Power Consumption Values Research Articles

Control of electricity consumption regimes of producers consumers

The article investigates models and methods of complex control of power consumption modes. It is shown that the power shortage during peak hours makes it difficult to maintain a balance between generation and consumption capacity, which led to the need to impose restrictions on the electrical load of industrial consumers and the development of methods and tools to control power consumption. Moreover, the tasks of controlling the modes of active power consumption and reactive power compensation are closely related. It is shown that the following methods of power consumption management are currently known: instantaneous rate; at the ideal rate; management on the forecast value; control with the use of average power on a moving time interval ("moving window" method). Optimal control of power consumption system modes and reactive power modes for the relevant control period is based on the use of operational forecasting methods. Studies have shown that a positive role in improving the efficiency of optimization of power consumption modes can play and influencing its level of voltage control in the power supply system. In this regard, it is advisable to move to a comprehensive solution to the problem of power management, both through the management of consumers - regulators, and the impact on the voltage regimes of the power supply system. Static characteristics of changes in active and reactive powers from voltage changes in the power supply system are given. Solving the problem of obtaining static characteristics is possible as a result of active experiments; or based on the integration of static characteristics of individual electrical receivers. Focus on the second way is advisable with a limited number of different types of electrical receivers. However, in any case, it is necessary to determine the static characteristics of individual large consumers - regulators, disabling or enabling which can significantly affect the integrated static characteristics of the power supply. An approach to integrated management of power consumption modes is proposed, which consists in the fact that from the beginning of the controlled interval periodically formed real values of active and reactive electricity consumption, as well as voltage values at the controlled point of the network. Then the forecast of active and reactive energy consumption to the end of the controlled interval and the forecast of the average voltage level is determined, the deviation between the forecast and set power consumption is determined and, if the forecast value of power consumption exceeds the set. At the same time determine the possible changes in reactive power and, if necessary, control the capacitor banks. Experimental studies of the considered models are carried out. The structural scheme of the system of complex control and management of power consumption modes is given.

An 8-Gbps, Low-Jitter, Four-Channel Transmitter with a Fractional-Spaced Feed-Forward Equalizer

An 8 gigabits per second (Gbps), low-jitter, four-channel transmitter with fractional-spaced feed-forward equalizer (FFE) is designed to meet the demand for broad transmission bandwidth in serial data communications. A novel frequency divider chain (FDC) architecture is developed, to satisfy the time requirements for high-speed data serialization. Moreover, a reconfigurable output driver circuit is employed to ensure compatibility with different protocols. In addition, a three-tap fractional-spaced FFE, which can enhance signal bandwidth significantly, is proposed, to compensate for channel loss. The transmitter was simulated and validated based on the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) 55-nm process. The post-layout simulation results show the following: The tuning range of the phase-locked loop (PLL) can cover 1.6 to 4.6 GHz. At an output frequency of 4 GHz, the root-mean-square jitter (RJ) of the PLL after integration from phase noise was 1.93 ps. With an 8 Gbps output data rate, using the pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-31 as a data source to simulate the whole transmitter, the power consumption values of the PLL and drive circuit were 27.0 and 29.2 mW, respectively, and the eye width and the valid eye height of output data were 0.76 unit interval (UI) and 0.68.

Providing the Ratio of Micro Hydroelectric Generation of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant to Turkey's Total Electricity Consumption

In this study, it was aimed to determine to provide the ratio of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) micro-hydropower generation to Turkey’s total electricity consumption. Primarily, population and treated wastewater flow predictions of Turkey were made between 2020 and 2023 years. The power predictions that micro-hydroelectric power plants could generate were made by using 2 meters drop height and predicted flow data. Then, for the same years, Turkey's total electricity consumption prediction was made. For forecasting data for the coming years, a forecast sheet application was used. Finally, the total predicted electrical energies that could be generated with micro-hydroelectric at municipal WWTPs were compared with Turkey's predicted electricity consumption from 2020 to 2023 years. Thus, the ratio of these two parameters to each other was determined. The population was predicted as 87873632 people and the total amount of treated wastewater (TWW) was predicted as 5117528600 m3 for the year 2023. Total annual electricity generation that could be generated from micro-hydroelectric power plants was predicted as 2231 GW/year for 2023 year, while the total electrical power consumption value was predicted as 312547 GW/year. It was predicted that the supplying ratio of micro-hydropower generation in municipal WWTPs to total electricity consumption would be 0.00714% on average between 2020-2023 years.

