Development Of Power Engineering Research Articles

Экспериментальное исследование самостабилизации частоты вращения одноцилиндрового пневматического поршневого двигателя

Generation of electricity by standalone sources is one of leading-edge avenues in the development of modern power engineering. Good-looking prospects of developments in this field are stemming from the fact that the use of nothing else but centralized power grids and generating capacities in Russia becomes impossible under the conditions of market economy in the country. Wide use of stand-alone generation of electricity on the basis of well-known heat engines is held back by impossibility to ensure highly accurate stabilization of voltage frequency (at a 50 ±0.2 Hz level) unless expensive equipment is used. The article considers an approach to solving this problem by using a generating set equipped with an expansion piston (reciprocating) engine operating in the rotation frequency self-stabilization mode (RFSS). This phenomenon is studied by taking a pneumatic piston engine as an example. Air is considered as a modeling working fluid. Steam will be used as an actual working fluid in a real cogeneration plant. One of distinctive features pertinent to operation of a piston engine with RFSS is that the working fluid flowrate remains constant irrespective of the load power, which is a positive feature during its operation in a cogeneration mode. This feature eliminates the need to use an adjustable bypass line or a separate boiler and ensures normal operation of the heat supply system when the electrical load decreases. The main objective of the study is to compare the experimental data on the generating set operation with the theoretical data (the latter were obtained on a piston engine’s simplified dynamic model in transient modes). It has been shown that this model describes the real piston engine with accuracy sufficient for engineering purposes. Owing to this circumstance, taken in combination with simplicity of the dynamic model, it became possible to derive for the first time an engineering analytical formula for the overshoot of piston engines with RFSS at a step-wise variation of load. The study results opened the possibility to reliably determine how the rotation frequency of a piston engine with RFSS deviates in response to a step-like change of load. This quantity uniquely determines deviation of the frequency of voltage generated by the electrical generator driven by such engine. The authors have created prerequisites for determining the advisable application field of piston engines with RFSS in cogeneration power supply systems.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURE OF HIGH-CAPACITY GAS TURBINE PLANTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The tasks of ensuring reliable and uninterrupted supply of electricity to consumers, industrial and environmental safety, the ability to monitor the state of energy equipment, to forecast and prevent emergencies, with the current situation in the energy sector taken into account, are becoming top priority areas for development of the industry’s production complex. Developments in the foreign policy and the global economic situation have signifi cantly changed the market conditions for manufacturers of power equipment, generating new challenges to Russia’s power engineering. Solving the problem of innovative development of the Russian power engineering industry has its specifi cs. First, the equipment used at the power industry facilities of the Russian Federation is mostly foreign-made, previously purchased and not requiring replacement in connection with expiration of its service life. Second, foreign-made equipment has improved technical and operational characteristics, is easy to use, can be maintained with a guaranteed supply of spare parts, and is provided with easily integrated complementary goods, such as software for industrial plant management, additional industrial safety systems, etc. Third, the manufacture and assembly of foreign equipment are localized mainly at places of the greatest demand, which gives an additional advantage to foreign producers for its delivery and subsequent maintenance. Fourth, the sale and support of foreign-made equipment are carried out by a well-organized dealer network. Fifth, one should note the high level of organization of technological processes for development, introduction and production of foreign equipment. It is based on these specifi c features that the structure of energy needs in high capacity gas turbines is formed, and the prospects for development of power engineering in this area are substantiated, the needs are shown, and the power rating values are substantiated for gas turbines for machine-building plants to place orders. The retrospective analysis of turbine construction in Russia enables to determine the prospects for its development. Successful development of turbine construction in Russia requires creating industrial and organizational infrastructure. Conclusions drawn as a result of analysis of the problem are of practical signifi cance and form an innovative way of development of heavy energy machine building.

Mathematical models of microwave heating of a coal mass with release of absorbed energy by the heat radiation law

Innovation development of coal power engineering, besides qualitative improvement of traditional technologies, should be based also on invoking novel methods and means both in preparation and efficient combustion of coal and for reduction of toxic emissions. The most activating action on coal fuel is provided by microwave radiation. A microwave field intensifies energy-consuming processes such as drying of coal, its dispersion, removal of impurities, qualitative heating, combustion with improved ecological characteristics, etc. Base information for development of microwave technologies in coal power engineering is a temperature field. In this paper we study approximately analytically a mathematical model of flat coal mass heating when the heat release source, due to absorption of microwave energy, obeys the Bouguer law. A specific feature of this model is the presence of nonlinearity caused by dissipation of energy from the mass surface due to heat radiation. The obtained dependences on the temperature field are the base for calculation of ignition and burnout of coal substance, search for the optimal microwave regimes, estimation of thermal destruction parameters, etc. The present paper is a continuation of authors’ publication in this journal [1].

