Power Supply Components Research Articles

Investigation of reactive power referring to recent studies of time-averaged stored energy density

It is known that the energies associated with reactive power periodically exchange between power supply and energy storage component(s) of capacitor and/or inductor. However, reactive power may be altered by power electronic devices without capacitors or/and inductors, which cannot be reasonably explained following electrical power theory. In this work, the transmission, dissipation, and storage of electromagnetic energy of either a sinusoidal alternating current or an electromagnetic wave traveling in a transmission line are addressed; a positive definite expression of time-averaged stored energy density instead of the usual non-positive definite one is proposed. It is demonstrated that, under certain conditions, the product of voltage and current intensity may be applied to represent instantaneous power, and active power is consistent with dissipated energy. However, reactive power is related to part of stored energy, which indicates that reactive power relates to part of the energy exchange between the power supply and the considered circuit. Furthermore, it is shown that influences of thyristors on stored energy may be attributed to the change of (fundamental frequency) current intensity induced by the thyristor and the contribution of the resistor to stored energy, which may also alter the value of reactive power. This work may be helpful to establish a bridge between electrical power theory and Poynting’s theorem, deepen the understanding of reactive power, and improve electrical power theory.

Analysis of Supraharmonics Emission in Power Grids: A Case Study of Photovoltaic Inverters

High-frequency (HF) emissions, referred to as supraharmonics (SHs), are proliferating in low- and medium-voltage networks due to the increasing use of technologies that generate distortions in the 2 kHz to 150 kHz range. The propagation of SHs through the electrical grid causes interference with power supply components and end-user equipment. With the increasing frequency of these incidents, it is imperative to establish guidelines and regulations that facilitate diagnosis and limit the amount of emissions injected into the electrical grid. The proliferation of SH emissions from active power electronics devices is a significant concern, especially considering the growing importance of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the context of climate change. The aim of this paper is to address and analyze the emissions from different PV inverters present in an electrical network. Several scenarios were simulated to understanding and identifying possible correlations. This study examines real signals from PV systems, which exhibit narrowband, broadband and time-varying emissions. This paper concludes by emphasizing the need for specific regulations for this frequency range while also providing indications for future research.

Analysis of the influence of power supply on control and protection device for voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current

Abstract The high-frequency DC switching power supply is a core module in control and protection devices for voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems. In practice, this type of power supply is often prone to failure. This paper investigates the working circuit of the switching power supply and examines various quality issues with power supply components. It focuses on aluminum electrolytic capacitors and key circuit DC/DC converters, which are particularly failure-prone. The study establishes a model for these components and analyzes the effects of capacitance reduction and increased equivalent series resistance, which result from capacitor failures. Through simulation experiments, the research explores the impact of these quality issues on DC/DC circuits. This work lays the foundation for understanding how the power module affects the VSC-HVDC protection device.

Multifunctional flexible self-supporting film electrode for wearable energy-storage sensing system

Thriving digital information technologies are propelling the elegant convergence of aesthetics and functionality in wearable electronic devices. However, developing tiny wearable systems is challenging due to the integration of bulky, cumbersome, and hazardous power supply components. To address this issue, we design a wearable energy-storage sensing system that integrates a V2O5/MXene flexible film serving as both a cathode of zinc-ion microbatteries (ZIMBs) and a piezoresistive sensor. The flexible film, free of inert binder, enhances electrode utilization for higher energy densities. Characterised by its heterostructure and interconnected porous structure, the film provides a ultra-stability (18000 cycles at 30 A g−1) and excellent rate performance (167 mAh g−1 at 50 A g−1). Beyond that, the film with high flexibility can be assembled into planar ZIMBs via vacuum filtration. The ZIMBs, capable of reliable energy output, exhibit a decent area capacity of 531.6 μAh cm−2 under dynamic bending conditions. The adaptable ZIMB-sensing system integrated into the same plane offers better coupling effects. The uninterruptible power supply from microbattery ensures the system’s independence, which can transmit Morse code in real time and detect body motions with a swift response time of just 84 ms. Our design principle provides new ideas for the independent and miniaturized development of wearable electronics.