COMBINED METHOD OF ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION FACILITIES

The article investigates the methods of power consumption control. It is shown that the power shortage during peak hours makes it difficult to maintain a balance between generation and consumption capacity, which leads to the need to introduce restrictions on the electrical load of industrial consumers and the development of methods and tools to control power consumption. The need to manage energy consumption is due to a number of reasons, including: 1) the significant difference between peak load and night failure in power systems; 2) insufficient regulatory capacity of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants to cover the variable part of load schedules; 3) unfavorable tendency to reduce the share of shunting capacity in power systems caused by the consolidation of power units; 4) significant capital and energy costs associated with the construction and operation of peak units; 5) technical feasibility and economic feasibility of artificial alignment of load schedules. It is shown that the following methods of power consumption control are currently known: instantaneous rate; at the ideal norm; management on the forecast value; control with the use of average power on a moving time interval (moving window method) and combined methods that use different combinations, as well as the distribution of control influence between consumers - regulators (resource allocation method). It is better to consider such a control method that provides for a larger number of managed consumers random time distribution of possible short-term emissions, their minimum absolute value, as well as more complete use by the consumer of the declared capacity or allocated power and energy limits. According to these criteria, the listed management methods are compared. Moreover, the method of instantaneous rate is implemented in control or automatic control using a signal proportional to the average power for 1, 2 or 3 minutes, the method of the ideal norm involves measuring the average power of the consumer for short periods of time (up to three minutes) and comparing this value with the declared ( or limit) power, control with prediction is that the control signal is formed as the difference between the amount of possible power and predicted at the end of the control cycle. To increase the efficiency of power consumption management, a combined control method is proposed, which is a synthesis of two known methods - control at the ideal norm and control over the predicted value of power consumption, which combines the advantages of both methods. The condition of management is maintenance of such mode of power consumption at which the set capacity is not exceeded and its set value is used as much as possible. Fulfillment of this condition is provided by working off of the restrictions set to each step of management. Due to the fact that different control steps have different control reactions to the real process, appropriate control methods are used for different steps. In the first steps, when there is enough time to adopt the optimal control effect and it can be adjusted, the control is based on the forecast value of electricity consumption, in the last steps, which have special responsibility for the control process; control is carried out by the ideal norm. Thus, this method combines the advantages of forecast management (control effect is justified) and the method of management at the ideal norm (in the last step of management, which allows optimal use of the remaining power limit and not exceed the specified value) with a priori justified order of consumers-regulators.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОСПОЖИВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОТЕХНІЧНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ СИСТЕМИ ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ

The article is devoted to solving the issue of energy consumption planning of complex energy technological complexes. The expediency of application of self-organization methods of models of complex systems for modeling of power consumption based on the principles of inductive modeling was substantiated. Power consumption modeling was performed using neural networks based on iterative algorithms of the group method of data handling. The use of GMDH neural networks provided automatic structural-parametric identification of the model. The search for the optimal structure of the model was performed in three classes of support functions of neural networks. As a result of the algorithm of synthesis of models, the set of models-candidates having optimum structure in its class was formed. The obtained models have high modeling quality and low forecast error. Complicating the structure of the neural network does not significantly improve the quality of modeling results. The selection of the best structure of the model was made from the standpoint of multicriteria selection using a morphometric approach. Previously, all the criteria were reduced to one type according to the function of the goal and the procedure of their normalization was performed. The best structure of the model was chosen taking into account the area of the figure formed by the normalized values of the selection criteria. The polynomial GMDH neural network of the first order was chosen as the power consumption model. Deviations of actual and model values of power consumption do not exceed 1%. The usage of GMDH neural networks as an algorithm for model synthesis, supplemented by multi-criteria selection of the best model structure, allowed making an unambiguous choice of the structure of the power consumption model, suitable for determining the energy baseline.

Thermal Analysis Based on Dynamic Performance of Rocker Arm Full-Type Needle Bearings

Based on a dynamic analysis of rolling bearings, the equations for rocker arm full-type needle bearings were established by considering the traction coefficients of FVA-M reference lubricating oil, and then they were solved by the GSTIFF (Gear Stiff) integer algorithm with variable steps. The influence of working conditions on friction power consumption and the lubricant’s convective coefficients were investigated. Then, on the basis of the heat generation and heat transfer mechanisms, the frictional power consumption was used as the boundary condition of the bearings’ simulation model. Finally, temperature fields were calculated by the finite element method. The results showed that the overall value of frictional power consumption increased gradually with the increase in either the radial load or the rotation speed. The presence or absence of lubricating oil film in the contact area affected the heat conduction of the bearing, resulting in a temperature difference. Compared with the temperature of the radial load exerted on the bearing, the maximum temperature was more sensitive to the variations in the rotation speed. When running under the conditions of a fatigue life test, the steady-state temperature value of the bearing gradually decreased from the outer raceway to the needle roller and the outer ring surface, and then to the central shaft. The maximum temperature rise was 25.9 °C relative to the ambient temperature.

