Power Shape Research Articles

Coloniality, reproduction, and the climate crisis, or

This forum focuses on the topic of coloniality, investigating the ways in which it shapes the contemporary world. We will look at how colonial structures of power shape the development of new technologies, as well as emergent manifestations of anti-colonial resistance. --- Luiza Prado de Oliveira Martins, Editor

3D printing-A Review of Materials, Applications, and Challenges

Abstract: Now a days 3-Dimensional Printing (3DP) technology is used world widely and it can actually print each and every thing with the desired computer program. In Construction engineering the challenges are like availability of skilled man power, time constraint, cost effectiveness and complicated shapes etc. But with the help of an automated machine, the 3D printing technology, has huge potential to have faster and more accurate construction of complex and more laborious works. This technology can build three-dimensional (3D) objects by connecting layers of materials and can be applied to convert waste and by-products into new materials. The 3DP in concrete construction is increasing thanks to its freedom in geometry, rapidness, formwork-less printing, low waste generation, eco-friendliness, cost-saving nature and safety. This paper attempts to review the digital printing technology introduced in the construction industry and the also highlights the impact on concrete technology. It also discusses about the materials used in 3DP, mix design, various applications and challenges in the construction industry. Keywords: 3D printing, Concrete, 3DCP, Mix design.

Child development in an ideological context: Through the lens of resistance and accommodation

AbstractEvery aspect of child development—from cognition to relationships—is shaped by macrolevel ideologies (e.g., white supremacy, patriarchy) that reflect the social hierarchies and embedded power structures of society. While ecological theories have long underscored the impact of macrosystems and cultures on humans, the field of child development has tended to overemphasize microsystems and often overlooks how ideologies of power shape developmental processes. In this article, we situate child development within and in response to the ideological context, which directs the field’s attention away from “fixing” individuals and microsystems and toward disrupting the macro‐ideologies that shape them. We ground this article in research on resistance and accommodation to such ideologies, revealing that humans have a natural capacity to resist what gets in the way of their ability to survive and thrive. We discuss questions that are necessary to address when integrating resistance and accommodation in the study of child development.

Neutronics performances of gas-cooled fast reactor for 300-600 MWt Output Power with Modified CANDLE burn-up scheme in radial direction

Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor-GFR is a Generation IV reactor that is helium-cooled and has a closed fuel cycle. Due to the target operation on 2022-2030, this reactor type still needs further research and development technologies. We investigated the neutronics performances of a GFR balance type core with some modification of CANDLE (Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux, nuclide densities and power shape During Life of Energy production) burn-up scheme in the radial direction. The output power varied from 300 to 600 MWt. The neutronics calculation was performed using SRAC 2002 with JENDL 4.0 nuclear data library. The analysis indicate the reactor could operate critically for ten years without refueling with burn-up level 20% HM.

Digital visionary women: introducing the “Catalogue of Living Saints”

ABSTRACT This article introduces the “Catalogue of Living Saints,” a wiki catalogue that provides knowledge about the lives of Castilian charismatic women, prior to Teresa of Ávila (d. 1582), who acquired reputations for holiness in their own times. The lives of these “holy” women show great contact between court and convent, and they contribute to better understanding the history of women and their subsequent impact on society. The collected lives appeared in a diversity of sources: manuscripts of the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries, including conventual books and compendia containing lives of saints, handwritten and printed chronicles of religious orders in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Castile, and other works. Thus, the Catalogue recovers several texts that have never been printed before and that in most cases were never edited independently. Furthermore, it integrates the development of a database in order to understand the different proposed hagiographical models and their performative shape and spatial distribution of power. Additionally, this article discusses how gathering, editing, and reading the lives of these women via an open-access virtual tool creates a new hermeneutical framework regarding the materiality of the original codices and printed volumes. Finally, it proposes mitigation measures in the near future to bring contemporary reading practices (and interpretation) closer to historical ones.