Technique of optimization of minimum temperature driving forces in the heaters of regeneration system of a steam turbine unit

At the current stage of development of nuclear power engineering, high demands on nuclear power plants (NPP), including on their economy, are made. In these conditions, improving the quality of NPP means, in particular, the need to reasonably choose the values of numerous managed parameters of technological (heat) scheme. Furthermore, the chosen values should correspond to the economic conditions of NPP operation, which are postponed usually a considerable time interval from the point of time of parameters’ choice. The article presents the technique of optimization of controlled parameters of the heat circuit of a steam turbine plant for the future. Its particularity is to obtain the results depending on a complex parameter combining the external economic and operating parameters that are relatively stable under the changing economic environment. The article presents the results of optimization according to this technique of the minimum temperature driving forces in the surface heaters of the heat regeneration system of the steam turbine plant of a K-1200-6.8/50 type. For optimization, the collector-screen heaters of high and low pressure developed at the OAO All-Russia Research and Design Institute of Nuclear Power Machine Building, which, in the authors' opinion, have the certain advantages over other types of heaters, were chosen. The optimality criterion in the task was the change in annual reduced costs for NPP compared to the version accepted as the baseline one. The influence on the decision of the task of independent variables that are not included in the complex parameter was analyzed. An optimization task was decided using the alternating-variable descent method. The obtained values of minimum temperature driving forces can guide the design of new nuclear plants with a heat circuit, similar to that accepted in the considered task.

Evaluation of health status of adult population in the observation area of Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant

Introduction. Exploitation of nuclear power plants (NPP) is accompanied by a specific radiation and non-radiation influence on the environment. That is why the detection of their influence on the health of adjacent areas residents is of great importance.Objective. To estimate health status of the population of observation area of nuclear power facilities ofUkraineon the example of Zaporizhia NPP.Materials and methods. System review, bibliographic, analytical and statistical methods are used in the research.Results. An increase in the disease incidences of the digestive system of the adult population was found in certain regions of Zaporizhia NPP observation area.Conclusions. In connection with further development of nuclear power engineering and extension of nuclear power plants inUkraineafter the end of their operation lifetime and possible influence of adverse environmental factors during their exploitation for health of population dwelling on the observation area, the morbidity of population requires more detailed study and estimation.

Performance of the Nuclear Power Plant Condensing Unit

In the article the analysis of the modernization of the condensing unit. Thermal calculations and design of the condensing unit of the Kalininskaya nuclear power plant was conducted. Extension of service life of the operating NPP power units is one of the most important tendencies of the modern stage of nuclear power engineering development and the most efficient funds investment for preserving generating capacities. The data indicate when modernizing the condensing unit, its cooling area was increased for about 4,000 m 2 due to increasing number of tubes. In addition, tube geometrical dimensions were changed; the wall thickness was reduced from 1 and 2 mm to 0.7 and 1.25 mm respectively.

Расчетно-экспериментальное исследование влияния усадки материала на процесс его тепловой обработки в кипящем слое

Background: Biofuel is one of promising directions of thermal power engineering development. Biofuel from agricultural and forest industry wastes can be quite efficient. However, in many cases these materials have high humidity and require deep drying before combustion, which leads to additional energy costs. Effective drying of such materials can be realized in the apparatuses with fluidized bed. But the choice and reliable justification of the process regime parameters are impossible without adequate mathematical modeling of the process. The essential feature of the process is significant variation of particle properties under thermal treatment, in particular of their mass and shrinkage, which is practically not taken into account in the known models and urges us to modernize them. Materials and methods: The modeling of moisture content and heat distribution evolution in fluidized bed was based on the Markov chains approach. The model includes two parallel chains of cells for particles and air with the intermutual influence of transition probabilities in homologic cells. Besides, the homologic cells can exchange heat and moisture with each other at each time transition. The sizes of particles in the cells are additionally adjusted according to the current moisture content. The experimental validation of the proposed model was done on a lab fluidized bed reactor with potato cubes as a convenient test material. 1 Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта No15-08-01684.  «Вестник ИГЭУ» Вып. 5 2016 г. ФГБОУВО «Ивановский государственный энергетический университет имени В.И. Ленина» 50 Results: A model of drying kinetics in gas-solid systems has been suggested and verified. The model allows describing the evolution of the solid bed expansion and moisture content during drying. The calculation results are presented for the cases of particle shrinkage and those with constant size of particles. Conclusions: The obtained results have shown the necessity of taking into account shrinkage phenomenon for adequate modeling of heat and mass transfer in fluidized bed.