Критерии подобия автономной перекачивающей системы и их влияние на показатели энергетической эффективности

Introduction. The authors have formulated a system of equations to describe the liquid flowing in a self-contained pumping system (SPS) that has a centrifugal pump (CP). To solve the problem, it is necessary to take into account a change in static pressure, features of the hydraulic resistance of pipes, and the influence of temperature. The authors have shown that the flow under study has two similarity criteria in the case of a certain characteristic flow rate. The authors have also assessed their influence on the energy efficiency values of a basic hydraulic circuit. Materials and methods. The authors make a hydraulic analysis of an SPS that has pump 1K 50-32-125, whose characteristics are presented in the technical specification. A mathematical model, based on the Bernoulli equation for an unsteady flow, was developed to solve the problem. Results. The authors solve the non-steady problem of pumping liquid through the central heating system into the SPS if the liquid level is variable in the self-similar (quadratic) resistance range. For the case when Str = 0 and Str is the analogue of the Strouhal number, the authors find the analytical expression of pumping time for the pre-set amount of liquid and the value of criterion Θ (a dimensionless complex value linking the difference between the head in the central heating system and the initial static head in the event of zero supply, the steepness of the pressure characteristic and the hydraulic resistance of the circuit). The results of the hydraulic analysis of SPS that has pump 1K 50-32-125 and different pipeline diameters, technical parameters characteristic of self-contained water supply and sanitation systems are presented. Power consumption value E is identified for water pumping. This value is used to assess the energy efficiency of water supply and sewerage systems. Conclusions. The authors have found that the values of the similarity criterion Θ increase together with the pipeline diameter, while efficiency decreases and the energy consumption value improves. Under the conditions under consideration, it is advisable to focus on a change in the value of E rather than efficiency, when energy efficiency is assessed in the process of selecting equipment.

An Investigation of Power Consumption in Milling AISI P20 Plastic Mold Steel By Finite Elements Method

Mold steels lead the production of products used in all areas of our lives. Performing the machinability tests of these materials with the finite element method (FEM) provides cost and time savings. In addition, it provides to get away from physical experiments that provide high power consumption. Because consumption must be eliminated in order to ensure a sustainable and clean production. In this study, AISI P20 mold steel was milled using the finite element method. Same directional milling and corner milling operations were performed. The effects of the cutting parameters used in the milling process on the power consumption were investigated. Four different feed rates (0.075-0.113-0.169 and 0.253 mm/tooth) four different cutting speeds (170-200-230-260 m/min), and two different cutting depths (0.075-1.5 mm) were used in the study. Power consumption values were obtained by taking the resultant values of the cutting forces (Fx, Fy and Fz) occurring during cutting. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that the power consumption increased with the increase in feed rate, cutting speed and cutting depth. The highest power consumption value was determined as 8041.91 W, and the lowest power consumption value was determined as 1748.10 W. As a result, it has been shown that the FEM and statistical evaluation yield consistent results.

Design of a low power silicon-plasmonic hybrid electro-optic modulator relied on ITO

In this paper, a low power silicon-plasmonic hybrid electro-optic modulator relied on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) has been proposed and designed. The proposed modulator is based on a three-coupled waveguide; two silicon waveguides and one hybrid plasmonic waveguide. A hybrid plasmonic horizontal waveguide with two ITO layers separates two silicon waveguides. Balancing between extinction ratio (ER) and insertion loss (IL) requires a trade-off when designing an optical modulator. The structure is proposed as a modulator that alleviates this trade-off. The structure has two ITO layers with an epsilon near zero (ENZ) effect for increasing light-matter interaction, maximizing optical mode's attenuating and disrupting the optical coupling. In the designed structure, amplitude modulation with high ER and, at the same time, low IL are obtained. The designed device is broadband with low power consumption. The ER, IL, and power consumption values were 16.05 dB, 0.3 dB, and 16.2 fJ. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to investigate the properties of the proposed modulator.