Shape-Trait Consistency: The Matching Effect of Consumer Power State and Shape Preference.

Angular and rounded shapes are two important visual elements widely used in the design of product shapes and brand logos. By introducing the power state, a psychological variable that is inherently relevant to consumers' product choices, brand preferences, and decision-making, we propose that consumers' power state influences their shape preference. Specifically, compared to low-power consumers, high-power consumers respond more positively to angular as opposed to rounded shapes, because the angular shape facilitates the expression of competence (as opposed to warmth). Through four studies, we provide consistent support for our main predictions as well as the underlying processes. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that consumers experiencing higher power are more likely to prefer an angular shape over a rounded shape than those experiencing lower power through different research methods, research objects, and experimental materials. On this basis, studies 3 and 4 further explore the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. These findings contribute to sensory marketing and power research and provide important implications for visual design and advertisement development.

Thinking about social power and hierarchy in medical education.

Social power has been diversely conceptualised in many academic areas. Operating on both the micro (interactional) and macro (structural) levels, we understand power to shape behaviour and knowledge through both repression and production. Hierarchies are one organising form of power, stratifying individuals or groups based on the possession of valued social resources. Medicine is a highly organised social context where work and learning are contingent on interaction and thereby influenced greatly by social power and hierarchy. Despite the relevance of power to education research, there are many unrealized opportunities to use this construct to expand our understanding of how physicians work and learn. Hierarchy, when considered in our field, is typically gestured to as an omnipresent feature of the clinical environment that harms low-status individuals by repressing their ability to communicate openly and exercise their agency. This may be true in many circumstances, but this conceptualization of hierarchy neglects consideration of other aspects of hierarchy that may be generative for understanding the experiences of medical learners. For example, medical learners may experience the superimposition of multiple hierarchies, some of which are fluid and some of which are calcified, some of which are productive and helpful and some of which are oppressive and harmful. Power may work 'up' and 'across' hierarchical ranks, rather than just from higher status to lower status individuals. The conceptualizations of how social power shapes human behaviour are diverse. Often paired with hierarchy, or social arrangement, these social scientific ideas have much to offer our collective study of the ways that health professionals learn and practice. Accordingly, we posit that a consideration of the ways social power works through hierarchies to nurture or harm the growth of learners should be granted explicit consideration in the framing and conduct of medical education research.

Assessment of Early Response to Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using Amide Proton Transfer–weighted Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI: A Pilot Study

Purpose To determine if amide proton transfer-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (APTW CEST) MRI is useful in the early assessment of treatment response in persons with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Materials and Methods In this prospective study, a total of 51 participants (mean age, 51 years [range, 26-79 years]) with TNBC were included who underwent APTW CEST MRI with 0.9- and 2.0-µT saturation power performed at baseline, after two cycles (C2), and after four cycles (C4) of neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST). Imaging was performed between January 31, 2019, and November 11, 2019, and was a part of a clinical trial (registry number NCT02744053). CEST MR images were analyzed using two methods-magnetic transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym) and Lorentzian line shape fitting. The APTW CEST signals at baseline, C2, and C4 were compared for 51 participants to evaluate the saturation power levels and analysis methods. The APTW CEST signals and their changes during NAST were then compared for the 26 participants with pathology reports for treatment response assessment. Results A significant APTW CEST signal decrease was observed during NAST when acquisition at 0.9-µT saturation power was paired with Lorentzian line shape fitting analysis and when the acquisition at 2.0 µT was paired with MTRasym analysis. Using 0.9-µT saturation power and Lorentzian line shape fitting, the APTW CEST signal at C2 was significantly different from baseline in participants with pathologic complete response (pCR) (3.19% vs 2.43%; P = .03) but not with non-pCR (2.76% vs 2.50%; P > .05). The APTW CEST signal change was not significant between pCR and non-pCR at all time points. Conclusion Quantitative APTW CEST MRI depended on optimizing acquisition saturation powers and analysis methods. APTW CEST MRI monitored treatment effects but did not differentiate participants with TNBC who had pCR from those with non-pCR. © RSNA, 2021 Clinical trial registration no. NCT02744053 Supplemental material is available for this article. Keywords Molecular Imaging-Cancer, Molecular Imaging-Clinical Translation, MR-Imaging, Breast, Technical Aspects, Tumor Response, Technology Assessment.

