Power Quality Cost Research Articles

Harmonic State Estimation in Power Systems Using the Jaya Algorithm

The increasing use of nonlinear loads in power systems introduces voltage and current components at non-fundamental frequencies, leading to harmonic distortion, which negatively impacts electrical and electronic devices. A common mitigation strategy involves identifying harmonic sources and installing filters nearby. However, due to the high cost of power quality (PQ) meters, comprehensive harmonic level monitoring across the entire power system is impractical. To address this, various methodologies for Harmonic State Estimation (HSE) have been developed, which estimate distortion levels on unmonitored system buses using data from a minimal set of monitored ones. Many HSE techniques rely on optimization algorithms with numerous tuning parameters, complicating their application. This paper proposes a novel methodology for fundamental frequency power flow and harmonic state estimation using the Jaya algorithm, which is characterized by fewer tuning parameters for easier adjustment. It also introduces a strategy to determine the minimal number of buses that need monitoring to achieve system observability. The methodology is validated on the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems, demonstrating its effectiveness. The results of the proposed methodology are compared with those obtained using Evolutionary Strategies (ESs), highlighting its enhanced accuracy and computational efficiency.

Dynamics Power Quality Cost Assessment Based on a Gradient Descent Method

The escalating demand for power load is increasingly prone to triggering power quality (PQ) issues, leading to severe economic losses. Aiming at reducing the economic losses, this paper focuses on the coordinated relationship between PQ and economic costs. Firstly, a multilayer multiple linear stepwise regression method is employed to screen PQ indicators, identifying harmonic and voltage deviation as the primary influencing factors of PQ. Secondly, a gradient descent optimization algorithm based on the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) is proposed, enabling rapid computation of the minimum PQ cost. Finally, through validations of two case studies, the results confirm that the proposed method can rapidly calculate the minimum PQ cost based on real-time load demands, enabling the dynamic adjustment of PQ cost to meet the evolving needs of power system development.

Power Quality as a Reliability Problem for Electronic Equipment.

Power quality standards introduce the definitions of several power quality disturbances and define limits for their amplitudes, repetition rates and, or maximum number of occurrences in a time period. The definitions of those parameters result from the observation of the disturbance phenomena in the networks and are not related with the consequences of power quality disturbances in the reliability of electronic equipments. In this paper, are described the main reliability effects caused by power quality problems, in electronic equipment. The authors explain the physical limitations of power supplies, concerning power quality problems and developed a simple, low cost power quality analyser, designed for the evaluation of the parameters that are critical to the failure rates of electronic equipment.

Multi‐objective optimal planning of EV charging stations and renewable energy resources for smart microgrids

AbstractDistribution system planners and operators have increasingly exposed great attention to maximizing the penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs), and electric vehicles (EVs) toward modern microgrids. Accordingly, intensive operational and economic problems are expected in such microgrids. Specifically, the operators need to meet the increased demand for EVs and increase the dependence on RERs. The charging strategy for EVs and the RER penetration level may result in increased power loss, thermal loading, voltage deviation, and overall system cost. To address these concerns, this paper proposed an optimal planning approach for allocating EV charging stations with controllable charging and hybrid RERs within multi‐microgrids, where the charging strategy in the proposed planning approach contributed to improving power quality and overall system cost, where the voltage deviation, energy not supplied, total cost have been reduced to 26.03%, 49.57%, and 70.45%, respectively. The simulation results are compared with different optimization techniques to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The proposed simultaneous allocation approach of EV charging stations and RERs can reduce operating costs for RERs and conventional stations while increasing the charging stations' capacity.

Interleaved Boost Integrated Flyback Converter for Power Factor Correction in Brushless DC Motor Drive

The scope of this research is to manage the speed of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive (PMBLDCMD) for various less capacity applications. In the circuit, a 1ϕ AC power is given to Diode Rectifier and the converted DC supply is given to condenser, which leads to abnormal pulsating current. Because of this pulsating current, the power quality disturbances arise at the supply point. Hence, the PMBLDCMD requires Power Factor Correction (PFC) converter for many household and profitable applications. The rotors of PMBLDCMD are driven by 3ϕ voltage source inverter (VSI), which performs electronic commutation. The range of PFC converter for feeding PMBLDCMD has high emphasis on the power quality (PQ) norms, cost and performance of controllers. The proposed converter requires very less components, which imposes less stress, low ripple and less power loss with positive voltage polarity. The chopper is used to correct the power factor. Various chopper layouts like buck boost Converters and boost converters with single switch are used. The mostly used regulated structures for PFC converters govern the current with continuous conduction technique and to govern the potential differential tracker using discontinuous conduction method (DCM). The processes like examining, modelling and governing of PFC converters are applied for upgrading the quality of power in AC supply.

