Power Generation In Brazil Research Articles

Incentivos fiscais brasileiros na cadeia de fixadores de energia eólica

<p class="Resumo"><span>Este artigo tem como propósito transparecer o entendimento das montadoras e sua cadeia de fornecimento sobre os incentivos fiscais de compra e venda de fixadores aplicados em aerogeradores para geração de energia eólica no Brasil; de posse deste estudo pode-se comprovar a pífia legislação fiscal aplicada e monitorada nacionalmente em meio às montadoras e a cadeia de fornecimento de fixadores, cabendo, a cada um, entendimentos diferentes, ocasionando desta maneira condições competitivas distintas</span><span>.</span></p>

Administração Energética e Análise Tendencial de Custos Econômicos de Fontes de Geração no Brasil

Objective comparatively analyze the trend of variat ion of the economic costs of the sources of power generation in Brazil. Faced with the challeng e of public administration in the energy sector to diversify the national energy matrix, the study aims to question what source of electricity generation has a tendency to reduce eco nomic costs that contribute to the viability of their investment with the diversification of the energy matrix. The economic costs of electricity generation always guided debates within the public administration, especially in energy management. The cost information for each so urce of electricity generation include powerful tools to develop diversification strategie s electrical grids. The availability and use of these generation sources present continuing challen ges to governments as they seek to identify sources able to meet demands in a sustaina ble manner. The electricity generation in Brazil is based, notably, the use of water power th rough large hydroelectric plants. This framework is grounded in the abundance of natural r esources at low cost in relative terms; however, the question that arises for the future is whether the country will be able to maintain this competitive advantage and still provide the po pulation broad access to this input considering that the generation of electricity in t he country has grown at an average annual rate of 5% over the past 20 years. The debate on th e use of alternative energy to water is linked to the discussion of the best way to go for expansion and diversification of the electricity sector and the magnitude of this expans ion, because there is the possibility of achieving energy efficiency gains over time and to forward an economic policy that leads to a reduced need for energy. The methodology of this re search is classified as exploratory about the objectives, the procedures as bibliographic and documentary, and as the search problem

Future scenarios and trends in energy generation in brazil: supply and demand and mitigation forecasts

The structure of the Brazilian energy matrix defines Brazil as a global leader in power generation from renewable sources. In 2011, the share of renewable sources in electricity production reached 88.8%, mainly due to the large national water potential. Although the Brazilian energy model presents a strong potential for expansion, the total energy that could be used with most current renewable technologies often outweighs the national demand. The current composition of the national energy matrix has outstanding participation of hydropower, even though the country has great potential for the exploitation of other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass. This document therefore refers to the trend of evolution of the Brazilian Energy Matrix and exposes possible mitigation scenarios, also considering climate change. The methodology to be used in the modeling includes the implementation of the LEAP System (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) program, developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute, which allows us to propose different scenarios under the definition of socioeconomic scenarios and base power developed in the context of the REGSA project (Promoting Renewable Electricity Generation in South America). Results envision future scenarios and trends in power generation in Brazil, and the projected demand and supply of electricity for up to 2030.

Will thermal power plants with CCS play a role in Brazil's future electric power generation?

This study assesses the future role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in thermal power generation in Brazil up to 2050, according to different carbon taxes using an integrated optimization energy planning model. The scenario with no carbon price emphasizes the relevance of coal and the sugarcane to the country's energy system. When a moderate carbon tax is applied, the least-cost option is mostly natural-gas-combined-cycle plants (CCGT) up to 2035. Then, coal-fired plants equipped with post-combustion CCS acquire importance. When higher carbon taxes are applied, all fossil-fuel thermal capacity installed after 2025 is equipped with CCS. Then, after 2040, the main choice is IGCC plants equipped with selexol CCS. Other policies, besides carbon prices, such as fiscal incentives, net metering and smart grids could also favor other options for the country, e.g. solar energy technologies. Results show that running long-term scenarios for Brazil up to 2035 might give a myopic vision of the country's energy supply. It is precisely after 2035 that the Brazilian energy system is deeply altered when it comes to match energy supply and demand.

New Renewable Energy Sources for Electric Power Generation in Brazil

Producing electricity from wind, biomass and solar sources (WBSS) is a promising alternative from a sustainability perspective. Considering that the increasing insertion of WBSS into the Brazilian National Grid is an irreversible trend, it is essential to go deeper into the debate on the resulting impacts. Will it be possible to service the growth in load using WBSS and to what extent? Which strategy should be adopted to foster the inclusion of WBSS while retaining security of supply? The main objective of this article is to discuss the problems that surround these questions under the focus of full load servicing.

Emissão de mercúrio para a atmosfera pela queima de gás natural no Brasil

Increasing natural gas use in Brazil triggered a discussion of its role as a Hg source. We show that Hg emissions to the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion for power generation in Brazil contribute with 6.2% (4.2 t yr-1) to the total anthropogenic Hg atmospheric emissions, with coal combustion and biomass burning as major sources. Natural gas contributes with 0.04 t yr-1, mostly from electricity generation (88%) and industrial uses (7.6%). Preliminary results on Hg concentrations in natural gas suggest that a large fraction of it is trapped during refining and transport, which may create Hg point sources between extraction and consumption.

