Power Gain Research Articles

The Design, Modeling and Experimental Investigation of a Micro-G Microoptoelectromechanical Accelerometer with an Optical Tunneling Measuring Transducer

This treatise studies a microoptoelectromechanical accelerometer (MOEMA) with an optical measuring transducer built according to the optical tunneling principle (evanescent coupling). The work discusses the design of the accelerometer’s microelectromechanical sensing element (MSE) and states the requirements for the design to achieve a sensitivity threshold of 1 µg m/s2 at a calculated eigenvalue of the MSE. The studies cover the selection of the dimensions, mass, eigenfrequency and corresponding stiffness of the spring suspension, gravity-induced cross-displacements. The authors propose and experimentally test an optical transducer positioning system represented by a capacitive actuator. This approach allows avoiding the restrictions in the fabrication of the transducer conditioned by the extremely high aspect ratio of deep silicon etching (more than 100). The designed MOEMA is tested on three manufactured prototypes. The experiments show that the sensitivity threshold of the accelerometers is 2 µg. For the dynamic range from minus 0.01 g to plus 0.01 g, the average nonlinearity of the accelerometers’ characteristics ranges from 0.7% to 1.62%. For the maximum dynamic range from minus 0.015 g to plus 0.05 g, the nonlinearity ranges from 2.34% to 2.9%, having the maximum deviation at the edges of the regions. The power gain of the three prototypes of accelerometers varies from 12.321 mW/g to 26.472 mW/g. The results provide broad prospects for the application of the proposed solutions in integrated inertial devices.

A new design approach for dual-band power amplifiers based on dual-band HCC and bandpass filter

This paper introduces a novel design approach based on the dual-band harmonic control circuit and bandpass filter for dual-band power amplifiers. The circuit schematic of the proposed approach is constructed using four resonators and RFC inductors. The first two resonators are dedicated to controlling the second harmonics, while the third and fourth resonators serve as a harmonic blocker, allowing only the main signals to pass through to the load. Subsequently, all components are replaced by circuits based on microstrip elements, forming the proposed OMN. This OMN includes a novel wideband bias circuit, elliptically coupled resonators, and a new dual-band bandpass filter. To ensure compatibility with the transistor, a compensator line has been integrated. As a result, a dual-band power amplifier has been fabricated and measured at two operating frequencies, 2.1 GHz and 2.91 GHz. The measured values for drain efficiency, output power, and power gain at 2.1 GHz are 75.98%, 37.5 dBm, and 12.5 dB, respectively. Similarly, at 2.91 GHz, these values are 75.73%, 37.24 dBm, and 12.24 dB, respectively.

Wake meandering of wind turbines under dynamic yaw control and impacts on power and fatigue

In this study, we use large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate the wake-meandering phenomenon within a wind turbine array under dynamic yaw control (DYC) and the effects on power and fatigue. The wind turbine array consists of eight NREL 5-MW reference turbines aligned with the inflow direction. The first turbine in the array is subjected to sinusoidal yaw control with a magnitude of 10∘ and different yaw frequencies. Based on spectral and dynamic-mode-decomposition (DMD) analyses of the flow fields, we find that the wake meandering within the turbine array is significantly amplified when the turbine yaw frequency coincides with the natural wake meandering frequency of the turbine array in the static zero-yaw condition. The resonance of wake meandering accelerates wake recovery and helps the turbine array achieve an optimal power gain (5% with respect to the non-yaw baseline cases). We also find that the fatigue of the turbine array overall increases with the yaw frequency of the first turbine, highlighting the necessity of jointly considering power production and fatigue when applying DYC.

The wireless communications systems in subterahertz frequency range

Background. The subterahertz and terahertz frequency ranges are very promising for development of high speed wireless communications systems because of possibility to get the bandwidth about some tens of GHz, which provides the high channel capacity. However fast signal attenuation at its propagation in atmosphere complicate the operation of communications systems in these ranges.
 Aim. Use of fixed narrow-beam antennas with high antenna power gain allows to provide the direct surface communications distance to some kilometers. The communications distance limitation can be partially removed decreasing the frequency down to 200 GHz and narrowing the channel bandwidth down to some GHz.
 Methods.The model of transmitter-receiver system (200-220 GHz) based of modern semiconductor devices is described in the manuscript. Results. The possibility of digital signals transmission with speed up to 1 Gbit/s at the distance of 1 km is experimentally shown.
 Conclusion. According to calculations the output power of transmitter about some hundreds mW is enough for data transmission at the distance up to 1.5 km with antenna power gain of no less than 50 dB.

