Power Generation Research Articles

A Robust Modeling Analysis of Environmental Factors Influencing the Direct Current, Power, and Voltage of Photovoltaic Systems

Solar photovoltaic technology has become a cornerstone of the renewable energy sector over the last 20 years, yet its efficiency remains sensitive to environmental and operational conditions. This study rigorously analyzes how irradiance, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soiling affect key electrical outputs—Direct current, power, and voltage—of solar panels using advanced robust regression methods: Ridge Regression, Least Absolute Deviation, and M-Estimation. Our results demonstrate that irradiance is the dominant driver of performance, with Ridge Regression coefficients reaching up to 1193 for power. The M-estimation model achieved high predictive accuracy, with R2 Scores of 0.989 for current (Mean Squared Error = 0.0399) and 0.991 for power (Mean Squared Error ≈ 10,445), indicating strong model reliability. voltage prediction was more challenging but still robust (R2 = 0.836, Mean Squared Error = 49.63). Negative impacts from ambient temperature and humidity were consistently observed across models, while wind speed exhibited a beneficial effect by enhancing cooling and thus improving current and power outputs. Soiling was also identified as a critical factor, significantly reducing power and voltage generation. These findings provide quantifiable evidence of how environmental variables shape solar photovoltaic performance and underscore the importance of environmental monitoring and maintenance strategies to optimize energy yield in operational solar power systems.

Solar Power Integration and Grid Management: Challenges, Intermittency Impacts, and Stability Enhancement Strategies

India's swift expansion of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations—spanning both large-scale utility projects and decentralized rooftop systems—is significantly altering the operational landscape of the national power grid. As the nation's solar capacity surges, it brings forth a spectrum of challenges related to maintaining grid stability, ensuring reliability, and safeguarding operational security. This thesis, titled “Solar Power Integration and Grid Management: Challenges, Intermittency Impacts, and Stability Enhancement Strategies”, offers an in-depth exploration of the practical obstacles and strategic solutions pertinent to the assimilation of solar energy into high-voltage transmission networks. The inherent variability of solar power generation—driven by factors such as sunlight intensity, cloud movements, and daily cycles—leads to inconsistent energy input into the electrical grid. This variability can cause challenges like voltage instability, frequency deviations, power imbalances, and instances of reverse power flow. These issues become particularly pronounced during periods of low electricity demand coupled with high solar energy production, such as midday hours in regions with substantial solar installations like Rajasthan.

Establishment Plan for Sustainable Villages through Resolving Mongolian Ger District Issues†

In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed a steady influx of migrants into the ger districts on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar. While some have been displaced by climate change-induced zud and desertification, which have devastated traditional livestock-based livelihoods, a larger share of the migration stems from structural inequalities—namely, the concentration of employment opportunities, education, and essential infrastructure in the capital. This surge in population has intensified urban overcrowding and deepened various environmental and social challenges. The ger districts stand out as areas facing particularly acute challenges such as high unemployment, poverty, air pollution, soil contamination, energy poverty, and a critical lack of educational and healthcare services.This study moves beyond the conventional climate refugee framework by analyzing these broader drivers of migration through structured surveys and in-depth interviews with both ger district residents and the general urban population. Based on the findings, a sustainable village model is proposed for the Salkhit area, integrating agriculture, settled livestock farming, agricultural cooperatives, solar power generation, and tourism infrastructure. These systems are designed to operate autonomously and scale to other regions of Mongolia.By offering both policy and practical guidelines, this model aims to relieve metropolitan congestion and promote balanced regional development. However, due to limitations such as insufficient climatic, geographic, and agricultural baseline data and constraints in technical infrastructure, continuous feedback through test-bed operations and phased revisions are essential to ensure long-term viability and effectiveness.

