports on the experimental results obtained so far. Two working modes were tested, i.e. fast and steady-state discharge, representative of real operative conditions, such as primary frequency regulation and peak shaving, respectively. During discharge tests at SOC=0.9 on a passive load, currents as high as 400 A (665 mA cm­– 2) where measured at a specific flow rate of 20.5×10–3 cm s–1, with a steady state value in excess of 350 A (of 583 mA cm–2). Maximum power exceeded 9 kW (370 mW cm–2 per cell), with a steady state value approaching 8 kW (330 mW cm–2 per cell). Energy losses measurement showed a round trip efficiency (RTE) in excess of 70%. This performance required a proper programming of the control strategies provided by the system supervisor. References Alotto, M. Guarnieri and F. Moro, “Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review,” Renew Sus. Energ Rev. 29, (2014): 325–335.Guarnieri, A. Trovò, A. D’Anzi, P. Alotto, “Developing vanadium redox flow technology on a 9-kW 26-kWh industrial scale test facility: design review and early experiments”, Appl Energy, 230 (2018) 1425-1434. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.021.Trovò, G. Marini, A. Sutto, P. Alotto, M. Giomo, F. Moro, M. Guarnieri, “Standby thermal model of a vanadium redox flow battery stack with crossover and shunt-current effects”, Appl Energy, 240 (2019) 893-906.Trovò, A. Saccardo, M. Giomo, F. Moro, M. Guarnieri, “Thermal modeling of industrial-scale vanadium redox flow batteries in high-current operations”, J Power Sources, in print. Figure 1

9 Kw VRFB Experimental Facility: Early Results from a Multichannel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

A Vanadium redox flow battery test facility of industrial size (IS-VRFB) has been recently built at the Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory of University of Padua in order to investigate the performance potential of scaling-up from small-scale single-cell bench experiments. The facility is built around a 40-cell 600-cm­ 2 active-area stack and two 550-litre tanks. The facility is provided with advanced electronic bidirectional power supply, multiphysics instrumentation and data acquisition and control system. This paper reports on the commissioning of a multichannel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) system, tailored for such large stack, capable of operating in the range 0-30 kHz, with bias currents up to 400 A. Results from early experimental campaign will be also reported, which show the lack of uniformity among cells and how differences enlarge with increasing battery load conditions. Results can be instrumental in addressing the design of flow patterns inside a large stack. References Alotto, M. Guarnieri and F. Moro, “Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review,” Renew Sus. Energ Rev. 29, (2014): 325–335.Guarnieri, A. Trovò, A. D’Anzi, P. Alotto, “Developing vanadium redox flow technology on a 9-kW 26-kWh industrial scale test facility: design review and early experiments”, Appl Energy, 230 (2018) 1425-1434. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.021.Trovò, G. Marini, A. Sutto, P. Alotto, M. Giomo, F. Moro, M. Guarnieri, “Standby thermal model of a vanadium redox flow battery stack with crossover and shunt-current effects”, Appl Energy, 240 (2019) 893-906.Trovò, A. Saccardo, M. Giomo, F. Moro, M. Guarnieri, “Thermal modeling of industrial-scale vanadium redox flow batteries in high-current operations”, J Power Sources, in print. Figure 1

An Approach to Insulation Condition Monitoring and Life Assessment in Emerging Electrical Environments

Distributed generation, dc transmission and distribution, and power electronics for ac/dc/ac conversion bring the advantages of increased control and flexibility in electric power management. These advantages also introduce challenges that must be managed. An electrical environment where voltage is not anymore strictly sinusoidal implies that a new approach for the design and maintenance of electrical insulation systems has to be devised. Non-sinusoidal voltage supply often causes increased failure probability and, thus, reduced reliability and life of an electrical asset. This research addresses the implications of the transient and steady waveform distortion introduced by power electronic systems and dc supply, for which the electrical insulation was designed and tested through consolidated criteria based on sinusoidal voltage supply. Based on condition monitoring, a health index definition is proposed, which allows the condition of the insulation of an electrical apparatus to be assessed as a function of operation time, and, based on the aging and life models, the evaluation of maintenance actions and of the feasibility and extent of life extension plans to be carried out.

Shape-Adaptive, Self-Healable Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Enhanced Performances by Soft Solid-Solid Contact Electrification.