Fabrication of pouch cell supercapacitors using abundant coal feedstock and their hybridization with Li-ion battery for e-rickshaw application

The environmental concerns and market demands created high demands of electric vehicles (EVs), but still the energy storage systems are lagging behind the fuel-based vehicles. Even though recent development in battery technologies bring forth great opportunities for EVs, the necessity and a good supply chain of electrode materials, does not fulfill the requirement of EVs. In India, battery-operated e-rickshaws face challenges like insufficient charging facility, low driving range, high battery cost, battery replacement, and disposal. To address the power delivery issues, we have designed and developed an indigenous Hybrid Battery Management System (HBMS) using fabricated coal-based supercapacitors and commercial Li-ion batteries for application in an e-rickshaw. For this study, we have fabricated 500 F pouch cell supercapacitors using high quality activated carbon derived from low-grade coal feedstock which shows excellent properties comparable to the commercially available supercapacitors. Five coal-based pouch cell supercapacitors (500 F) were connected through series parallel combination with commercial supercapacitor (Greencap. 500 F) to make a complete supercapacitor pack of 25 F and 54 V suitable for testing in the e-rickshaw (48 V and 1 kW motor). After implementing the developed hybridized battery management system (HBMS) in e-rickshaw, it showed the maximum speed of 45 km/h with additional power gain of 433 W. The analysis of data showed that the application of coal-based supercapacitors along with Li-ion battery had improved the overall performance of the e-rickshaw. Thus, this study has opened up a new venture of using abundant coal powder in fabricating low-cost pouch cell supercapacitor for using in EVs in a sustainable way that can influence the existing commercial battery market.

Feasibility evaluation of a thermoelectrically cooled photovoltaic module at different arrangements and working conditions: A numerical study

The performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules decreases due to heating in real working conditions. To test the feasibility of utilizing thermoelectric cooling (TEC) devices for active thermal management of PV modules, different hybrid PV-TEC systems are modeled. A numerical model is developed by finite volume method with an iterative solution procedure proposed to handle the resulting non-linear system of equations. Two different thermoelectric modules are incorporated in various numbers and spacings. Results show that if an optimum electrical current is supplied to the TEC devices, a marginal positive power gain can be obtained in most cases compared to an uncooled PV. However, the value of the optimum current is a function of TEC arrangement and also ambient conditions. The power gain of 1.17 W is observed for an insolation of 1000 W/m2 with 45 thermoelectric modules at 144 mm spacing. In general, increasing insolation and decreasing wind speed result in higher power gains in the hybrid system. The daily performance of the hybrid system with optimum electrical input improves 0.25 % and 0.1 % for a typical summer and winter day respectively, which is found to be inferior to passive cooling with fins for all investigated arrangements.

A high‐efficiency power amplifier by using harmonics control

AbstractA harmonics control high‐efficiency power amplifier (PA) is proposed by combining an asymmetrical branch‐line coupler (ABLC) and a shunt transmission line. With the special ports impedance condition, the ABLC realizes impedance transformation as well as shorts even‐harmonics, and the shunt transmission line shorts the third harmonic. Herein, two‐stage couplers not only expand the bandwidth but also enhance the harmonics control. A PA is simulated and fabricated to verify the proposed method. The measured results show that the typical saturated output power is more than 40 dBm, the drain efficiency is 60.3%–81.3%, and the power gain is 10.4–17.9 dB from 1.4 to 2.4 GHz.