Performance Evaluation of Combined Wind-Assisted Propulsion and Organic Rankine Cycle Systems in Ships

With the increasingly stringent regulation of ship carbon emissions by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), improving ship energy efficiency has become a key research direction in the current shipping industry. This paper proposes and evaluates a comprehensive energy-saving solution that integrates a wind-assisted propulsion system (WAPS) and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) waste heat power generation system. By establishing an energy efficiency simulation model of a typical ocean-going cargo ship, the appropriate optimal system configuration parameters and working fluids are determined based on minimizing the total fuel consumption, and the impact of these two energy-saving technologies on fuel consumption is systematically analyzed. The simulation results show that the simultaneous use of these two energy-saving technologies can achieve the highest energy efficiency, with the maximum fuel savings of approximately 21%. This study provides a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the design of ship energy-saving systems.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators Enable Multifunctional Ice Accretion, Melting, and Interfacial Fracture Detection.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have significant potential to perform as sensors or compact electric power generators through the production of electrical charge during the frictional interactions between two dissimilar materials, such as liquids impacting solids. However, whether phase transitions generate a triboelectric response is not known. This study investigates the occurrence of triboelectrification during the water-ice phase transition using TENGs for real-time ice detection on critical engineering surfaces such as aircraft, wind turbine blades, and vehicles. TENGs are fabricated using aluminum electrodes and either polyethylene, silicone, or polytetrafluoroethylene as the dielectric. The freezing of water and the melting of ice are found to generate triboelectric current only during motion of the contact line, and the presence of ice can lessen additional charge transfer during continuous ice accretion. Further, ice type (rime versus glaze) can be differentiated during accretion by the initial transferred charge and how quickly the signal plateaus. It is observed that mechanical de-icing generates triboelectric charges that are proportional to the de-icing force, and this allows for the identification and quantification interfacial fracture mechanisms such as stress-controlled, toughness-controlled, and cavitation-controlled de-bonding. A prototype ice sensor is validated on a flying drone exposed to simulated rain under icing conditions, where it is able to detect both icing and de-icing in flight. The TENGs exhibited a signal-to-noise ratio as high as 83 dB, highlighting triboelectricity as a novel, real-time, and energy-efficient solution for ice detection and protection systems.

Benchmarking near surface winds in the HRRR analyses using multi-source observations over complex terrain in the southeastern United States

Abstract Wind energy plays a crucial role in sustainable power generation, yet its full potential in the southeast United States (SEUS) remains underexplored. This study advances wind resource assessment in the SEUS using existing regional modeling and multi-source observations. We find that terrain complexity, influenced by orography and forest canopy, significantly impacts the accuracy of modeled wind speed. While the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model effectively simulates wind profiles over flat, non-forested terrain, larger errors are produced above forest canopies, and particularly for those stands in hilly and mountainous terrain where there are no observations aloft that could be used by HRRR’s data assimilation software. Seasonal variations, e.g., changes in leaf area index, further complicate the relationship between terrain complexity and simulation errors. Our findings emphasize the critical need for comprehensive wind profile measurements, extending from below the canopy to height above the canopy and through the lower planetary boundary layer, to fully quantify model performance over and near forests, and for improving wind resource assessment, planning, and management. This study provides valuable insights not only for further model development but also for future field campaign deployment with the goal of further improving our understanding of wind resources in the region.

Impact of Blade Ice Coverage on Wind Turbine Power Generation Efficiency: A Combined CFD and Wind Tunnel Study

This study investigates aerodynamic degradation and power loss mechanisms in iced wind turbine blades using a hybrid methodology integrating high-fidelity CFD simulations (ANSYS Fluent, FENSAP-ICE, STAR-CCM+ with SST k-ω turbulence model and shallow-water icing theory) with controlled wind tunnel experiments (10–15 m/s). Three ice accretion types, glaze, mixed, and rime, on NACA0012 airfoils are quantified. Glaze ice at the leading edge induces the most severe degradation, reducing lift by 34.9% and increasing drag by 97.2% at 10 m/s. STAR-CCM+ analyses reveal critical pressure anomalies and ice morphology-dependent flow separation patterns. These findings inform the optimization of anti-icing strategies for cold-climate wind farms.