Hybrid fusion reactor for production of nuclear fuel with minimum radioactive contamination of the fuel cycle

The paper presents the results of the system research on the coordinated development of nuclear and fusion power engineering in the current century. Considering the increasing problems of resource procurement, including limited natural uranium resources, it seems reasonable to use fusion reactors as high-power neutron sources for production of nuclear fuel in a blanket. It is shown that the share of fusion sources in this structural configuration of the energy system can be relatively small. A fundamentally important aspect of this solution to the problem of closure of the fuel cycle is that recycling of highly active spent fuel can be abandoned. Radioactivity released during the recycling of the spent fuel from the hybrid reactor blanket is at least two orders of magnitude lower than during the production of the same number of fissile isotopes after the recycling of the spent fuel from a fast reactor.

Degenerate optimization problems of economy and power engineering

Optimization of large economy and power engineering systems leads to degenerate solutions of a high dimensionality. This is a very strong mathematical complication. It however allows the future evolution of power engineering to be considered both as based on joint operation of nuclear power plants (NPP), coal-fired power plants (PP) and gas-fired PPs, and based on only NPPs. This requires a system optimization of the NPP parameters.Computational studies on optimal high-dimensionality systems have led to the degenerate space of admissible economy and power engineering solutions to be understood as a set of points on a lunar surface with a finite number of craters. Such degenerate space may be referred to as “non-convex, non-concave”.In other words, an N-dimensional degenerate “non-convex, non-concave” space of a high-dimensionality optimization problem (N≥10,000) looks like a “lunar surface” with craters of different depths. Craters form the neighborhood of locally optimal plans, and the locally optimal plan as such is on the bottom of a crater. The crater depth defines the value of the functional being optimized. Occasionally, the deepest but different craters include equally deep craters, that is, craters with equal values of the locally optimal plan functionals. The local optimum (local plan) in different craters may differ structurally, and the optimization problem functionals for these points may be equal in value.Calculations show that equally sized craters (with equal values of economy and power engineering development locally optimal plan functionals) occasionally include craters with locally optimal plans of economy and power engineering evolution (in a diversity of the potential combinations of economy and energy technology states) based only on coal- or gas-fired PPs, or on coal-/gas-fired and nuclear PPs, or on NPPs. By weighing the values of the locally optimal plan functionals in different craters, one can find an optimal solution – a locally optimal plan with the best functional value (e.g., in the event of the functional minimization, with the minimum objective functional value out of the entire number of the considered craters).

Manufacturing technologies for photovoltaics and possible means of their development in Russia (Review). Part 1: General approach to the development of photoelectric converters and basic silicon technologies

The state and key tendencies of the development of basic technologies for manufacture of photoelectric converters (PECs) in the world are considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The first part of the review gives short information on the development of photovoltaics in the world and planes of the development of solar power plants in Russia. Total power of photoelectric plants operating in various countries in 2015 exceeded 150 GW and increased in the last ten years with a rate of approximately 50% per year. Russia made important state decisions on the support of the development of renewable power engineering and developed mechanisms, which were attractive for business, on the stimulation of building of the network of solar power plants with a total power to 1.5 GW in the country to 2020. At the same time, the rigid demands are made with respect to the localization of the production of components of these plants that opens new abilities for the development of the domestic production of photovoltaics manufacture. Data on the efficiency of PECs of various types that are attained in the leading laboratories of the world are given. Particular emphasis has been placed on the consideration of basic silicon technologies of PEC manufacture, which had the widest commercial application. The basic methods for production of polycrystalline silicon and making single-crystal and multicrystal silicon are described. Fundamentals of making techniques for plates, PECs, and photoelectric modules based on single-crystal and polycrystalline silicon are considered. The second part will be devoted to modifications of manufacturing techniques for photoelectric converters, enhancement methods for contact structures, and recommendations of authors with respect to the choice of prospective technologies for the expansion of PEC production in Russia. It will involve formulations and substantiations of the most promising lines of the development of photoelectric converter production in Russia, based on the planned implementation of the network of solar power plants to 2020 with the national assistance under condition of the fulfillment of the rigid requirements to manufacture localization.