Active Air Injection Control to Enhance Performance of Hollow-bladed Axial Fan: A Numerical Study

Nowadays, axial fans participate in the most important areas of industry and research, including aviation, navy, wind tunnels, cooling towers, and even automobiles. Thus, more emphasis has been placed on improving their aerodynamic performances. It is important to notice that the parameters involved in designing a fan are mainly concerned with aeraulic power, torque and efficiency. This study investigates the utilization of flow control techniques to improve performances of an axial fan equipped with hollow blades, shroud, and hub. These features grant the fan crucial characteristics, namely, its lightweight and facilitate the blowing action by taking advantage on its hollow parts. The fan's performance is evaluated using a steady RANS numerical model with a k-ω SST turbulence closure, which was validated with experimental data. An active control air blowing through a slot was introduced with various positions and dimensions. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the fan's performance, with an up to 56% increase in aeraulic power gain, accompanied by changes in the overall flow topology, noticed by closely analyzing the flow structure near the tip clearance.

Sziklai Pair based Small signal Amplifier with bjt-mosfet Hybrid Unit at 180nm Technology

Two circuit models of Small Signal amplifier, constituted with BJT-MOSFET hybrid unit under Sziklai pair topology are designed and analyzed using ‘PSpice’ and ‘Cadence Virtuoso and Spectre simulation tool (at GPDK 180nm technology)’ respectively. First amplifier (Circuit-1) uses PSpice user-defined model of BJT and MOSFET whereas the second amplifier (Circuit-2) consists of transistors available at GPDK 180nm technology. Circuit-1 can amplify the AC signals of 1mV-1nV range with optimum voltage gain 389.532, 137.570 current gain, 14.464MHz bandwidth and 2.43% THD. However, Circuit-2 can amplify AC signals of 0.1mV-10nV range with 164.018 voltage gain, 32.775 current gain, 11.906 MHz bandwidth, and 13.608E-6% THD. Both the proposed amplifier circuits remove narrow band problem and generate better results than earlier announced small signal Sziklai pair amplifier with BJT-MOSFET hybrid unit in respect of voltage and current gains, bandwidth, THD, and power consumption. Proposed amplifiers successfully address the problem of poor frequency response of small signal Darlington pair amplifier in higher frequency range and narrow bandwidth limitations of small-signal PNP Sziklai pair amplifier. Dependency of the proposed amplifiers at various biasing resistances and performance with temperature variation, noise variation, DC supply variation, and phase variation are also discussed herein. Proposed Circuits display strong dependency over ideal maximum forward beta ‘β’ of NPN transistor, Transconductance ‘VTO’ of P-MOS transistor and additional biasing resistances ‘RA’. Layout of Circuit-2 is found to cover 96.3898µm2 area with 11.32µm length and 8.515µm breadth. Minor percentage variation between pre-layout and post-layout simulation results of Circuit-2 validates the proposed design at GPDK 180nm technology. Monte Carlo and Process Corner analysis are also performed to test the robustness and insensitivity of Circuit-2 against mean value of the parameters and process and mismatch respectively. Performance summary of the proposed circuits and comparison with the recently reported designs shows effectiveness of the proposed circuits in terms of power gain, THD, voltage gain, current gain, input referred noise and power gain. Qualitative analysis of the proposed Circuits recommends its usability as Low Noise Amplifier in the portable RF noise measurement system.

An Ultra-wideband Low-power Low-noise Amplifier Linearized by Adjusted Derivative Superposition and Feedback Techniques

Ultra-wideband (UWB) applications require low-power and low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) that can operate over a wide frequency range. However, conventional LNAs often suffer from poor linearity and high-power consumption. This research work proposes a novel LNA design that uses the adjusted derivative superposition (DS) technique and feedback to improve the linearity and reduce the power consumption of UWB LNAs. The DS technique enhances the third-order intermodulation (IM3) cancellation by adjusting the bias currents of the transistors, whereas the feedback improves the stability and input matching of the LNA. The LNA is implemented using a degenerated common source topology in a 180 nm standard CMOS technology. The simulation results show that the LNA achieves a power gain of 10–12.2 dB, an input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of about 12 dBm, and a noise figure of less than 2.5 dB over the UWB frequency band of 3.1–10.6 GHz. The input reflection coefficient is less than -10 dB, and the power consumption is 11.6 mW with a 1.5 V power supply. The designed LNA offers a novel and innovative solution for UWB applications that significantly improve the performance and efficiency of UWB LNAs whereas reducing the cost and complexity of implementation.