The viable application of soft electronics/robotics relies on the development of power devices which are desired to be flexible, deformable, or even self-healable. We report here a shape-adaptive, self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator (SS-TENG) for harvesting biomechanical energies. The use of a viscoelastic polymer, normally known as Silly Putty, as the electrification material and as the matrix of a carbon-nanotube-filled composite (CNT-putty) electrode endows the SS-TENG the capability of adapting to arbitrary irregular surfaces and instantaneous healing from mechanical damage (almost completely recovered in 3 min without extra stimuli). Furthermore, the output performances of the SS-TENG have also been significantly improved because (i) the ideal soft contact is achieved at the solid-solid interfaces for more effective contact electrification and (ii) the introduced cation dopants make the putty even more tribo-negative than polytetrafluoroethylene. The SS-TENG can be adhered to any curvy surface, tailored, and reshaped into arbitrary configurations and utilized as a power supply for small electronics, suggesting promising applications in soft electronics/robotics in the future.

Battery Concepts in Physical Chemistry: Making Your Own Organic–Inorganic Battery

On the basis of recent advances in battery research and technology, we have developed a novel laboratory exercise centered on an organic–inorganic battery using the redox chemistry of the organic molecule anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid disodium salt (AQDS). Although most commercially available batteries are based on inorganic redox couples, the development of batteries based on organic redox active materials has great potential for stationary energy storage. As such, the experiment described in this report exposes students to state-of-the-art battery technology, despite a rather simple experimental protocol. The exercise allows students to acquire hands-on learning and visualize central concepts of the Nernst equation, battery technology and components, half-cell reactions, charging/discharging tests, and performance analysis. Additionally, students are required to operate a range of key electronic instruments, including multimeters, power supplies, and electronic loads. This laboratory exercise is part of a third semester undergraduate course in physical chemistry and can be completed in a single laboratory session. Student feedback shows that the experimental work, coupled with a written report, significantly broadens student understanding of the electrochemistry of batteries.

A Memory-Efficient True-RMS Estimator in a Limited-Resources Hardware

More and more human activities are increasingly dependent on the power quality energy they are supplied. In particular, those loads that have an electronic switching mode power supply (SMPS) and microcontrollers or microprocessors are very susceptible to de-energization of the AC line as voltage monitoring takes place on the DC end and may not have enough time to cope with a voltage event involving energy loss. There have been many proposals that analyze power quality or current consumption, even those using limited resources hardware or the classic formulas of discrete root mean square (RMS). In this proposal, an approximation to the problem by means of an RMS value estimator that uses as a base a microcontroller of basic range and low economic cost and algorithms of calculation of very low computational cost that elude complex arithmetic operation to controllers, such as powers or roots, is presented. The results of the experiments to which the proposal was subjected show its ability to provide an estimation of the RMS value of voltage with sufficient precision or an event alarm in less time than the options analyzed. The validation tests and functional comparison of the prototype which were carried out support its viability.

Reliability and exploitation analysis of ITS power systems including RES

The problem of reliability and exploitation analysis of power systems used in intelligent transport systems (ITS) is extremely important from the point of view of ensuring the traffic safety. The use of advanced electronic devices in ITS systems requires their power supply from properly designed power systems. To ensure the continuity of operation of electronic devices, the basic and backup power supply are most often used. They should have specific values of reliability and performance indicators. Therefore, a reliability and exploitation model of the power system has been developed, taking into account renewable energy sources (RES), such as used in intelligent transport systems. This allowed to obtain dependencies enqabling to determine the probability of staying of the power system used in the intelligent transport system in the specified reliability and exploitation states.

Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator

Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles.

High-Performance PZT-Based Stretchable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator

Stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerators are highly desirable for power supply of flexible electronics. Piezoelectric composite material is the most effective strategy to render piezoelectric nanogenerators stretchable. However, the generated output performance is unsatisfactory due to the low piezoelectric phase proportion. Here we demonstrate a high-performance Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT)-based stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator (HSPG). The proposed HSPG exhibits excellent output performance with a power density of ∼81.25 μW/cm3, dozens of times higher than previously reported results. Mixing technique, instead of conventional stirring technology, is used to incorporate PZT particles into solid silicone rubber. The filler distribution homogeneity in matrix is thus remarkably improved, allowing higher filler composition. The PZT proportion in composite can be increased to 92 wt % with satisfactory stretchability of 30%. On the basis of the excellent electrical and mechanical properties, the proposed HS...

Transparent Thin Film Solid-State Lithium Ion Batteries.