A high-temperature gas-and-steam turbine plant operating on combined fuel

A high-temperature gas–steam turbine plant (GSTP) for ultrasupercritical steam conditions is proposed based on an analysis of prospects for the development of power engineering around the world and in Russia up to 2040. The performance indicators of a GSTP using steam from a coal-fired boiler with a temperature of 560–620°C with its superheating to 1000–1500°C by firing natural gas with oxygen in a mixingtype steam superheater are analyzed. The thermal process circuit and design of a GSTP for a capacity of 25 MW with the high- and intermediate-pressure high-temperature parts with the total efficiency equal to 51.7% and the natural gas utilization efficiency equal to 64–68% are developed. The principles of designing and the design arrangement of a 300 MW GSTP are developed. The effect of economic parameters (the level and ratio of prices for solid fuel and gas, and capital investments) on the net cost of electric energy is determined. The net cost of electric energy produced by the GSTP is lower than that produced by modern combined-cycle power plants in a wide variation range of these parameters. The components of a high-temperature GSTP the development of which determines the main features of such installations are pointed out: a chamber for combusting natural gas and oxygen in a mixture with steam, a vacuum device for condensing steam with a high content of nondensables, and a control system. The possibility of using domestically available gas turbine technologies for developing the GSTP’s intermediate-pressure high-temperature part is pointed out. In regard of its environmental characteristics, the GSTP is more advantageous as compared with modern condensing power plants: it allows a flow of concentrated carbon dioxide to be obtained at its outlet, which can be reclaimed; in addition, this plant requires half as much consumption of fresh water.

The prospects for development of renewable power engineering and providing electrical safety and electromagnetic compatibility

The prospects of the development of renewable power and the creation and implementation of fundamentally new technologies of electric and electronic equipment in order to improve the power supply, to improve energy conservation and efficiency, and to provide electrical safety and the electromagnetic compatibility are discussed. According to research results, the efficiency of the traction power supply system can be improved by increasing the rated voltage in a dc traction network up to 24 kV. The increased voltage results in higher railroad traffic and carrying capacities and allows energy losses throughout the whole system to be reduced. It is shown by analysis and simulation of electromagnetic processes and by comparison of technical and economic characteristics of converters that 24-pulse rectifier circuits with a series connection of threephase bridges are the most effective for the aforementioned system. Such rectifiers improve the power quality both in the primary power-supply system and in the traction network. They also allow one to use simpler and more efficient active-passive smoothing filters, which provide electromagnetic compatibility of the new dc traction power supply system with communication devices and railroad automatic machinery.

Engineering research in fluid power: a review

This article reviews recent developments in fluid power engineering, particularly its market and research in China. The development and new techniques of the pump, valve, and actuator are presented in brief with a discussion of two typical modern fluid power systems, which are the switched inertance hydraulic system and the hydraulic quadruped robot. Challenges and recommendations are given in four aspects including efficiency, compactness and integration, cleanliness, and fluid power education.

Status of Social Competencies of Power Engineers in the Context of Forming the Concept of an Intelligent Network or Smart Grid

The article reviews the trends which define development of power engineering in the world and in Russia. The authors emphasize that establishment of smart grids is the consequence of not only technological but also social transformations of a modern society. The authors sum up that social competencies are an integral part of professional skills of engineers who work in the field of power engineering. The authors make a hypothesis that the major (educational module) Energy consultant for the population might develop social competencies.

Possibilities of solar energy application in Russian cities

In this paper, the possibilities of solar energy application in the biggest Russian cities are studied and analyzed. The main research goal is to investigate the possibility of solar energy technical use in Russian regions. The research method is based on the calculation of the territory power capacity and its sufficiency for solar power engineering development. To this purpose, the authors have carried out the analysis of total solar radiation falling on the horizontal and inclined surfaces within an astronomical year. The study is carried out on the basis of the data using spatial statistics of solar radiation inflow in different seasons during the annual cycle. The assessment of solar radiation sufficiency by "technically accepted" criterion is made on the basis of B. Veynberg criteria. Finally, the authors conclude that the effectiveness of the solar energy production development is the most appropriate in the city of Vladivostok and obviously, it is not prospective in the authors’ places of residence, such as Perm and Sverdlovsk Regions.