On selection and conditioning in multiple testing and selective inference

Summary We investigate a class of methods for selective inference that condition on a selection event. Such methods follow a two-stage process. First, a data-driven collection of hypotheses is chosen from some large universe of hypotheses. Subsequently, inference takes place within this data-driven collection, conditioned on the information that was used for the selection. Examples of such methods include basic data splitting as well as modern data-carving methods and post-selection inference methods for lasso coefficients based on the polyhedral lemma. In this article, we take a holistic view of such methods, considering the selection, conditioning and final error control steps together as a single method. From this perspective, we demonstrate that multiple testing methods defined directly on the full universe of hypotheses are always at least as powerful as selective inference methods based on selection and conditioning. This result holds true even when the universe is potentially infinite and only implicitly defined, such as in the case of data splitting. We provide general theory and intuition before investigating in detail several case studies where a shift to a nonselective or unconditional perspective can yield a power gain.

Three-dimensional Architecture of Carbon Nanotube Transistors with High Speed and Performance

Transistors, essential components of contemporary electronics, are crucial in providing electricity for the technology-dependent society. Given the continuously growing need for enhanced speed capabilities in electronic devices, it has become crucial to investigate innovative materials and structures to fulfill these demands. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a desirable contender due to their remarkable electrical characteristics, characterized by elevated carrier mobility and nanoscale dimensions. This study explores the importance of high-speed performance in the contemporary technology-driven environment and emphasizes the crucial role played by transistors in attaining this objective. This research underscores the distinctive attributes of CNTs, including their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and dimensions, making them a highly suitable contender for advanced transistors in future applications. The current transistor layouts encounter notable obstacles in effectively using the whole capabilities of CNTs, such as the difficulty associated with achieving accurate alignment and addressing connection concerns. To tackle the issues, this study presents a novel three-dimensional CNT Architecture (3D-CNTA) design that utilizes state-of-the-art Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software to achieve accurate spatial modeling. The 3D-CNTA that has been suggested exhibits exceptional performance in several aspects, encompassing power consumption (0.3 Watts), noise (2.6 microvolts), delay (6.6 nanoseconds), gain (36.25 dB), energy efficiency (2.13 femtojoules per transition), and simulation accuracy (95%).

Can incorporating genotyping data into efficacy estimators improve efficiency of early phase malaria vaccine trials?

BackgroundEarly phase malaria vaccine field trials typically measure malaria infection by PCR or thick blood smear microscopy performed on serially sampled blood. Vaccine efficacy (VE) is the proportion reduction in an endpoint due to vaccination and is often calculated as VEHR = 1–hazard ratio or VERR = 1–risk ratio. Genotyping information can distinguish different clones and distinguish multiple infections over time, potentially increasing statistical power. This paper investigates two alternative VE endpoints incorporating genotyping information: VEmolFOI, the vaccine-induced proportion reduction in incidence of new clones acquired over time, and VEC, the vaccine-induced proportion reduction in mean number of infecting clones per exposure.MethodsPower of VEmolFOI and VEC was compared to that of VEHR and VERR by simulations and analytic derivations, and the four VE methods were applied to three data sets: a Phase 3 trial of RTS,S malaria vaccine in 6912 African infants, a Phase 2 trial of PfSPZ Vaccine in 80 Burkina Faso adults, and a trial comparing Plasmodium vivax incidence in 466 Papua New Guinean children after receiving chloroquine + artemether lumefantrine with or without primaquine (as these VE methods can also quantify effects of other prevention measures). By destroying hibernating liver-stage P. vivax, primaquine reduces subsequent reactivations after treatment completion.ResultsIn the trial of RTS,S vaccine, a significantly reduced number of clones at first infection was observed, but this was not the case in trials of PfSPZ Vaccine or primaquine, although the PfSPZ trial lacked power to show a reduction. Resampling smaller data sets from the large RTS,S trial to simulate phase 2 trials showed modest power gains from VEC compared to VEHR for data like those from RTS,S, but VEC is less powerful than VEHR for trials in which the number of clones at first infection is not reduced. VEmolFOI was most powerful in model-based simulations, but only the primaquine trial collected enough serial samples to precisely estimate VEmolFOI. The primaquine VEmolFOI estimate decreased after most control arm liver-stage infections reactivated (which mathematically resembles a waning vaccine), preventing VEmolFOI from improving power.ConclusionsThe power gain from the genotyping methods depends on the context. Because input parameters for early phase power calculations are often uncertain, these estimators are not recommended as primary endpoints for small trials unless supported by targeted data analysis.Trial registrations: NCT00866619, NCT02663700, NCT02143934.