MODBUS Standard Based SCADA System in Power Generation System

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is a vital control tool in the electricity industry, facilitating various jobs, including controlling Electric Power Generation Systems (SPTL). This research aims to implement SPTL Simulator control using the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition and Distributed Control System (SCADA and DCS). The RTU can be connected to a Master Terminal Unit (MTU) equipped with Human Machine Interface (HMI) software. The advantages include real-time process monitoring, alarm history, security, and summaries that enable efficient monitoring and analysis. The RTU used is the Generic type (Gecon) with HMI software development using Visual Studio. The use of RTU and HMI is expected to improve the performance of the SPTL simulator. The system consists of several components: Variable Speed Driver (VSD), electric motor, generator, automatic voltage regulator (AVR), F/V Controller, dummy load, sensors, meters, RTU, and communication media. The results of operational testing show that the system has worked according to design without any problems or bugs occurring. Then, based on the results of system testing with gradual loading from 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, it shows that, in general, the system has worked well, where the transition from dummy load to main load functions well without any residual load stored in both loading systems. The stability of the frequency and cos phi values also shows good values, where the difference is minimal for frequency (0.2 Hz), and the cos phi value is consistent at 0.99.

Linear Generators: Comparison between Five – Phase and Three – Phase machines

Linear electrical power generation is one of the methods to generate electrical power from linear moving forces with zero unwanted CO and NO emissions. Such power source can be harvested from linear moving systems such as oscillating engines (the so called free – piston engine), sea and ocean tides and waves. The linear generator is the major part responsible of generating the electrical power from the combined driving linear system and the generator as its load. Such electrical machines are found vastly in three – phase fashion. At first the linear generator in its five – phase mode is modelled, optimised and analysed. Then, the generator mass, cost and running features are investigated and compared with an existing three – phase machine. Few weak points have emerged in the selected five – phase machine models although better operational features have been harvested compared with the base three – phase linear generator model.

DESAIN KAPAL WISATA SEBAGAI PENUNJANG PARIWISATA DI DANAU PLTA KOTO PANJANG DI TINJAU DARI POWER ENGINE

The artificial lake of the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA Koto Panjang) is a central area for hydroelectric power generation, located in Koto Kampar District, Kampar Regency. In addition to electricity generation, the beautiful natural panorama surrounding the PLTA Koto Panjang Kampar has turned the area into a tourist destination. Visitors are not only treated to the captivating view of the lake but also two additional attractions: a stunning waterfall and the mesmerizing flow of the Gulamo River. The existence of the Gulamo River has sparked the idea of utilizing it for transportation through the use of tourist boats. Therefore, a boat design is needed, developed through direct comparisons with existing boats, resulting in the following dimensions: LOA = 13.2 m; LWL = 12.57 m; B = 3.53 m; H = 1.48 m; T = 0.54 m; Vs = 17 knots, with a passenger capacity of 25 people. Based on the boat’s specifications, an engine power analysis was carried out using computerized modeling with Maxsurf’s Hullspeed program. Using the slender body method, the results showed a total resistance of 17.5 kN and an engine power requirement of 179.8 HP at a speed of 17 knots.

A Review on Role of Solar Cold Storage System in India

The major issues for bad economical condition of farmers in India is that shortages of cold chain arrangement which is responsible for post harvest losses of fruits and vegetables. There is a need to develop more number of cold storages systems. As installation cost and running cost of cold storages is very high it is not convenient for farmers to build up system by their own. Running cost can be reduced by developing solar powered cold storage systems, Instead of using grid power. This paper discussed different solar systems used for power generation for cold storages.

Biome-Specific Estimation of Maximum Air Temperature Using MODIS LST in the São Francisco River Basin

The São Francisco River provides water for agriculture, urban areas, and hydroelectric power generation, benefiting millions of people in Brazil. Its Basin supports various species, some of which are endemic and rely on its unique habitats for survival. Currently, monitoring maximum air temperature in the São Francisco River Basin is limited due to sparse weather stations. This study proposes three linear regression models to estimate maximum air temperature using satellite-derived land surface temperature from the Aqua’s moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer across the Basin’s three main biomes: Caatinga, Cerrado, and Mata Atlântica. With over 94,000 paired observations of ground and satellite data, the models showed good performance, accounting for 46% to 54% of temperature variation. Cross-validation confirmed reliable estimates with errors below 2.7 °C. The findings demonstrate that satellite data can improve air temperature monitoring in areas with limited ground observations and suggest that the proposed biome-specific models could assist in environmental management and water resource planning in the São Francisco River Basin. This includes providing more informed policies for climate adaptation and sustainable development or analyzing variations in maximum air temperature in arid and semi-arid regions to contribute to desertification mitigation strategies in the São Francisco River Basin.