The impact of electric power consumption on economic growth: a case study of Portugal, France, and Finland.

Energy plays a vital role in promoting sustainable economic development in complex societies. This study has analyzed the impact of electricity consumption on three European Union member countries' economic growth, i.e., Portugal, France, and Finland, caring structural breaks in cointegration analyses. The empirical results indicate a positive impact of electric power consumption on economic growth in the long and short run in Finland and Portugal and in the long run in France. The findings also highlight the positive and significant role of the labor force in boosting economic growth in the long and short run in France and Finland. However, it shrinks economic growth in the long run in Portugal. The study discloses the positive role of capital in the long run in the case of Portugal. Similar results are found in all three countries in the short run. Moreover, the study diagnoses a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and electric power consumption in Finland in the long and short run and in France in the long run. A growth-promoting or electricity-led growth hypothesis is found in Portugal. By simulating the mean values of electric power consumption, economic growth follows an increasing trend in all the countries. Hence, electric power consumption has appeared an essential factor in elevating economic growth in all three selected countries. Based on these results, this study suggests that the provision of electricity supply ventures may be expanded in the selected EU member countries in order to enhance economic growth. The study also suggests that emphasis should be shifted from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources to ensure the provision of clean energy to all the public under the umbrella of sustainable development goals of 2030. Hence, the present study contributes to achieving sustainable economic growth in the selected EU member countries.

Energy and exergy analysis of an atmospheric water generator integrated with the compound parabolic collector with storage tank in various climates

The drinkable water storages shortage is one of the main obstacles that many societies are envisaged with. In addition, the water content of humid air is known as the main storage of drinkable water for the future. In this paper, the energy and exergy analysis of a solar driven atmospheric water generator which contains an absorption refrigeration cycle coupled to a compound parabolic collector is performed. The mathematical model of the proposed system is developed in MATLAB software. In the solar thermal system provided in this paper, the storage tank is employed for extending the working hours of the system leading to improvement of total water generation rate. Furthermore, the performance of the system is evaluated in various climates included arid, semi-arid and Mediterranean, and for this purpose three cities of Iran named Bandar Abbas, Ramsar and Tehran were selected. Moreover, by comparing the water production in various months during the year, the highest value of water production during the year is held by Bandar Abbas city leading to owning the lowest values of specific power consumption and specific collector area. The maximum rate of water production of proposed system is approximately 400 lit per month in tropical climates with specific energy consumption of 3 kWh/lit. Based on the results of exergy analysis of whole system, the most exergy destruction rate belongs to compound parabolic collector component, therefore, large amount of energy is wasted through compound parabolic collector which can be recovered for generation of chilled water. Moreover, the impacts of geographical and environmental parameters on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the atmospheric water generator are also assessed.

The influence of the spatial parameters of the laser beam on the track shape in laser metal deposition

The effect of laser beam focusing parameters on the bead shape in laser metal deposition technology (LMD) is under consideration. The cross-sections of beads formed at different distances between the focus position and the base surface at the plane of the maximum flow density of the gas-powder mixture is obtained. Changing the laser beam’s focusing parameters is shown to vary the shape of the bead and the depth in the LMD technology at constant values of power, scanning speed, and powder consumption.

Scheduling deferrable electric appliances in smart homes: a bi-objective stochastic optimization approach.

In the last decades, cities have increased the number of activities and services that depends on an efficient and reliable electricity service. In particular, households have had a sustained increase of electricity consumption to perform many residential activities. Thus, providing efficient methods to enhance the decision making processes in demand-side management is crucial for achieving a more sustainable usage of the available resources. In this line of work, this article presents an optimization model to schedule deferrable appliances in households, which simultaneously optimize two conflicting objectives: the minimization of the cost of electricity bill and the maximization of users satisfaction with the consumed energy. Since users satisfaction is based on human preferences, it is subjected to a great variability and, thus, stochastic resolution methods have to be applied to solve the proposed model. In turn, a maximum allowable power consumption value is included as constraint, to account for the maximum power contracted for each household or building. Two different algorithms are proposed: a simulation-optimization approach and a greedy heuristic. Both methods are evaluated over problem instances based on real-world data, accounting for different household types. The obtained results show the competitiveness of the proposed approach, which are able to compute different compromising solutions accounting for the trade-off between these two conflicting optimization criteria in reasonable computing times. The simulation-optimization obtains better solutions, outperforming and dominating the greedy heuristic in all considered scenarios.