A Compact MEMS Microphone Digital Readout System Using LDO and PPA-Less VCO-Based Delta-Sigma Modulation Technique

This paper presents a compact Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) microphone digital readout system. The system is characterized by a low-dropout regulator (LDO) and a pre-amplifier and programmable-gain amplifier (PPA)-less voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)-based ΔΣ modulation technique, which improve compactness and design scalability. Specifically, to improve signal accuracy and maintain loop stability without a gain-tuning range trade-off, an active low pass filter (ALPF) and a current mode feed-forward path (CMFFP) are incorporated in a VCO-based delta-sigma modulation loop. By means of VCOs and SCG phase variation robustness and current source array feedback (CSAFB), the system achieves a high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and gain tuning without the need to design an extra regulator and PPA. The design was fabricated using a 180 nm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process and measured at a 1.2 V supply voltage. According to the measurement results, the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) achieves 62 dB@1 kHz with 40 dB gain and a 10 kHz bandwidth. Furthermore, PSRR@1 kHz is below −55 dB, and power dissipation is within 57 µW.

Performance Investigations of InAs/InP Quantum-Dash Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers with Different Numbers of Dash Layers.

We present here a performance comparison of quantum-dash (Qdash) semiconductor amplifiers (SOAs) with three, five, eight, and twelve InAs dash layers grown on InP substrates. Other than the number of Qdash layers, the structures were identical. The eight-layer Qdash SOA gave the highest amplified spontaneous emission power (4.3 dBm) and chip gain (26.4 dB) at 1550 nm, with a 300 mA CW bias current and at 25 °C temperature, while SOAs with fewer Qdash layers (for example, three-layer Qdash SOA), had a wider ASE bandwidth (90 nm) and larger 3 dB gain saturated output power (18.2 dBm) in a shorter wavelength range. The noise figure (NF) of the SOAs increased nearly linearly with the number of Qdash layers. The longest gain peak wavelength of 1570 nm was observed for the 12-layer Qdash SOA. The most balanced performance was obtained with a five-layer Qdash SOA, with a 25.4 dB small-signal chip gain, 15.2 dBm 3 dB output saturated power, and 5.7 dB NF at 1532 nm, 300 mA and 25 °C. These results are better than those of quantum well SOAs reported in a recent review paper. The high performance of InAs/InP Qdash SOAs with different Qdash layers shown in this paper could be important for many applications with distinct requirements under uncooled scenarios.

Behavioral-level modelling of GaN HEMT large signal based on Pelican-Gaussian process regression algorithm

In this paper, a novel technology named Pelican-Gaussian process regression machine learning algorithm is proposed for modelling the large-signal characteristics of Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistors (GaN HEMT). Hyperparameter optimization in traditional Gaussian process regression algorithms tends to fall into local optimums and is overly dependent on the initial values. In order to solve this problem, the Pelican optimization algorithm is introduced to optimize the hyperparameters in Gaussian process regression algorithms in the article. The Pelican optimization algorithm is able to make the global exploration and local search ability of the algorithm be effectively balanced by helping particles to escape from the local optimal position. The I–V characteristics, output power, power gain, power gain efficiency and small-signal S-parameters of GaN HEMT devices are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that higher fitting accuracy and generalization ability is found in the improved GPR whose hyperparameters are optimized by the Pelican optimization algorithm.

Testing for treatment effect twice using internal and external controls in clinical trials

Abstract Leveraging external controls – relevant individual patient data under control from external trials or real-world data – has the potential to reduce the cost of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) while increasing the proportion of trial patients given access to novel treatments. However, due to lack of randomization, RCT patients and external controls may differ with respect to covariates that may or may not have been measured. Hence, after controlling for measured covariates, for instance by matching, testing for treatment effect using external controls may still be subject to unmeasured biases. In this article, we propose a sensitivity analysis approach to quantify the magnitude of unmeasured bias that would be needed to alter the study conclusion that presumed no unmeasured biases are introduced by employing external controls. Whether leveraging external controls increases power or not depends on the interplay between sample sizes and the magnitude of treatment effect and unmeasured biases, which may be difficult to anticipate. This motivates a combined testing procedure that performs two highly correlated analyses, one with and one without external controls, with a small correction for multiple testing using the joint distribution of the two test statistics. The combined test provides a new method of sensitivity analysis designed for data fusion problems, which anchors at the unbiased analysis based on RCT only and spends a small proportion of the type I error to also test using the external controls. In this way, if leveraging external controls increases power, the power gain compared to the analysis based on RCT only can be substantial; if not, the power loss is small. The proposed method is evaluated in theory and power calculations, and applied to a real trial.