The Manufacturing Process of Clean Ni-Cr-Co-Based Superalloy Powder Using a Plasma Rotating Electrode

Ni-based superalloys are widely used for critical components in aerospace, defense, industrial power generation systems, and other applications. Clean superalloy powders and manufacturing processes, such as compaction and hot isostatic pressing, are essential for producing superalloy discs used in turbine engines, which operate under cyclic rotating loads and high-temperature conditions. In this study, the plasma rotating electrode process (PREP), one of the most promising methods for producing clean metallic powders, is employed to fabricate Ni-based superalloy powders. PREP leads to a larger powder size and narrower distribution compared to powders produced by vacuum induction melt gas atomization. An important finding is that highly spheroidized powders almost free of satellites, fractured, and deformed particles can be obtained by PREP, with significantly low oxygen content (approximately 50 ppm). Additionally, large grain size and surface inclusions should be further controlled during the PREP process to produce high-quality powder metallurgy parts.

Supervisory control and data acquisition for localized grids in extended reality

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are essential to the operation of intelligent off-grid power systems. In this study, extended reality (XR) technology is used, to perform control room duties remotely, in a combination of real and digital environments, thus eliminating multiple monitor setups, reducing peripheral devices, and enhancing mobility and comfort such as for operators in control room environments. The XR system enhances communications with built-in video, voice, and text chats, as well as screen casting capabilities. The Apple Vision Pro is utilized for the XR system. To execute the XR system, the off-grid power generation system incorporates the supporting intelligent infrastructure; this includes devices such as sensors, smart meters, inverters, and battery storage systems that connect and transmit data via the Internet. The headset of Apple Vision Pro can access the servers of IoT devices through direct applications or by web browser. Once opened, the data windows on server are configured as desired. This data is then analyzed and exported to create real-time grid alerts that produce notifications directly into the operator’s vision., The XR system allows for quicker response times and the overall protection of the off-grid power generation, can be easily setup and utilized.

Design and development of a vertical axis wind turbine for slip stream energy harvesting

Zimbabwe has over the last decade witnessed a steady surge with regards to the demand of electric vehicles (EVs), and on the global scale as well, this has highlighted the need for innovative charging solutions. These innovative solutions are required more in the developing nations, which historically have depicted insufficient infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of EVs. The major challenges which have been observed have been the high ratio of EVs as compared to the available charging pots, the erratic nature as well as inadequacy of electricity as well as the heavy reliance by developing nations on fossil-based fuels for the generation of electricity. The factor associated with fossil-based fuels thus diminish the environmental benefits that are synonymous with EVs which include the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The research sought to address these highlighted challenges by designing a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) and integrating it with a charging station which then harnesses electricity from the slipstream associated with passing vehicles. This action thus effectively converts the nation’s highways into renewable energy sources. The evaluation process of the design involved the analysis of aerodynamical forces, estimation of power generation potential, an assessment of operational loads, conducting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and prototyping the system to demonstrate its practicability and potential scalability. The results of the research demonstrated the feasibility of implementing VAWTs along highways so as to provide a sustainable and decentralised power supply for EV charging stations, thus offering a much promising solution for the adoption of EVs in Zimbabwe.

Bidirectional Enhanced Output Performance of Nanogenerators by Zinc‐Complexed M‐COFs Materials for Cathodic Protection Against Corrosion

Abstract Energy saving, environmental protection, and energy efficiency are the goals that people are constantly pursuing, and the tiny mechanical energy changes in the environment breed huge energy. The emergence of nanogenerators, which have the ability to capture mechanical energy from the environment and to collect and transmit tiny energy, is rapidly becoming a hot research topic. We synthesized two covalent organic framework (COF) materials to investigate the effect of the introduction of active metals on the friction power generation performance of COFs without changing their topology. The increase of porous structure will expand the effective contact area of the materials, and the holes will cause more charge traps to absorb electrons and form more charge density. The introduction of metal ions can accelerate the charge transport and reduce the charge loss, and the bidirectional synergistic effect dramatically improves the output performance of the nanogenerator, exploring a simple and efficient method for the output performance enhancement of COF‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Additionally, we investigate their triboelectric properties and successfully construct a self‐powered anticorrosion system, utilizing the COF nanostructures as a triboelectric power source, effectively protecting metal materials from corrosion.