Advanced tendencies in development of photovoltaic cells for power engineering

Development of solar power engineering must be based on original innovative Russian and world technologies. It is necessary to develop promising Russian technologies of manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and semiconductor materials: chlorine-free technology for obtaining solar silicon; matrix solar cell technology with an efficiency of 25–30% upon the conversion of concentrated solar, thermal, and laser radiation; encapsulation technology for high-voltage silicon solar modules with a voltage up to 1000 V and a service life up to 50 years; new methods of concentration of solar radiation with the balancing illumination of photovoltaic cells at 50–100-fold concentration; and solar power systems with round-the-clock production of electrical energy that do not require energy storage devices and reserve sources of energy. The advanced tendency in silicon power engineering is the use of high-temperature reactions in heterogeneous modular silicate solutions for long-term (over one year) production of heat and electricity in the autonomous mode.

Development of energy efficient methodology of carbon materials drying and fragmentation

The development of heat power engineering in the modern conditions requires high-quality fuel with low sulfur content. Unlike liquid and gaseous fuels, brown coal has a high ash content and humidity. In order to improve the efficiency of thermal power plants, it is necessary to modernize the brown coal preparation process to lower sulfur content and reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere during combustion. Therefore, the development and introduction of new energy-saving heat technological installations for drying and fragmentation of carbon materials is an important scientific-technical problem which is solved in the framework of the scientific area - industrial heat power engineering.In the paper, new energy-saving methodology, allowing highly efficient continuous drying and simultaneous fragmentation of dispersed materials was developed at the newly created highly productive thermal vacuum installation.During the research on thermal vacuum drying of dispersed materials, analytical and experimental methods for determining moisture withdrawal from the investigated objects depending on the regime parameters of the thermal vacuum installation were used.Based on the results of scientific and technical research it was found that brown coal with the initial humidity of 40% and size of up to 8 mm is converted into a fine powder with a humidity of less than 1.0% for 14 seconds during drying in the thermal vacuum installation. The temperature of the dried brown coal at the heating element outlet did not exceed 76οC at the heater temperature of 250oC. Brown coal drying proceeds uniformly, the color changes from brown to black. This suggests that the sulfur content in the brown coal reduces. In our case, the sulfur amount in the dried brown coal has decreased by more than twice from 4.8% to 2.2%.The developed process of thermal vacuum drying and simultaneous fragmentation of brown coal allows to reduce energy costs per unit of the dried product, accelerate the drying process, obtain a fine powder of the dried coal with low sulfur content, which leads to reducing harmful emissions into the environment during combustion.

Prospects for development of atomic power engineering in market conditions

This article discusses methodological approaches to forecasting the development of the electric-power industry for a given scenario of growth in electricity demands under functioning commodity and stock markets. A dynamic economic and mathematical model is presented, in which profit determines the efficiency and scope of investment in various technologies of electric-power generation, equilibrium price of electricity in the commodity market, and the market price of fixed assets (capitalization) in the stock market. We assess the impact of a possible increase in the prices of nuclear fuel on the development prospects of nuclear energy up to 2030.

Advanced technologies of development of power engineering and energy supply of the republic economy

The article discusses the possibilities of the combined use of solar energy using parabolic radiation concentrators by creating hybrid solar-thermal installations in the climate conditions of Uzbekistan.

Проблемы территориального планирования и градостроительства: социально-философский аспект

The article examines social and philosophical problems of spatial planning and urban development from the 1920's until the present. From the historical point of view there are three phases: the 1920s, 1930-1980s, 1990-2010s. In the 1920s two approaches were used in the development of the country: technical and economic and personalistics. The first meant not only the development of power engineering but also of the economy in the whole country. The second lies in stimulation of active creative work, disclosure of worker’s personal potential. On the one hand, it was turned to economic and technical modernization on the basis of the State Plan of the Electrification of Russia; on the other, it was relied on diligent farmer. In the 1930-1980s the technical and economic approach was dominating. In the 1990-2010s the market approach was widely extended. According to the latter, the development of the national economy should be executed depending on the law of demand and supply. In Russia the realization of the market economy based on demand and supply was reduced to development of exclusively highly profitable business. In the article the author uses the methods of historical knowledge, analysis and comparison and provides suggestions on solving problems of spatial planning and urban development. Special emphasis is placed on the Soviet experience of the 1920s, when the market relations have not been completely destroyed.