Performance assessment of hybrid active filtering technique to enhance the hosting capacity of distorted grids for renewable energy systems

Increased green energy presence in distribution power networks can resolve rising energy demands while also reducing fossil fuel consumption, as well as providing economic and technical merits. However, the quantity of power delivered to customers cannot be allowed to take precedence over the quality of that electricity. This is because the high penetration of the renewable-based power generation comes at the cost of power quality (PQ) deterioration, especially at the point of common coupling (PCC), owing to nonlinear characteristics of renewable-based distributed generation (DG) systems and pre-contamination of modern distribution grids. So, the function of PQ improvement technologies unavoidably comes into the picture when the hosting capacity (HC) of renewable energy systems is constrained by any of the grid PQ performance indices. This paper investigates the application of a hybrid active power filter (HAPF) to improve the harmonic-constrained HC (HC-HC) of renewable DG systems in harmonically polluted distribution systems. A shunt type HAPF designing to achieve maximum HC-HC is considered as an optimization problem and solved by the firefly algorithm under several constraints the system particularly related to individual and total harmonic distortion limits in line current and voltage at PCC, harmonic currents overloading of distribution feeder. Aside from harmonics, constraints related to voltage rise and drop limits, as well as power factor, are also taken into account to ensure the optimal use of the HAPF as a compensator. The proposed HAPF-based HC-HC improvement approach's findings and efficacy are compared to those acquired from one of the literature's recently proposed techniques. Besides, the study is extended for HC-HC enhancement by HAPF, under changing the utility-side's background voltage distortion and the load-side's nonlinearity level conditions. The performed extended investigation of the system shows that HC-HC enhancing the effectiveness of the proposed approach is rather less susceptible to utility or customer side contribution to background distortion at the PCC. Highlights Hybrid harmonic filtering is investigated for enhancing the harmonic-constrained hosting capacity of distributed generation in distorted grid conditions. A hybrid filter has been found as a better alternative to achieve an advanced level of renewable energy penetration in distorted distribution grids. Along with increasing the penetration level of distributed generation the harmonic distortion is also substantially reduced instead of being at the verge of the standard limit. With the increase in background voltage distortion, the percentage enhancement in HC-HC degrades. High load-side's nonlinearity also results in a relatively lower enhancement in HC-HC. Background nonlinearity negatively influences the percentage of HC enhancement more than the load-side's nonlinearity. Though the utility, as well as customer-side nonlinearity, affect the performance of the hybrid filter also yet the variation is significantly lesser than the purely passive filtering-based approach.

Energy conservation potential in highway illumination system: A Techno-Enviro-Economic study on retrofitting HPS with LED luminaires

Adequate and appropriate illumination across the highway isessential for safety. High-pressure sodium luminaires (HPS) are usually standard throughout Pakistan. However, with the advancements in illumination technologies and growing trend of energy efficiency, retrofitting of conventional HPS luminaires with light-emitting diode luminaires (LEDs) is becoming popular. Low energy consumption, high color rendering index (CRI), longer life span, and variety in correlated color temperature (CCT) make LED luminaires ideal for replacing inefficient HPS lights. The retrofitting of HPS with LED illumination system comes with a capital cost, and its feasibility depends on the energy conservation potential. This study presents a case of 4,014 HPS luminaires installed across an 85 km long highway in second highly populated city of Pakistan. A targeted energy audit of HPS illumination system was conducted and compared with the proposed LED system of equivalent illumination quality. The results indicate that by retrofitting the HPS luminaires, the energy consumption can be reduced by 60% and with 83.3% reduction in the apparent power. Furthermore, the proposed LED illumination system will significantly improve the power quality, light noise, energy losses, carbon footprint, and operational cost.

An Evaluation of Flux-Coupling Type SFCL Placement in Hybrid Grid System Based on Power Quality Risk Index

Due to the expansion of restructured electricity markets and consequently power network operation approaching dynamic and static margins, the probability of transient instability has remarkably been increased. To reduce the transient instability risk or probabilistic cost of power quality, the present study focuses on determining the optimum location of a flux-coupling type SFCL. To this end, the candidate locations with lower related transient instability risk are selected as the best locations for installing flux-coupling type SFCLs. Nowadays, the type of SFCL employed in this study, which enjoys the benefits of both resistive and inductive type SFCLs, is a suitable means for enhancing the transient stability of electrical grids. Despite being another useful approach in transient stability evaluation, the equal-area criterion is merely restricted to the analysis of the stability of a single-machine power system connected to an infinite bus and also a two-machine power system. The online approach employed in this study is based on the corrected transient energy margin (CTEM), some probabilistic factors, and the cost of transient instability. Furthermore, CTEM index is a useful tool for calculating the critical clearing time (CCT). Therefore, in recent years, this index has become more and more useful. The studies carried out on the IEEE New England 39-bus test system ascertain the high applicability of the proposed method.