Insulation Design of High Voltage and Large Capacity Power Supply Transformer

Abstract At present, the highest voltage level of DC circuit breakers in the world is 535kV. With the construction of 800kV multi-terminal flexible DC project, the demand for DC circuit breaker with higher voltage level is put forward. The voltage level of valve base power supply transformer as the power supply component of the DC circuit breaker is increased to 800kV. Single-section pendulum structure, single-section 100kV and 50kV schemes used at 535kV cannot meet the demand. An 800kV valve base power supply transformer scheme of four 200kV gas-insulated transformers in series is proposed. Its insulation design is also carried out. Firstly, the topology of hybrid DC circuit breaker power supply system and the structure of power supply transformer were described. Secondly, the design of power supply transformer insulation was carried out. Finally, the power supply transformer insulation was tested and verified. The results show that: SF6 power supply transformer internal insulation withstand voltage needs to be multiplied by the multiplication factor. The electric field strength limit of SF6 obtained by experiments is more than 1.5 times of the empirical design value. The internal field strength design of the 200kV power supply transformer takes into account the operating and seismic conditions, and the maximum electric field strength is 15kV/mm and 16.2kV/mm respectively. The curvature radius of the top shielding ring needs to be larger than that of other layers, after optimization, the maximum field strength is 2.68kV /mm when the curvature radius is 300mm. The internal insulation design of 200kV power supply transformer according to lightning impulse. The simulated and measured values of non-uniform voltage coefficient of 800kV power supply transformer under lightning impulse are 1.048 and 1.0488 respectively, in which the voltage equalizing capacitance is 3000pF. The insulation tests of 200kV and 800kV power supply transformer were all passed, and it can be operated safely. Effectively support the development of UHV DC circuit breaker.

Optimization of frequency dynamic characteristics in microgrids: An improved MPC-VSG control

For the power imbalance caused by the load switching in microgrids (MGs), which in turn causes the frequency crossing limit problem. In this paper, we propose an improved model predictive control (MPC) based on the existing MPC-VSG control, combining adaptive inertia damping control and adaptive weight coefficient control for joint control, and adjusting the inertia damping coefficient of VSG in real-time by adaptive inertia damping control. In MPC control, the measured parameters at the current moment are used to predict the state quantities at the future moment, and then the target function is designed with the angular frequency deviation and the VSG power output as performance indicators, and the weight coefficients in the target function are updated in real-time by detecting the frequency deviation. After solving the objective function to obtain the required power compensation, the power reference value of the VSG is updated to optimize the dynamic response of the frequency. Experiment and comparison analysis with two existing methods show that the proposed method can further optimize the frequency response and smooth the output power of other power supply components in the microgrid when they are disturbed.

New SiC Kicker Power Supply for J-PARC

A new kicker power supply using silicon carbide metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (SiC-MOSFETs) is under development at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). SiC-MOSFETs fabricate compact high-speed pulse power supplies to replace the thyratron switch power supply. The base circuit of the new power supply uses the linear transformer driver (LTD) system, and the semi-conductor module circuit comprises a radial symmetry type that achieves low noise. The three main components of the current kicker power supply, i.e., the thyratron, pulse-forming network (PFN) circuit, and end clipper, can be assembled on a single board as the new module circuit board. The new power supply contains a 1.25 kV/2 kA main board that forms a trapezoidal pulse and a 0.1 kV/2 kA correction board, compensating for the flat section droop. The 32 main boards and 20 correction boards are hierarchically connected in series to achieve the waveform specifications required for the J-PARC rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) kicker power supply: output voltage of 40 kV, output current of 2 kA, and pulse width of 1.2 μs. Furthermore, a 25 % power saving has been confirmed and an insulating cylinder for the conductor has been developed to suppress corona discharge and withstand continuous operation for a long time.

Magnetic resilience studies for power supplies

It is well understood that modern physics experiments often require more Low Voltage power to be delivered to front-end electronics than was needed in past, and that the most effective and efficient means of delivering this LV power requires that the power supplies be placed as close as possible to the detector. Unfortunately, this means that the LV power supplies must be more robust and tolerant to radiation and magnetic fields typically present in such an environment.Designing a power supply capable of operating in such an environment is not a trivial task. It is first necessary to fully assess and understand these special conditions before one can begin to identify the power supply typology and components to be used. In this manuscript we will illustrate the design process of the CAEN EASY BRIC1 (B & Rad tolerant Intermediate Converter), an intermediate converter utilized to power the front-end electronics (12 V to 300 V) of the ATLAS-NSW experiment. The complete process is described, from design choice, to component selection, to circuit testing from B=0 to 1 T, and finally deployment and testing the complete power supply in an operational environment.