Neuronal biomarkers of Parkinson's disease are present in healthy aging

The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with aging and both processes share similar cellular mechanisms and alterations in the dopaminergic system. Yet it remains to be investigated whether aging can also demonstrate electrophysiological neuronal signatures typically associated with PD. Previous work has shown that phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between the phase of beta oscillations and the amplitude of gamma oscillations as well as beta bursts features can serve as electrophysiological biomarkers for PD. Here we hypothesize that these metrics are also present in apparently healthy elderly subjects. Using resting state multichannel EEG measurements, we show that PAC between beta oscillation and broadband gamma activity (50–150 Hz) is elevated in a group of elderly (59–77 years) compared to young volunteers (20–35 years) without PD. Importantly, the increase of PAC is statistically significant even after ruling out confounds relating to changes in spectral power and non-sinusoidal shape of beta oscillation. Moreover, a trend for a higher percentage of longer beta bursts (> 0.2 s) along with the increase in their incidence rate is also observed for elderly subjects. Using inverse modeling, we further show that elevated PAC and longer beta bursts are most pronounced in the sensorimotor areas. Moreover, we show that PAC and longer beta bursts might reflect distinct mechanisms, since their spatial patterns only partially overlap and the correlation between them is weak. Taken together, our findings provide novel evidence that electrophysiological biomarkers of PD may already occur in apparently healthy elderly subjects. We hypothesize that PAC and beta bursts characteristics in aging might reflect a pre-clinical state of PD and suggest their predictive value to be tested in prospective longitudinal studies.

Accessibility4Equity: Cripping technology‐mediated compulsory education through sociotechnical praxis

AbstractDuring COVID‐19, technology has frequently mediated schools' emergency remote learning. Tragically, many of those technologies, despite legal requirements to the contrary, are inaccessible to disabled youth—a pattern of oppression within compulsory education that predates the pandemic by almost two decades and is rooted in ableism. In this paper, I advance a new interdisciplinary framework—Accessibility4Equity (A4E)—that integrates existing single‐discipline theories to explain the messy interactions among human and non‐human actors engaged in learning that is equitable and accessible to disabled youth within the context of compulsory education. A4E asserts that equitable technology‐mediated education is (1) constructed by educators and disabled people collaboratively cripping discourse and practice through sociotechnical praxis, (2) born technologically and pedagogically accessible; and (3) requires institutions to have the capacity to cultivate access intimacy and swiftly respond to individual needs. Hence, A4E is a framework that scholars and practitioners can use to begin the complex social change that is required to disrupt the unjust status quo and reimagine technology‐mediated compulsory education as a place that values and is hospitable to disabled youth. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Technologies and instructional practices that oppress and exclude disabled youth are consistently used in compulsory education. Flexible pedagogical approaches make learning more accessible to disabled youth. The features and functionalities that make technology accessible to disabled adults are operationalised in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, which are incorporated into laws and policies around the world. Abled power shapes technology‐mediated environments and disabled people's access to them. What this paper adds An interdisciplinary framework that explains the messy interactions among human and non‐human actors engaged in equitable and accessible technology‐mediated learning within the context of compulsory education. A framework, which is more valuable than the sum of its parts, for identifying and beginning to dismantle the systemic ableism that is embedded in technology‐mediated compulsory education. Equitable technology‐mediated education is (1) constructed by educators and disabled people collaboratively cripping discourse and practice through sociotechnical praxis, (2) born technologically and pedagogically accessible; and (3) requires institutions to have the capacity to cultivate access intimacy and swiftly respond to individual needs. Implications for practice and policy To dismantle the systemic ableism embedded in technology‐mediated learning environments, teachers and administrators must (1) pause to critically reflect on their beliefs and actions, (2) ally themselves with disabled youth and adults; and (3) act to ensure equitable access. Acting to ensure equitable access includes (1) examining and remediating existing learning environments, (2) proactively constructing born accessible learning environments moving forward; and (3) developing the capacity to cultivate access intimacy and swiftly respond to individual needs.