Methane Emissions from Large Dams as Renewable Energy Resources: A Developing Nation Perspective

By means of a theoretical model, bootstrap resampling and data provided by the International Commission On Large Dams (ICOLD (2003) World register of dams. http://www.icold-cigb.org) we found that global large dams might annually release about 104 ± 7.2 Tg CH4 to the atmosphere through reservoir surfaces, tur- bines and spillways. Engineering technologies can be implemented to avoid these emissions, and to recover the non-emitted CH4 for power generation. The imme- diate benefit of recovering non-emitted CH4 from large dams for renewable energy production is the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts like the construction of new large dams, the actual CH4 emissions from large dams, and the use of unsustainable fossil fuels and natural gas reserves. Under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, such technologies can be recognized as promising alternatives for human adaptations to climate change concerning sustainable power generation, particularly in developing nations owning a considerable number of large dams. In view of novel technologies to extract CH4 from large dams, we estimate that roughly 23 ± 2.6, 2.6 ± 0.2 and 32 ± 5.1 Tg CH4 could be used as an environmentally sound option for power generation in Brazil, China and India, respectively. For the whole world this number may increase to around 100 ± 6.9 Tg CH4.

Economical efficiency of coordinating the generation by subsystems with the capacity of transmission in the Brazilian market of electricity

This paper describes a competitive approach to electric power generation in Brazil. The decision-making process is modeled on Nash–Cournot equilibrium, wherein players (subsystems) make simultaneous decisions in relation to the quantities to be produced. The objective is to present a model in which each subsystem independently manages its operations, thus creating conditions for each region to develop according to its own peculiarity. In this approach, the importance of accurately dimensioning transmission lines is highlighted, since it is what determines the competitive degree among different subsystems. The results show that independent operation by subsystems can be implemented in Brazil with a low investment in the grid.

Natural gas power generation in Brazil: New window of opportunity?

This survey analyses the need as well as the attractiveness of private investment in natural gas thermal power generation under the Brazilian new power sector reform. Providing a scenario analysis from 2004 to 2014, this paper focuses on the investor perspective, and concludes that investments in natural gas thermal power plants in Brazil are not feasible, without financial subsidies stimulating investors. The more wary of risk both government and society are, and the more averse to risk the investor is, the higher the probability of higher capacity payment to provide incentives to investors. The alternative would be a lower capacity payment combined with higher thermal power tariffs; meaning that generators would receive much more payment when operating, despite assuming higher risks. Additionally, the improvement in safety supply cost is estimated and a sensibility analysis on the actual variables is performed.

Domestic actions contributing to the mitigation of GHG emissions from power generation in Brazil

Continued growth and the privatisation of Brazil’s electricity system, which is largely based upon hydropower, is projected to lead to big expansion mainly of natural gas but also coal power stations with a resulting huge growth in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions unless steps are taken to avoid this. The Brazilian National Program of Power Conservation and Efficient Use of Electrical Energy in terms of avoided GHG emissions (PROCEL), originally created in 1985, is a multi-stakeholder program coordinated by Eletrobrás aimed to reduce the waste of electrical power on both supply and demand side. Initially crippled by lack of funds, a new finance structure introduced in 1994 has greatly increased PROCEL’s impact. Here we develop scenarios that suggest that continued expansion of PROCEL’s programme, including resources that might be drawn through clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, to meet projected PROCEL targets over the next two decades could avoid approximately one-third of the GHG emissions from the Brazilian power sector. This contribution demonstrates the significant global environmental benefits of PROCEL in addition to national benefits of this innovative programme.

Domestic actions contributing to the mitigation of GHG emissions from power generation in Brazil

Continued growth and the privatisation of Brazil's electricity system, which is largely based upon hydropower, is projected to lead to big expansion mainly of natural gas but also coal power stations with a resulting huge growth in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions unless steps are taken to avoid this. The Brazilian National Program of Power Conservation and Efficient Use of Electrical Energy in terms of avoided GHG emissions (PROCEL), originally created in 1985, is a multi-stakeholder program coordinated by Eletrobrás aimed to reduce the waste of electrical power on both supply and demand side. Initially crippled by lack of funds, a new finance structure introduced in 1994 has greatly increased PROCEL's impact. Here we develop scenarios that suggest that continued expansion of PROCEL's programme, including resources that might be drawn through clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, to meet projected PROCEL targets over the next two decades could avoid approximately one-third of the GHG emissions from the Brazilian power sector. This contribution demonstrates the significant global environmental benefits of PROCEL in addition to national benefits of this innovative programme.

Brazilian Hydroelectric System

ABSTRACT Electric power generation in Brazil is mainly based on hydropower (97% of total production in 1984). This paper describes the main features Editorial of the Brazilian Hydroelectric System as well as some power generation expansion possibilities. The operation of the system is also described, including a chain of scheduling procedures with different planning horizons and degrees of details in the representation of the system.