Transparent electrochemical energy storage devices have attracted extensive attention for the power supply of next-generation transparent electronics. In this paper, semitransparent thin film batteries (TFBs) with a grid-structured design have been fabricated on glass substrates using specific photolithography and etching processes to achieve LiCoO2/LiPON/Si structures below human eye resolution. UV-vis transmittances up to 60% have been measured for the obtained TFBs. A discharge capacity as high as 0.15 mAh has been recorded upon galvanostatic cycling at the C/2 rate within 4.2-3 V voltage range for the highest transmittances. The capacity variation trend exhibits an initial phase of a gradual decrease with an average capacity loss of 0.15% per cycle and thereafter a second phase with almost stable capacity. Particular attention has been given to the effects of architecture parameters on the TFB optical and electrochemical properties. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of transparent, all inorganic, thin film lithium ion batteries. While reported studies are limited to battery structures involving liquid or polymer materials, our devices will contribute to improve form factor freedom, extend operating ranges, enhance long-term stability, and will be relevant to the integration into various optoelectronic devices.

A smart harvester for capturing energy from human ankle dorsiflexion with reduced user effort

Scavenging energy from human motion is a potential way to meet the increasing requirement of electrical power supply for portable electronics. However, since the conventional energy harvesters may collect both positive and negative work, the users have to pay extra efforts. This work aims at developing a smart energy harvester to accurately identify and capture the negative work of human ankle motion. During normal walking, only the dorsiflexion at stance phase performs negative work. Thus, one-way clutch is employed to filter ankle plantarflexion and mechanical contact switch array is used to disconnect electrical load, avoiding capturing positive work when ankle dorsiflexion is at swing phase. With the one-way clutch and mechanical contact switch array, the energy harvester can effectively target negative work as energy scavenged without consuming electrical energy. A wearable and light prototype is built to test its power output and users’ metabolic expenditure during walking. The energy harvesting system is also modeled and analyzed. The experimental results show that the energy harvester produces an average power of 0.35 W at 4.9 km h−1 while reducing metabolic expenditure by 0.84 W, so as to achieve lower cost of harvesting compared with the previous work.

Stretchable Triboelectric Textile Composed of Wavy Conductive-Cloth PET and Patterned Stretchable Electrode for Harvesting Multivariant Human Motion Energy.

Triboelectric textile with wearable property and feasibility of large area preparation has presented a great prospect in effectively collecting energy from human body motion to provide power supply for diversified wearable electronics. Here, we report a stretchable triboelectric textile (STET) composed of wavy conductive-cloth poly(ethylene terephthalate) and a patterned stretchable electrode as basic knitting units, which can achieve multivariant energy harvest with low cost and good comfort. STET displays excellent output performances due to diversified working principles of contact-separation and contact-sliding modes. Interaction between the knitting units can generate open-circuit voltage with a peak-to-peak value of 350 V and instantaneous peak power of 1 mW; the stretched-released STET produces a peak voltage of 32 V, whereas tapping the STET with cotton twice gives contact-separation movements generating improved peak voltage and current. To prove the potential application, the STET is fixed onto different positions of a human body to effectively harvest multivariant human body motion energy. Therefore, this work provides a new approach applying stretchable triboelectric textile for power supply in wearable devices.

Solution‐Processable Design of Fiber‐Shaped Wearable Zn//Ni(OH)2 Battery

AbstractThe rising of flexible and potable electronics urgently calls for matchable and miniaturized energy storage system as power supply. Herein, we develop a solution‐processable method to fabricate Ni@Ni(OH)2 fiber to design an all‐solid‐state fiber‐shaped Zn//Ni(OH)2 battery. This battery exhibits a high open circuit voltage of 1.75 V which is close to the theoretical value, considerable discharge capacity of 704 μAh cm−3 at current density of 0.5 A g−1, good rate capability with 75 % capacity retention when the discharge current increases from 0.5 A g−1 to 5 A g−1 and good cycling stability (92 % capacity retention after 2000 charge‐discharge cycles). Furthermore, the device performance remains unchanged under bending conditions, showing good flexibility and stability. It is believed that our design provides a promising strategy to fabricate long fiber‐shaped Zn//Ni(OH)2 battery as power supply for wearable electronics in future practical applications.