From “pretty to pretty powerful”: Facial beauty’s performative power (WITHDRAWN)

The face is a significant locus of power upon which judgements concerning a person’s status, worth and attractiveness are made. This study contributes to knowledge of facial norms’ shifting performative power in daily organizing, theorizing facial beauty as a communicatively constituted authoritative text. We achieve this through blending Butlerian and communication as constitutive of organization theorizing. This allows us to enrich understandings of power and performativity’s necessarily entangled and co-constitutive unfolding, as we trace how a normative understanding of facial beauty becomes more and/or less performatively powerful through embodied-textual processes. Our theorizing is generated from an ethnography of a UK cosmetics firm and demonstrates how facial beauty functions as a (figurative) authoritative text that corporealizes, subjectivizes, and is resisted by makeup artists within a confluence of (concrete) text and conversation. We show how through communicative, citational and embodied processes of corporealization, regulation and subjection, everyday performances like makeup applications become performatively powerful on the ground level of interaction. Further, returning authoritative texts to their original figurative formulation uncovers something of how their transformative power shapes organizing’s ongoing accomplishment.

From ‘Pretty’ to ‘Pretty Powerful’: The communicatively constituted power of facial beauty’s performativity

The face is a significant locus of power upon which judgements concerning a person’s status, worth and attractiveness are made. This study contributes to knowledge of facial norms’ shifting performative power in daily organizing, theorizing facial beauty as a communicatively constituted authoritative text. We achieve this through blending Butlerian and communication as constitutive of organization (CCO) theorizing. This allows us to enrich understandings of power and performativity’s necessarily entangled and co-constitutive unfolding, as we trace how a normative understanding of facial beauty becomes more and/or less performatively powerful through embodied-textual processes. Our theorizing is generated from an ethnography of a UK cosmetics firm and demonstrates how facial beauty functions as a (figurative) authoritative text that corporealizes, subjectivizes and is resisted by makeup artists within a confluence of (concrete) text and conversation. We show how through communicative, citational and embodied processes of corporealization, regulation and subjection, everyday performances like makeup applications become performatively powerful on the ground level of interaction. Further, returning authoritative texts to their original figurative formulation uncovers something of how their transformative power shapes organizing’s ongoing accomplishment.

Who Owned Florence?: Religious Institutions and Property Ownership in the Early Modern City

Abstract This study employs a 1561 tax census to survey estimated property incomes in Florence with particular attention to lay and ecclesiastical religious institutions. Its key findings are five. First, religious institutions were collectively the wealthiest corporate entities in the city, holding one fifth of all residential properties and one third of all workshops, and drawing 20.2 percent of all property income generated within city walls. Second, many were civic- and lay-religious institutions such as confraternities and hospitals. Third, the property income of religious houses was distributed across multiple organizations while that held by the Florentine diocese was concentrated in a few. Fourth, among religious orders, Mendicant houses had a larger urban presence than the older contemplative houses. Fifth, the property holdings of the formally defunct military-religious order of the Knights of S. Jacopo signal the deftness with which some institutions adapted to new circumstances. Overall, this survey of property incomes helps quantify the shape of power in the Florentine religious universe.