Improving an electric power planning system in the commuter rail passenger complex

The transport industry is an energy intensive one, so power saving measures in transport in general, and railway transport in particular, deserve greater attention. It should be noted that the transport complex has developed a programme of measures aimed at power saving in the industry. Nevertheless, the issue of improving the electric power planning system for the commuter rail complex remains relevant. It is worth noting that the results of theoretical research, supplemented by the results of field-based scientific research, demonstrate the lack of a perfect approach to electric power consumption planning at present. Identification of bottlenecks in the existing electric power planning system is possible with application of general scientific and special methods and techniques, as follows: dialectical, logical, analytical, systemic and functional, comparative, economic and mathematical, a method of scientific abstraction, classification, grouping and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, a graphical method, a method of statistical analysis, together with private methods of economic sciences, providing reliability and objectivity of the scientific conclusions and results obtained. In this article the issue of transition from the existing electric power consumption planning system in the multiple unit rolling stock to the author’s planning system is considered; the evidential basis is presented by an example of the Regional Multiple Unit Rolling Stock Directorate. The proposed planning system provides an opportunity to calculate the standard values of electric power consumption in the multiple unit rolling stock promptly. The authors assert that the advantage of the proposed planning system is its calculation accuracy of one kilowatt consumed, as well as its transparency, resulting not only in the economic component of the Regional Directorate of Multiple Unit Facilities, but also in the passenger service quality. A compliance with the standards presented in this planning system implies a comfortable microclimate in commuter coaches.

Locomotion of Bioinspired Underwater Snake Robots Using Metaheuristic Algorithm

Snake Robots (SR) have been successfully deployed and proved to attain bio-inspired solutions owing to its capability to move in harsh environments, a characteristic not found in other kinds of robots (like wheeled or legged robots). Underwater Snake Robots (USR) establish a bioinspired solution in the domain of underwater robotics. It is a key challenge to increase the motion efficiency in underwater robots, with respect to forwarding speed, by enhancing the locomotion method. At the same time, energy efficiency is also considered as a crucial issue for long-term automation of the systems. In this aspect, the current research paper concentrates on the design of effectual Locomotion of Bioinspired Underwater Snake Robots using Metaheuristic Algorithm (LBIUSR-MA). The proposed LBIUSR-MA technique derives a bi-objective optimization problem to maximize the Forward Velocity (FV) and minimize the Average Power Consumption (APC). LBIUSR-MA technique involves the design of Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (MRFO) technique and derives two objective functions to resolve the optimization issue. In addition to these, effective weighted sum technique is also used for the integration of two objective functions. Moreover, the objective functions are required to be assessed for varying gait variables so as to inspect the performance of locomotion. A detailed set of simulation analyses was conducted and the experimental results demonstrate that the developed LBIUSR-MA method achieved a low Average Power Consumption (APC) value of 80. under δ value of 50. The proposed model accomplished the minimum PAC and maximum FV of USR in an effective manner.

FPGA-based Hardware Acceleration for Fruit Recognition Using SVM

Selection classification for Fruit recognition could be an absolute zone of inspection. Fruit Recognition mistreatment FPGA-based Hardware Acceleration by SVM is helpful for the observance and indexing of the fruits consistent with their kind with the peace of mind of a quick production chain. During this test, we have processed to initial replacement prime quality data-set of pictures grouped in the 5 preferred varieties of oval-shaped fruits. Honor to the fast image process techniques for the development, image resolution, quality of the algorithms leads to carry-out image process and computational tasks. In recent years, deep neural networks have a diode to the event of the many new applications associated with preciseness agriculture, as well as fruit recognition. An algorithm consumes computer power and memory, which has a significant impact on standard and performance, especially when working with large image datasets. Within the planned work, FPG is A based mostly on hardware acceleration for fruit, and recognition is mistreatment with SVM. The Support Vector Machine could be a real-time machine learning tool meant for high predicted classification accuracy through the attributes mentioned. Using SVM for embedded system programs is incredibly difficult attributable to the intensive computations needed. This will increase the attractiveness of implementing SVM on hardware platforms for reaching performance computing with the demanded value of power consumption. Finally, a difficult trade-off between meeting embedded period systems constraints and high classification accuracy has been determined.