Secure RoF system based on key nested polar code and feedback neural network.

With the development of 6 G network, the issue of information security is becoming more and more significant. In this paper, a secure RoF system based on key nested polar code and feedback neural network (FNN) is proposed. For the nested polar code, the original key is randomly selected from the constructed codebook and the index of key is encoded by inner polar code which is placed at the location with better channel quality bit of the frozen bit of outer polar code, for the other part of outer polar code, information bits are encrypted by chaotic sequence generated by 4-D cellular neural network. The polar coded sequence is mapped to the 16-QAM symbol for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and then the OFDM signal is modulated to the optical pulse, which is delivered to users through 50 km standard single-mode fiber and 5 m wireless channel. In the receiver, successive cancellation list (SCL) decoder is used for decoding outer polar code and FNN is used for decoding inner polar code to reduce the latency. The experimental results show that, compared with the existing scheme, when the bit err rate is 10-3, the received optical power (ROP) gain of the proposed scheme with SCL2 decoder and SCL4 decoder is ∼1.2 dB and ∼1.6 dB, respectively. And compared with the traditional OFDM signal with polar code, when the bit err rate is 10-3, the ROP gain of the proposed scheme with SCL4 decoder is ∼1 dB. What's more, the randomness of the chaotic key sequence, the ability to resist brute-force attacks and the ability to resist chosen-plaintext attacks are elaborated. Therefore, the proposed scheme can greatly improve the security of the system while ensuring the correct transmission of information.

Enhanced performance of an indoor non-line-of-sight VLC system utilizing a multi-pixel photon counter and interleaved single-carrier FDM scheme

A non-line-of-sight (NLOS) visible light communication (VLC) system, utilizing a multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) as the detector and interleaved single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (I-SC-FDM) scheme, was first proposed and experimentally investigated in this work. Specifically, the I-SC-FDM scheme exhibits a significantly lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than the original orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and widely used discrete Fourier transform spread (DFTs)-OFDM schemes, thereby necessitating a much lower power gain, which is greatly beneficial for indoor power-sensitive VLC systems. Meanwhile, the implementation of an MPPC with high sensitivity enables the detection of faintly scattered light and thus facilitates the possibility of omnidirectional optical transmission based on indoor NLOS links. Following this, an MPPC-based omnidirectional VLC system was developed and successfully achieved a net data rate up to 18 Mbps in a 3.6 m × 3 m × 3 m room, with a joint deployment of the I-SC-FDM scheme and hybrid time-frequency domain equalization (TFD-EQ) strategy. Such results can be viewed as an expansion of indoor VLC systems beyond line-of-sight (LOS) links and serve as a reference for the practical application of Light-Fidelity (LiFi) in future optical wireless access.

A fast simulation method of ground clutter for airborne wideband radar based on measured SAR image

Ground clutter simulation is a key factor in the design and development of air-to-ground wideband radar. In this paper, the ground clutter simulation technology of stepped frequency airborne wideband radar is studied, and a fast simulation method of ground clutter based on SAR image is proposed. Firstly, the segmented area of high-resolution SAR image according to the radar illumination region is used as the input of the ground scattering coefficient to improve the fidelity of clutter simulation. Then, the antenna pattern is constructed by the uniform plane phased array, by which the power gain of the clutter point is modulated. Thirdly, the clutter echo of stepped-frequency radar is calculated according to the equidistant circle principle which improves the efficiency of computation. Finally, the proposed method is verified via computer simulation. The results show that the method can simulate ground clutter of radial space-variation effect induced by narrow antenna beam, verifying the effectiveness of the method. This method is applicable to various scenarios.