Power and positionality shape identity work during a science research apprenticeship for girls

ABSTRACT The research apprenticeship is a situated form of learning that can be effective in connecting learners to science. It is commonly assumed that this pathway is characterised by power transitions from those positioned as experts to those positioned as novices, yet power and positionality during a research apprenticeship have rarely been explicitly investigated. Using a qualitative approach, we explored this area in the context of a summer research apprenticeship for girls, involving primarily female scientist mentors. We found that scientist mentors positioned, and were positioned by, learners in three different ways, and that these positionalities were associated with different kinds of identity work among learners. Given stereotypical societal views of science that can be at odds with gendered identities, these patterns may be particularly consequential for girls. We discuss implications for teacher professional development, as well as future research directions.

Neutronic Study of Fast Reactor with Modified CANDLE Burnup Scheme Using natural Pb, Pb(nat)-Bi Eutectic, 208Pb, and 208Pb-Bi Eutectic as Coolant

About 96% of reactors in the world consume enriched uranium. However, enrichment technology is costly and a sensitive issue related to nuclear non-proliferation. Whereas, without the technology, it is difficult to obtain the optimal benefits from the nuclear reactor. The long-life reactor designs that can consume natural uranium and minimize initial fue l loading are needed. Therefore, the design study of long-life Pb(208)-Bi eutectic cooled reactor with modified CANDLE (Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux, nuclide densities, and power shape During Life of Energy Energy production) burn up scheme has performed. Modified CANDLE burnup scheme can use natural Uranium (without enrichment) as fuel and also can reprocess LWR (Light-Water Reactor) spent fuel. In Modified CANDLE scheme, a reactor core is divided into 10 regions in an axial direction which has the same volume. Region 1 is filled by fresh natural uranium and after 10 years burnup, it is then shifted to region 2. These mechanisms are applied to all the regions. Coolant for LFR (Lead-cooled Fast Reactors) have some requirements such as has low neutron absorption, low melting point, high boiling point and non-reactive with air and water. Pb(208)-Bi eutectic is a promising coolant for LFR due to its properties. The Neutronic calculation was performed by SRAC and FITB.ch1 using JENDL 4.0 as nuclear data library. The Important neutronic parameter such as k-eff is discussed in the present study. Initial k-eff of the reactor using Pb-natural, Pb-Bi, Pb(208), and Pb(208)-Bi as coolant are 0.99973, 1.0020, 1.0089, and 1.0059, respectively.

Political Ecology: Nature and Society against the Grain

This essay advances the argument for James C. Scott as a preeminent political ecologist, despite the fact that he has not claimed such a title for himself. While he is variously described as an (errant) political scientist, an (adopted) anthropologist, and a (most of the time) Southeast Asianist, he has not usually been called a card-carrying political ecologist. But in fact, his many works have foreshadowed a number of the topical concerns of political ecologists of Asia, such as his attention to subsistence strategies of peasants, to hegemony and resistance, to state power and simplifications, to anarchism and self-organization, and to ecological transitions and human-nonhuman interactions. The fact that Scott is one of the most-cited theorists in the field of political ecology is further proof of his influence, with authors using Scottian themes to launch critical investigations of how power shapes environmental relations and how politics plays a role in the co-constitution of nature and society.

Non-state Diplomacies and Norm-making during the Occupy Central and Umbrella Movement: Hong Kong’s Canadian Residents

ABSTRACT The article advances understanding of the relationships between diplomacies and governance and the role of non-state actors in them, through a case study of migrant norm-making. Drawing from 50 interviews, the analysis examines how Canadian residents of Hong Kong during the 2014 Occupy Central and Umbrella Movement protests enacted through their diplomatic practices what Wiener calls the “meanings-in-use” of norms—specifically, respect for democracy and human rights, as well as foreign non-interference. These NSA diplomatic practices made visible world order's contested multi-level normative frames within a local democratization struggle. The analysis provides starting points for research on how transnational lives, liminal identifications, class, denizenship, and state power shape NSA diplomacies. It advances the theorizing of norm-making within diplomacy, using insights from critical diplomacy studies, including the “other diplomacies” approach.