Power Generation Cost and Quality of Household Electricity Generator as a Back-up for Grid Supply in Nigeria

In this paper operation data were collected to evaluate petrol (PMS) fuel when used as primary source of energy to generate electricity. The analysis highlight cost effectiveness and power quality of this means of generating electricity. For the exercise, a 2 KVA electric power generator was loaded from 800W to 1200W at 100W increment and one hour duration respectively for each load. The Data collected during generator operation include the load current, supplied voltage, power frequency, power factor and power consumed at five minutes interval for each load value. The generated Data were analyzed using mathematical and graphical approach to determine the generated power quality and unit cost of generation. The results, compared with the grid, show that the grid is far more economical and have better power quality.

Power Generation Cost and Quality of Household Electricity Generator as a Back-up for Grid Supply in Nigeria

In this paper operation data were collected to evaluate petrol (PMS) fuel when used as primary source of energy to generate electricity. The analysis highlight cost effectiveness and power quality of this means of generating electricity. For the exercise, a 2 KVA electric power generator was loaded from 800W to 1200W at 100W increment and one hour duration respectively for each load. The Data collected during generator operation include the load current, supplied voltage, power frequency, power factor and power consumed at five minutes interval for each load value. The generated Data were analyzed using mathematical and graphical approach to determine the generated power quality and unit cost of generation. The results, compared with the grid, show that the grid is far more economical and have better power quality.

Technical and Economical Assessment of using Static Compensators for Improving Power Quality in Distribution Power Systems

Nowadays, various issues regarding the power quality have been widely considered. Regarding to the progress made in power electronics in recent years, the best way to improve the reliability of reducing voltage deviations, reducing losses, and generally providing high quality to consumers is to use custom power devices (CPDs). Series, parallel, or hybrid devices come from a subset of CPDs such as a dynamic voltage restorer, distribution static compensator, and unified power quality conditioner. In this work, the purpose of place these devices are to achieve various goals of improving power quality and reducing system costs. To achieve these goals, at first, the problem of single-objective optimization for each of the objective functions was solved separately. After determining the optimal value of each of the objective functions, the fuzzy membership functions for each of the objective functions were suitably optimized for each objective function. A mixed integer genetic algorithm was used to find the optimal answer to this multi-objective problem. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has worked well to find the optimal solution. The results of multi-objective planning proposed in this study show that with proper planning, it can be done at a low cost and even with a relatively high profit to cost and with the proper place of CPDs, to solve issues related to power quality issues in distribution networks.

Review: Home energy management system in a Smart Grid scheme to improve reliability of power systems

Home energy management system (HEMS) concept rises from the development of smart homes that build interaction between users with their home appliances in order to operate automatically, multi-functionally, adaptably and efficiently. In line with technological developments and published regulations related to environmental issues, smart home applications evolve into HEMS applications which are not only to provide ease and convenience, but also to monitor and to make efficient energy use at home, thereby reducing peak power quantity and electricity bill. Smart grid is an intelligent power grid starting from its generation, transmission and distribution. It combines computing technology, artificial intelligence and communications technology which creates a smarter power system and is able to produce better power quality and lower generation cost. In the smart grid scheme, by means of HEMS applications, consumers can participate in improving the quality of power systems. This study will discuss about the development of HEMS in associated with smart grid technology particularly the role of HEMS application with its DSM (Demand Side Managment) and PEV (Plug-in Electric Vehicles) programs in the smart grid scheme to improve quality of power systems. Several studies have shown that the contribution of HEMS to the smart grid system can improve the power losses and voltage profile.

An Intelligent Approach for Management of Hybrid DG System

Abstract—Distributed generation units (DGs) are grid-connected or stand-alone electric generation units located within the electric distribution system at or near the end user. It is generally accepted that centralized electric power plants will remain the major source of the electric power supply for the near future. DGs, however, can complement central power by providing incremental capacity to the utility grid or to an end user. This paper presents an efficient power dispatching model for hybrid wind-Solar power generation system, to satisfy some essential requirements, such as dispersed electric power demand, electric power quality and reducing generation cost and so on. In this paper, presented some elements of the main parts in the hybrid system; and then made fundamental dispatching strategies according to different situations; then pointed out four improving measures to improve genetic algorithm, such as: modify the producing way of selection probability, improve the way of crossover, protect excellent chromosomes, and change mutation range and so on. Finally, propose a technique for solving the unit's commitment for dispatching problem based on an improved genetic algorithm.