Simultaneous Estimation of Generator Inertia and Damping in Power Systems Using Short‐Time Transient Data Considering Primary Frequency Regulation

In light of the ongoing advancements in achieving carbon neutrality, the gradual phase‐out of power generation utilizing synchronous generators possessing physical inertia from the grid is anticipated. Consequently, the power system will exhibit reduced inertia. To effectively comprehend and address this associated risk, a precise evaluation technique for power system inertia becomes imperative. In this paper, the accuracy of online real‐time estimation of inertia and damping based on transient response is improved by polynomial approximation considering the effect brought by the control system represented by the governor. The order of polynomials that are expected to be the optimal choice is also pointed out. The related content is verified in a system using the IEEE NE 10 machine test system. © 2025 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Exhaust Power Generation using 3D Printed Parts

The project focuses on using 3D printed parts in automobile exhaust systems to generate power from waste heat. By integrating advanced materials and design techniques, these components capture and convert the exhaust heat into electrical energy, improving vehicle efficiency and reducing emissions. This approach aims to create a sustainable and innovative solution for energy recovery in modern vehicles. This abstract presents a novel approach to exhaust power generation utilizing 3D-printed components. The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions drives the need for innovative technologies in energy recovery from exhaust gases.Use of advanced materials (e.g., ceramics, specialized alloys) that can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments. Exploration of thermoelectric materials that are more effective when 3D printed. Ability to rapidly iterate designs based on performance data, leading to continuous improvement in efficiency. Integration of sensors and smart technologies for real-time monitoring and adjustment. Integration with electric vehicle (EV) systems to further enhance energy management. Research into new materials and printing techniques to improve performance and resilience.

Highway Energy Harvesting System: A Hybrid Energy Mat System for Toll-Based Power Generation

India's heavy highway traffic presents a vast opportunity to convert the daily flow of cars into clean, renewable energy. Called Highways Harvest, this new hybrid energy mat technology was carefully designed to harvest electricity from the mechanical stress and friction that happen at tolls—locations where cars naturally slow down or stop. The system combines high-efficiency piezoelectric sensors, which can transform vertical pressure into electricity, and triboelectric layers that harvest energy from surface contact and movement, forming a thin but efficient dual-layer mat. The resultant power is channelled through a smart conditioning circuit and into Li-ion battery packs, controlled by an IoT-based power controller. Power can be supplied to toll booth lighting, display boards, or CCTV systems, nearby villages, households, etc.—converting traffic into a source of power. Engineered for India's varied climatic and load conditions, every mat is costeffective, low-maintenance, and modular. Optimized 6-lane toll plaza with mats can conservatively produce –55-65 kWh/day, and scalability is traffic-dependent. At high-traffic expressway locations such as Coimbatore-Salem or Delhi-Agra, potential energy output and ROI are multiple. The power output also multiply. In addition to sustainability, Highway Harvest has tremendous economic advantages: it reduces operational energy costs, offers quick payback (ROI), and creates opportunities for the reduction of carbon emission. The system effortlessly merges with existing road infrastructure and is set to integrate with future smart highway systems. It also works around the clock, day and night, unbothered by the weather fluctuations, and takes up little space.

Implementation of Polypyrrole‐Modified Cleanroom Wiper as Electrode for Moisture‐Electricity Generation

Moisture‐electricity generation is a widely studied green power generation technology in recent years. Aiming at the defects of low output power and unsustainable output signal of moisture‐electricity generator (MEG), a new type of MEG is prepared using polypyrrole‐modified cleanroom wiper (PPy‐CRW) as electrodes. The electrodes exhibit good conductivity and can be infiltrated by sodium alginate (SA)‐based functional material, which reduces the contact resistance between electrode and functional material. In addition, graphene oxide (GO) is introduced to enhance the ion conductivity while increasing the amount of active functional groups. Additionally, the addition of hygroscopic salt LiCl and crosslinking with Ca2+ makes MEG adsorb moisture continuously and maintain structural stability. The maximum output voltage of the PPy‐CRW‐MEG can reach 700 mV, with a stable output duration of up to 27 h in ambient, and the output power density reaches 37 μw cm−2. This work expands the selection range of electrode materials for MEGs and provides a new view for MEG design.