Scenarios of Human Responses to Unprecedented Social-Environmental Extreme Events.

In a rapidly changing world, what is today an unprecedented extreme may soon become the norm. As a result, extreme‐related disasters are expected to become more frequent and intense. This will have widespread socio‐economic consequences and affect the ability of different societal groups to recover from and adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Therefore, there is the need to decipher the relation between genesis of unprecedented events, accumulation and distribution of risk, and recovery trajectories across different societal groups. Here, we develop an analytical approach to unravel the complexity of future extremes and multiscalar societal responses—from households to national governments and from immediate impacts to longer term recovery. This requires creating new forms of knowledge that integrate analyses of the past—that is, structural causes and political processes of risk accumulation and differentiated recovery trajectories—with plausible scenarios of future environmental extremes grounded in the event‐specific literature. We specifically seek to combine the physical characteristics of the extremes with examinations of how culture, politics, power, and policy visions shape societal responses to unprecedented events, and interpret the events as social‐environmental extremes. This new approach, at the nexus between social and natural sciences, has the concrete advantage of providing an impact‐focused vision of future social‐environmental risks, beyond what is achievable within conventional disciplinary boundaries. In this paper, we focus on extreme flooding events and the societal responses they elicit. However, our approach is flexible and applicable to a wide range of extreme events. We see it as the first building block of a new field of research, allowing for novel and integrated theoretical explanations and forecasting of social‐environmental extremes.

The good citizen: Minority and majority youths’ definitions of and experiences with citizenship in Denmark

Young adults’ abilities and willingness to support and live up to dominant citizen ideals are often questioned, particularly for minority ethnic youths. Based on inductive analysis of 71 interviews, I demonstrate that minority and majority youths share a conception of “the good citizen” as someone who is law-abiding and socially and economically contributing. At the same time, the differential societal status of the two groups affects which of “the good citizen’s” traits and duties they stress, and whether they see themselves as being in a position to make claims to citizenship. While majority youths emphasize political reflection and participation, minority youths place greater weight on not stepping out of line. As such, power and status shape citizenship ideals.

Neutronic analysis of sodium‐cooled fast reactor design with different fuel types using modified CANDLE shuffling strategy in a radial direction

This study compares three fuel types using neutronic analysis for use in a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) design with a modified CANDLE (Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux, nuclide densities, and power shape During Life of Energy production) radial shuffling strategy. SFR is one type of generation IV reactor that is currently under investigation for commercial implementation. In this study, the SFR design utilizes natural uranium as the fuel input. The designed reactor core has a two-dimensional cylindrical geometry for each fuel mixed oxide (MOX), uranium-plutonium nitride ([U-Pu]N), and uranium-plutonium zirconium ([U-Pu]Zr). A radial shuffling strategy, using natural uranium as the fuel input, is applied to the SFR to manage the nuclear fuel burn-up process of the long-life reactor. This strategy is called the modified CANDLE burn-up scheme. The reactor core is divided into 10 regions with equal volume to represent the 10 years that the reactor operates without refueling. Initially, the first (innermost) region of the reactor core is filled with natural uranium fuel. The result of the burn-up from the first region is then shuffled into the second region. The third region is the result of the burn-up that is shuffled from the second region, and so on. This mechanism only requires natural uranium as the input for each 10-year fuel cycle. In this study, the fuel movement scheme is examined for three fuels. Global neutronic parameters, such as the multiplication factors and burn-up analyses, are observed and optimized. Overall, for an output power of 500 MWth and an active core radius of 110 cm and height of 210 cm, the study indicates that (U-Pu)N is the optimal fuel to be applied in the SFR with a modified CANDLE burn-up scheme. (U-Pu)Zr reaches a critical condition at an output power of 500 MWth with an active core radius of 130 cm and a height of 210 cm; whereas criticality for MOX is achieved at an output power of 1500 MWth with an active core radius of 210 cm and a height of 210 cm.