Technical-knowledge-integrated material flow cost accounting model for energy reduction in industrial wastewater treatment

A novel simulation model incorporating the concept of material flow cost accounting (MFCA) into a numerical process simulator for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was developed. Cost-related parameters, such as electrical power consumption, were calculated for each unit process by referring to predetermined formulas of design rules and technical knowledge built into the model. These calculated values were then assigned to the outflow stream proportional to the flowrate, allowing each flow stream in the WWTP to be quantified according to the history of assigned costs. This method increased the number of quantity centers in MFCA models regardless of actual data availability, thus contributing complex flow configuration and flexible comparison of improvement approaches related to financial evaluation. Energy cost allocation maps created by this model demonstrated the benefits of anaerobic treatment in the WWTP of a soft-drink factory in Japan. Additionally in this WWTP, the observed values of total power consumption were 40% higher than the simulated values, and improvement approaches, such as instrumental control of aeration, were evaluated for their feasibility and financial impact. These results demonstrated the success of the model in adding and reinforcing analytical and predictive functions in the MFCA survey method. • Material flow cost accounting (MFCA) incorporated into a numerical simulation model. • An MFCA flowsheet developed for a wastewater treatment configuration. • The model effectively compared different flow configurations. • Significant difference in the simulated and observed power consumption revealed. • Proposed method successfully implemented energy-saving countermeasures in WWTPs.

Peak load minimization in smart grid by optimal coordinated ON–OFF scheduling of air conditioning compressors

We address the problem of minimizing the peak load by optimal coordinated ON–OFF scheduling of the compressors of air conditioners (ACs) connected in a smart grid. For this purpose, we consider a simplified model of power consumption profile, i.e., on-time and off-time durations and power consumption values of a split type AC. We model the necessary constraints and formulate an optimization problem to minimize the peak load by optimal coordinated ON–OFF scheduling of the AC compressors. The optimization problem is found to be a complex mixed integer linear programming problem. We optimally solve the problem for a small number of ACs by using an optimization tool. Unfortunately, due to the computational complexity, the tool cannot solve the problem for a large number of ACs. For a large number of ACs, we develop a heuristic algorithm to solve the problem. Using the optimization tool and the heuristic algorithm, we determine the peak load, load variance, and energy consumption in operating a number of ACs and compare them with the results obtained for a traditional non-coordinated AC operation. We find that both the optimal and heuristic solution approaches significantly reduce the peak load and load variance with some increment of energy consumption. Further, the computation time of the scheduling of the AC compressors of an air conditioning system under the heuristic algorithm is found to be significantly less compared to the time bound on scheduling computation of the AC compressors even when the number of ACs in the system is large.

Determination of Pneumatic Conveying Characteristics of Canola

In this study, it was aimed to determine the pneumatic conveying characteristics of canola seeds (Brasicca napus Oleifera sp). The physical properties, pressure drop, air velocity, power consumption characteristics of Turan variety canola seeds were investigated. Three different canola moisture, three different pipe diameters, three different material feed flow rates and five different air velocities were used and the effects of these factors on the pneumatic conveying characteristics of the canola were examined. The pneumatic conveying of canola seeds was carried out at the positive pressure pneumatic conveyor. The pressure drop and power consumption have increased with the increase of air velocity. The lowest pressure drop and power consumption values were obtained in conveying with pipe diameter of 70.3 mm, canola moisture of 16.54%, compressor speed of 1150 rpm and conveying capacity of 3.89 t/h. The lowest power consumption was achieved with the conveying of the canola at 6.36% moisture, 7.49 t/h material feed flow rate and 1150 rpm compressor speed. In trials, the pressure drop decreased when the pipe diameter was increased.

Approximating stochastic loads using the EM-Algorithm

Due to the increase in volatile power generation facilities, the need for flexible modeling options of an energy network is growing. One approach consists of a cellular architecture whose hierarchy levels are less pronounced. Such an architecture is provided by the Loop Circle Arc theory (LoCA theory). Each cell consists of essentially uniform basic building blocks, such as a storage unit, an energy converter, and a source and load, as well as an interface to the next cell. Based on this theory, a model of N households connected to a Circle is created. In order to report the demand of the connected households to the next cell, the Arc, via the interface, it is necessary to know the summed power values. Since the households generally represent stochastic processes, the densities associated with the households are estimated under the assumption of measured consumption values over a 24-hour period. Using the EM-Algorithm, mixed distribution densities are estimated based on normal distribution densities for each household and superimposed accordingly. In this way, in addition to the expected total power consumption, a variance can be given at the same time. This allows not only an estimation of the energy to be made available at certain times. It is also possible to simplify the network, since the N households can be approximated by the time evolution of the expected overall power consumption values.