Evolution, Challenges and Applications of Modern MOSFETs

As technology scales down to the nanoscale regime, MOSFETs are widely used in various applications today, which serve as key components in power supplies, amplifiers, digital circuits, and microprocessors. Their ability to control and switch high currents makes them essential in electronic devices, ranging from smartphones and laptops to industrial machinery and electric vehicles. However, traditional MOSFET designs face significant limitations due to quantum effects, increased variability, and many other issues. They are prone to overheating, which limits their power handling capability, and their switching speeds are relatively slow, leading to inefficiencies in high-frequency circuits. Furthermore, traditional MOSFETs suffer from voltage limitations and require complex driver circuits, restricting their use in certain high-voltage applications. This paper provides a focused exploration of the challenges and opportunities in designing nanoscale MOSFETs, which starts from providing a comprehensive overview of the history, differences, dilemmas, and applications of modern MOSFETs. By examining the evolution of MOSFET technology, discussing the challenges faced by designers, and exploring the wide range of applications, which aims to inspire further research, innovation, and advancements in this critical field of electronics.

Design and Implementation of a Low Losses Current-Fed Portable Induction Furnace

This research is concentrated on the practical design of a portable Induction Heating Furnace (IHF) composed of a Current-Fed Parallel Resonance Inverter (CFPRI) as a power supply of an Induction Coil (IC) and its specimen. The design is intended to reduce the losses in both the switches of the inverter and those due to non-sinusoidal currents in the conductors connecting the power supply components. The IC was connected in parallel to a suitable capacitor to form a tank load in this furnace. Detailed design steps for each implemented part are represented in this research. The implemented power supply tested practically on certain load. The practical results were compared with that obtained from the simulation for this system using the (Plecs) computer package. The practical results agreed with the simulation.

From Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Hybrid Energy Harvesters: A Review on the Integration Strategy toward High Efficiency and Multifunctionality.

The rapid development of smart devices and electronic products puts forward higher requirements for power supply components. As a promising solution, hybrid energy harvesters that are based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (HEHTNG) show advantages of both high energy harvesting efficiency and multifunctionality. Aiming to systematically elaborate the latest research progress of a HEHTNG, this review starts by introducing its working principle with a focus on the combination of triboelectric nanogenerators with various other energy harvesters, such as piezoelectric nanogenerators, thermoelectric/pyroelectric nanogenerators, solar cells, and electromagnetic nanogenerators. While the performance improvement and integration strategies of HEHTNG toward environmental energy harvesting are emphasized, the latest applications of HEHTNGs as multifunctional sensors in human health detection are also illustrated. Finally, we discuss the main challenges and prospects of HEHTNGs, hoping that this work can provide a clear direction for the future development of intelligent energy harvesting systems for the Internet of Things.

Self-Powered Integrated System with a Flexible Strain Sensor and a Zinc-Air Battery.

At present, self-powered, lightweight, and flexible sensors are widely applied, especially in the fields of wearable devices and human health monitoring. Nevertheless, conventional self-powered flexible sensor systems rely on power supply components such as supercapacitors, nanofriction generators, and solar cells, which present certain limitations, such as high dependence on external environmental factors and the inability to provide long-term stable energy supply. Thus, a paramount exigency emerges for the development of wearable sensors endowed with enduring battery life to enable continuous monitoring of human motion for extended periods. In our academic study, we present an innovative self-powered sensing system that seamlessly combines a pliable zinc-air battery with a strain sensor. This approach offers a stable output signal over extended periods without an external energy device, which is crucial for long-term, continuous human motion monitoring. Through the incorporation of various carbon materials, we realized the multifunction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) dual network hydrogels and prepared zinc-air battery electrolytes and strain sensors. Notably, the batteries exhibit impressive power density (82.5 mW cm-2), high open-circuit voltage (1.42 V), and remarkable environmental stability. Even when subjected to puncture and breakage, the batteries remain operational without suffering from electrolyte leakage. Similarly, our strain sensor boasts a broad working range spanning from 0 to 1400%, coupled with a remarkable sensitivity (GF = 2.99) and exceptional capacity to accurately detect various mechanical deformations. When integrated into a single system, the integrated system can monitor human movement for up to 10 h, which has broad prospects in wearable sensor applications.

Microsupercapacitors Working at 250 °C

AbstractThe raised demand for portable electronics in high‐temperature environments (>150 °C) stimulates the search for solutions to release the temperature constraints of power supply. All‐solid‐state microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are envisioned as promising on‐chip power supply components, but at present, nearly none of them can work at temperature over 200 °C, mainly restricted by the electrolytes which possess either low thermal stability or incompatible fabrication process with on‐chip integration. In this work, we have developed a novel process to fabricate highly thermally stable ionic liquid/ceramic composite electrolytes for on‐chip integrated MSCs. Remarkably, the electrolytes enable MSCs with graphene‐based electrodes to operate at temperatures as high as 250 °C with a high areal capacitance (~72 mF cm−2 at 5 mV s−1) and good cycling stability (70 % capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at 1.4 mA cm−2).