Modeling and Simulation of Elevator as Energy Saving System Based on Isolation Bidirectional DC/DC Converter

To solve the problem as influence of feedback elevator energy saving device on power quality and high cost of ultracapacitor storage elevator energy saving device, isolation bidirectional DC/DC converter is used. By analysis and modeling of isolation bidirectional DC/DC converter with small signal analysis method, double loop PI control strategy is introduced. The technical difficulty that high transformation ratio transform of DC bus voltage to ultracapacitor voltage is overcome. Cost of elevator energy saving device is reduced at the same time when storage and reuse of elevator feedback energy are realized. Based on the advantage of high current discharge, high current provided by ultracapacitor reduces impact on power grid when elevator starts. The effectiveness and feasibility of the control method is proved through MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

가치산정법에 의한 전력품질비용 산정 및 단일화지수의 개발

This paper presents an Unified Index which can evaluate a performance of a distribution system based on value-based methodology. Reliability cost and voltage sags cost are calculated for each load point using Reliability Sector Customer Damage Function(SCDF). Aging cost is calculated for each load point using Aging SCDF. Power loss cost and operation cost are calculated for the system. By summation of each cost of load point and system, power quality cost can be obtained. Finally, this paper developed an unified index which can show the performance of a distribution system. Presented method has been applied to a real system, the usefulness of the method has been verified.

Obtaining a quantitative index for power quality evaluation in competitive electricity market

A problem of concern in the deregulated electricity market is to obtain a global power quality (PQ) index for the supply and load side to estimate the cost of PQ in order to include it in the contracts between customers and utility companies. Existing PQ indices are usually isolated and lack the cost impact of bad PQ. This study presents an intelligent method based on artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic to obtain a quantitative global index for PQ evaluation and pricing in competitive electricity market. Taking into account the cost of PQ phenomena with their relative weights in this index, it can be used as a PQ measure in electricity tariffs by utility companies. Although individual cost assignments used in this study are subject to approximation, once the assignments are made, the calculation is consistent and gives a useful and unique measure of quality of electricity for both supply side and customer side. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on real measured data of a distribution network. The results show the capability of this method to obtain an accurate measure for PQ evaluation and pricing.

Reconfiguration of distribution networks to minimize loss and disruption costs using genetic algorithms

In this paper a computational implementation of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is shown in order to tackle the problem of reconfiguring radial distribution systems. The developed module considers power quality indices such as long duration interruptions and customer process disruptions due to voltage sags, by using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Power quality costs are modeled into the mathematical problem formulation, which are added to the cost of network losses. As for the EA codification proposed, a decimal representation is used. The EA operators, namely selection, recombination and mutation, which are considered for the reconfiguration algorithm, are herein analyzed. A number of selection procedures are analyzed, namely tournament, elitism and a mixed technique using both elitism and tournament. The recombination operator was developed by considering a chromosome structure representation that maps the network branches and system radiality, and another structure that takes into account the network topology and feasibility of network operation to exchange genetic material. The topologies regarding the initial population are randomly produced so as radial configurations are produced through the Prim and Kruskal algorithms that rapidly build minimum spanning trees.

전력품질을 고려한 수용가 모선 가격 계산

This paper measures power quality of bus in case electric charges about customer are imposed by each bus, supposed that can calculate this cost. When reflected this in system planning, expected cost proposed following method through sample system. To calculate nodal cost operating condition of power equipment calculates nodal cost[$/MVAH] supposing by situation that is optimized by OPF(optimal power flow) in system. The damage cost that is shed by fault that happen during year of loads in system that is linked on each bus was produced. As a result, proposed method was very effective in case of calculating bus total cost including power quality cost.

Cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers in the United States (US)

The massive electric power blackout in the northeastern US and Canada on August 14–15, 2003 catalyzed discussions about modernizing the US electricity grid. Industry sources suggested that investments of $50–100 billion would be needed. This work seeks to better understand an important piece of information that has been missing from these discussions: what do power interruptions and fluctuations in power quality (power-quality events) cost electricity consumers? We developed a bottom-up approach for assessing the cost to US electricity consumers of power interruptions and power-quality events (referred to collectively as “reliability events”). The approach can be used to help assess the potential benefits of investments in improving the reliability of the grid. We developed a new estimate based on publicly available information, and assessed how uncertainties in these data affect this estimate using sensitivity analysis.

05/00683 An interactive-dynamic mechanism conceptualizing the cost and benefit of electric power quality

05/00683 An interactive-dynamic mechanism conceptualizing the cost and benefit of electric power quality