All-in-one filler-elastomer-based high-performance stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator for kinetic energy harvesting and self-powered motion monitoring

Flexible nanogenerators with advantages of conformal structure and easy assembly have become an appealing research field for wearable electronics recently. Here, an all-in-one filler-elastomer-based high-performance stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator (SPENG) is reported. By mechanically shearing and uniformly dispersing high weight compositions of PZT particles and Ag-coated glass microspheres fillers into the identical solid state silicone rubber matrixes, the piezoelectric layer and electrode layers are prepared, respectively, and the SPENG can be fabricated in an all-in-one structure with tight adhesion and reliable durability, which is very important to the tension sensing and energy harvesting for the limb motion with large strain and variable degree of freedom. The stretchable energy harvester exhibits excellent output performances (Voc≈20 V, Isc≈0.55μA, 3.93μW/cm3) and can respond to different external stimulations (such as stretched, clustered, folded, twisted, etc.). The SPENG can be not only mounted on a joint to efficiently capture and convert random body kinetic energy into electricity as a power supply for portable electronics, but also used as the self-powered tension and gesture sensors to monitor dynamic motions. This work has demonstrated a great progress in stretchable electronics and energy harvesting technology, which may have important prospects in artificial intelligence and individualized medical care.

Integrating a Triboelectric Nanogenerator and a Zinc‐Ion Battery on a Designed Flexible 3D Spacer Fabric

AbstractPowering flexible electronics by wearable energy‐storage or energy‐harvesting devices has attracted enormous research interest recently. However, the continual powering offered by individual energy‐storage devices, such as rechargeable batteries or supercapacitors, becomes problematic once the energy stored is fully discharged. Therefore, the integration of energy‐storage and energy‐harvesting techniques becomes a feasible approach to provide a continual power supply for flexible and wearable electronics. Herein, an integrated flexible and wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and rechargeable Zn‐ion battery (ZIB) system based on a flexible 3D spacer fabric is proposed as a promising wearable power unit for powering personal electronic devices. The energy harvested by the TENG from human motion can be utilized to refill the ZIB once its stored energy is exhausted. Moreover, the power unit can be easily scaled up to multipixel, due to the compatibility of the fabric with the textile industry, which renders the system with promise as a practical wearable personal power station in the future.

Self-powered nanofiber-based screen-print triboelectric sensors for respiratory monitoring

Scientific and commercial advances have set high requirements for wearable electronics. However, the power supply, breathability, and mass production of wearable electronics still have many challenges that need to be overcome. In this study, a self-powered nanofiber-based triboelectric sensor (SNTS) was fabricated by batch-scale fabrication technologies using electrospinning and screen-printing for health monitoring via respiratory monitoring. Typically, an arch structural SNTS is assembled by a nanofiber membrane and a Ag nanoparticle electrode. The pile of nanofibers and the conductive network of Ag nanoparticles ensure a gas channel across the whole device. The gas permeability of the SNTS was as high as 6.16 mm/s, which has overwhelming advantages when compared with commonly used wearable devices composed of air-tight cast films. Due to the softness of the nanofiber membrane, the SNTS showed excellent electronic output performance irrespective of whether it was bent, twisted, or folded. The superior properties, such as breathability, skin-friendliness, self-power, and batch fabrication of SNTS offer huge potential for their application in healthcare monitoring and multifunctional intelligent systems.

High-Performance and Recyclable Al-Air Coin Cells Based on Eco-friendly Chitosan Hydrogel Membranes.

Aluminum-air batteries are a promising power supply for electronics due to their low cost and high energy density. However, portable coin-type Al-air batteries operating under ambient air condition for small electronic appliances have rarely been reported. Herein, coin cell-type Al-air batteries using cost-effective and eco-friendly chitosan hydrogel membranes modified by SiO2, SnO2, and ZnO have been prepared and assembled. The Al-air coin cell employing chitosan hydrogel membrane containing 10 wt % SiO2 as a separator exhibits better discharge performance with a higher flat voltage plateau, longer discharge duration, and higher power density than the cells using a chitosan hydrogel membrane containing SnO2 or ZnO. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the presented Al-air coin cell can be recycled by a series of eco-friendly procedures using food-grade ingredients, resulting in recycled products that are environmentally safe and ready for reuse. The Al-air coin cell adopting a recycled cathode from a fully discharged Al-air coin cell using the above-mentioned procedure has shown comparable performance to cells assembled with a new cathode. With these merits of enhanced electrochemical performance and recyclability, this new Al-air coin cell with modified chitosan hydrogel membrane can find wide applications for powering portable and small-size electronics.