DCMigrationALG: A Power-Aware Data Center Container Migration Algorithm

In order to make full use of the power capacity of the data center when deploying servers in the data center, the deployment method of data center power over-provisioning is adopted. By using the hypothetical power capacity of the data center instead of the actual power capacity to deploy servers, we can deploy more servers to improve power utilization and space utilization. However, in some cases, when the servers under the same power supply component reach a higher power level at the same time, the real-time power of the power supply component will exceed the rated power, affecting service operation and causing heavy losses. In response to the above problems, we propose DCMigrationALG: a power-aware data center container migration algorithm. This algorithm uses container migration to migrate the containers under the power supply component to other power supply components, thereby reducing the real-time power of the power supply component and ensuring power security. We conduct experiments in a real computer room environment to prove the effectiveness of our algorithm.

Recent Trends in Wearable Electronic Textiles (e-Textiles): A Mini Review

Wearable electronic textiles (e-textiles) have the ability to sense, respond, and adjust in multiple environmental stimuli, which can interact with the human brain's capability for cognition, reasoning, and activation. Moreover, they have the ability to generate and store energy, keep track of the wearer's health, and react to varying situations. Conductive polymers, metal-wrapped yarns, as well as, carbon nanotubes with silver, copper, and gold nanoparticles are used in a variety of yarn structures to design circuits, switches, and fabrics directly. Knitting, stitching, embroidery, and other integration techniques are used to combine electronic components and electrical interconnects to develop flexible electronic clothing and smart wearables. For this purpose, controlled sensors, actuators, conductive embroidered or printed fabric, planer yarn, data transfer devices, conductive inks, electromagnetic shielding, power supply, and other components are incorporated in e-textiles design. Despite the progress made so far, wearable e-textiles still, lack the required performance and device features along with the issues related to complex fabrication techniques, end-of-life processing and sustainability. Hence, this review aims to discuss the recent developments, which address the future challenges concerning electronic (e-textiles).

Application of artificial intelligence methods for determination of transients in the power system

Numerous factors, including sudden load reductions, switching transient loads, lightning strikes, and malfunctions of control devices, can result in overvoltage. Overvoltage can harm associated power supply components and result in insulation failure, electronic component damage, flashovers, etc. A machine learning technique called a "neural network" estimates computation results that depend on a lot of inputs. For a variety of reasons, neural networks have recently been used to manage and optimize the power system. This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach to determining overvoltages in power systems. To simulate overvoltages, many simulations were performed in Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). Variations of parameters of interest that have an influence on overvoltages were made using JavaScript that was connected to EMTP models. The extraction of characteristic parameters from overvoltage waveshape is a demanding task, and it was conducted in MATLAB, as was a overvoltage classification methodology based on neural networks. Results were presented and discussed.

Applied Research of the UAV Illumination Measurement System in Sports Stadiums

In this paper, an illumination measurement system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system consists of two parts, including the illumination acquisition module mounted on the UAV and the real-time display interface of the cloud platform with control functions. The illuminance acquisition module consists of a light sensor, a distance sensor, a wireless communication module, and a power-supply component. For the other part, the OneNET cloud platform developed by China Mobile is chosen as the display interface for the system’s real-time data. In addition, the local-outlier factor (LOF) algorithm is used for outlier rejection to further improve the stability and accuracy of the system. The illuminance acquisition system designed and implemented was then applied to the illuminance measurement experiments in the stadium. In experiments, the illuminance data acquired by the system was used to investigate the illuminance distribution at different height levels in the stadium. It was learned that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the data acquired is calculated to be 2.45 compared to the illuminance standard values through experimentation, with an error range of −2.77% to −0.53% for dynamic measurements.

A Safety Goggles for Dental Treatment That Can Monitor the Pulse

Objective: Using the safety goggles to protect and treat the process of fog, powder or laser injury to the eyes, reduce noise and thus reduce the patient's discomfort. At the same time, pulse frequency and vital signs of patients can be detected during treatment to improve the safety of treatment. Methods: The device is a safety goggles for dental treatment that can monitor the pulse, including a mirror frame, a protective lens mounted on one side of the frame and a first elastic band and a second elastic band located at both ends of the frame. The first elastic band and the second elastic band are connected and fixed together. The first elastic band is provided with a holding box body near the frame, and the top of the holding box body is provided with a power switch, an audio switch and a pulse monitoring switch. The body of the containing box is provided with a control chip, a power supply component, a pulse sensor, a memory and an audio component. The control chip is electrically connected with the memory, a pulse sensor, an audio component, a speaker and a power supply component, and the audio component is electrically connected with the first earplug and the second earplug through the data cable. Results: A kind of safety goggles for dental treatment which can monitor pulse was successfully designed. The device is equipped with safety goggles, so as to prevent the air fog and other dirt damage to the eyes; Pulse sensor was set to obtain pulse signal; Earplugs with extendable length are suitable for individual differences and can improve the sound insulation effect. Conclusion: The safety goggles can solve the problems of harsh light source equipped with dental treatment chair, easy to splash the eyes with aerosol during operation, and loud noise of operating instruments. In addition, it can also monitor patients' vital signs in real time during tooth implantation and extraction and prevent sudden symptoms.

Hybrid renewable energy powered reverse osmosis desalination – Minimization and comprehensive analysis of levelized cost of water

Supplying desalination plants from renewable resources is a promising solution to overcome water scarcity. Currently, these alternative sources of energy have attracted more attention due to the intensified energy crisis. Since having relatively higher costs, defining an optimal investment plan ensures the cost-effectiveness of the whole system. In previous studies, the desalination unit's size was often considered constant, and power supply components were optimized by minimizing Net Present Cost. An optimized system based on this cost term does not reflect the actual cost of produced water. This paper presents a new configuration and linear formulation for optimal renewable energy-powered water desalination planning. In the proposed model, the size of both the desalination unit and the supply system components are variable and optimized simultaneously by minimizing the Levelized Cost of Water. The water and energy storage are also considered and optimized while emitted carbon by the system is controlled. Besides, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is performed by changing system configuration, renewable potential, yearly emission cap, desalination unit parameters, and supply system per unit costs. Besides constituting a reliable optimization framework, the study results detect the most influential factors and reveal a future roadmap to further water cost analysis and reduction.

Вплив енерговтрат імплантата з бездротовим живленням на тепловий стан організму

Technical means that create for regenerating lost functions of the human body primarily focused on the target function. However, even when implants achieve performance that corresponds to natural organs and systems, in many cases the developers do not pay enough attention to the energy supply of implants and additional heat load due to energy losses in mechanical, electrical, and electronic units. If you do not consider these factors, it limits the duration and medical safety of the devices. It is especially true for implants with significant power consumption and wireless power supply. Therefore, this work determines the allowable additional heat load of the human body to justify the choice of further circuit solutions for wireless powering of implants with significant energy consumption and long-term operation. The subject of research is the processes of heat exchange between the implant and body structures and their energy and temperature indicators. The research object was chosen as an implant of the type "Artificial Heart" device (AHD) with a maximum power of 20… 25 W and the magnetic induction principle of energy transfer. The research tasks are to analyze the processes of heat exchange between the implant and the biostructures of the body; to calculate quantitative indicators of energy exchange in the location of the main components of the implant; to determine the temperature of biotissues in the area of the receiving inductor. The subject of research is the processes of heat exchange between the implant and body structures and their energy and temperature indicators. The research object was chosen as the implant of the type "Artificial Heart" device (AHD) with a maximum power of 20… 25 W and the magnetic induction principle of energy transfer. The research tasks are to analyze the processes of heat exchange between the implant and the biostructures of the body; to calculate quantitative indicators of energy exchange in the location of the main components of the implant; to determine the temperature of biotissues in the area of the receiving inductor. Research results. The processes of heat exchange between the structural elements of the implant and the biostructures of the body have a complex combination of physiological and physical mechanisms. Estimates are made based on the thermal conductivity process, as the most objective in terms of known quantitative indicators. With an average efficiency of ~ 0.8 for mechanical, electrical, and electronic components of the implant "Artificial Heart," the human body can maintain a stable temperature of internal organs in the presence of an implant with a maximum power consumption of 20 watts. The calculation conducted using the method of electrothermal analogy showed a possible increase in the temperature of biotissues in contact with the surface of the receiving implanted inductor, by 1.32 ° C. This value refers to the critical levels of internal tissue temperature rise. Summary. For practical implementation of the autonomous device the Artificial Heart Device, it is necessary to combine known or to find the original circuit-technical and design decisions of construction of components of wireless power supply with the magnetic induction principle and efficiency of not less than 0,8. To prevent thermal overload of biotissues, it is advisable to introduce a temperature control channel at potentially critical locations of the implanted elements. It is possible to predict the finding of these critical points by calculations by the method of electrothermal analogy.