Waste Glass Powder Research Articles

Volumetric Analysis of Asphalt Concrete with Fly Ash Filler and Glass Powder Waste Filler against Seawater

This study investigated volumetric analysis on asphalt concrete mixtures containing fly ash filler and glass powder waste filler, focusing on the response to local inundation of seawater. This study investigated volumetric analysis on asphalt concrete mixtures containing fly ash filler and glass powder waste filler, focusing on response to local inundation of seawater which includes Stability, Flow, VIM, VMA, and VFB. In the 4-day seawater puddle model cycle, 12 specimens were made: 3 fly ash fillers, 3 glass powder waste fillers, and 3 normal asphalt, tested for 5 hours and 10 hours. This study explores the impact of fillers and inundation cycles on asphalt concrete characteristics. To realize the model of seawater puddles, in cylindrical specimens PVC retaining rings of the same diameter as the specimen (100 mm) are used tightly covered with silicone on the specimen surface. Filler with glass powder has low hygroscopic properties, which can help reduce moisture absorption in asphalt mixture beyond filler with fly ash. This can reduce the risk of changes in mechanical properties due to high water content. This study can provide an analysis of how well the asphalt mixture is able to withstand moisture and the extent to which glass powder filler and fly ash filler affect the absorbency of the mixture.

Heat of hydration, water sorption and microstructural characteristics of paste and mortar mixtures produced with powder waste glass

Heat of hydration, water sorption and microstructural characteristics of paste and mortar mixtures produced with powder waste glass

Copper Slag and Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Sand

Copper Slag and Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Sand

The Impact of NaOH on the Micro-Mechanical Properties of the Interface Transition Zone in Low-Carbon Concrete.

To tackle carbon emissions from cement production and address the decline in concrete's mechanical properties due to the substitution of cement with solid waste (glass powder) and natural mineral admixture (zeolite powder) materials, we employed glass powder and zeolite powder to create composite cementitious materials. These materials underwent alkali activation treatment with a 4% NaOH dosage, replacing 50% of cement to produce low-carbon concrete. Nanoindentation tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were employed to uncover the micro-mechanical properties and influencing mechanisms of alkali-activated low-carbon concrete. The results indicate a notable enhancement in the indentation modulus (19.9%) and hardness (25.9%) of alkali-activated low-carbon concrete compared to non-activated concrete. Simultaneously, the interfacial transition zone thickness decreased by 10 µm. The addition of NaOH led to a reduced volume fraction of pores (diameter >100 nm) and an increased fraction of pores (diameter < 100 nm), thereby reducing porosity by 2.6%, optimizing the pore structure of low-carbon concrete. The indentation modulus, hardness and volume fraction of the hydrated phase derived from Gaussian fitting analysis of the nanoindentation statistics showed that NaOH significantly improved the modulus and hardness of the hydration products of low-carbon concrete. This activation resulted in decreased LDC-S-H gel (low-density hydrated calcium silicate Ca5Si6O16(OH)·4H2O) and pore content, while the HD C-S-H gel (high-density hydrated calcium silicate Ca5Si6O16(OH)·4H2O) and CH (calcium hydroxide crystals Ca(OH)2) content increased by 13.91% and 23.46%, respectively. Consequently, NaOH influenced the micro-mechanical properties of low-carbon concrete by generating more high-density hydration products, reducing pore content, enhancing the pore indentation modulus and hardness, and shortening the interfacial transition zone. This study offers novel insights into reducing carbon emissions and promoting the use of solid waste (glass powder) and natural mineral admixture (zeolite powder) materials in concrete, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction practices.

Porcelain Stoneware Tiles Based on Clays Mixture and Recycled Waste Glass Powder: Effect of Soaking Time

The effect of soaking time on the properties of porcelain stoneware tiles based on clay mixture and recycled waste glass powder was studied. Mixture was prepared and fired at 1150°C. During firing, raw mixture was subjected to various soaking times: 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The by-products were characterized by their linear shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, flexural strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were modelled by using different mathematical expressions. The results demonstrated that physico-mechanical properties of ceramic probe are significantly affected by soaking time. After 30 min, products satisfied the ISO 13006 standard condition for porcelain stoneware wall and floor tiles: water absorption value was lowest (0.07%) and mechanical strength value was 44.4 MPa. Prolonged soaking time was undesirable due to its negative effect (bloating) on the products’ physical and mechanical performance. The XRD patterns indicated the presence of mullite, cristobalite, enstatite, anorthite, hematite and quartz as the main crystalline phases. SEM images of the tiles fired at 1150°C for 30 min display a very close texture and dense microstructure.

Effect of Glass Powder on the Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Behavior of OPC‐ and LC3‐50‐Based Cementitious Composites of Various Strengths

This study assesses the compressive strength and drying shrinkage behavior of cement and LC3‐50‐based cementitious composites containing glass powder. A total of four, i.e., 20, 35, 50, and 60 MPa, strengths of cementitious composites were targeted by varying the mix composition and water‐to‐cement ratios. In all four composite mix types, locally available glass powder was used as 0, 5, 10, and 15% added as a partial replacement of cement and LC3‐50. The novelty of this research is the addition of waste glass powder as an alternative to silica fume, especially in a high‐strength composite (including 50 and 60 MPa). The aim was to investigate the efficiency of waste glass powder in providing eco‐friendly composites. The compressive strength was determined following ASTM C 109 standard and the drying shrinkage test followed ASTM C 157 standard. The results of compressive strength in the enhancement using up to 10% waste glass powder are beneficial in enhancing strength and reducing drying shrinkage. Furthermore, the use of LC3‐50 initially reduced compressive strength up to 14 days while increased at 28 days compared to OPC. Contrariwise, the initial drying shrinkage was higher in LC3‐50 specimens and lower at later ages compared to OPC. A detailed investigation of existing shrinkage models for mortar/composite is assessed, and limitations are also discussed.

Improving durability and mechanical features of silica fume and waste glass powder in eco-friendly self-compacting concrete

Improving durability and mechanical features of silica fume and waste glass powder in eco-friendly self-compacting concrete

Harnessing waste glass powder for soil modification

The challenge posed by weak soil, characterized by low bearing capacity and shear strength, is significant in civil engineering, impacting road construction, structural foundations, and irrigation systems. Recycling non-biodegradable waste, especially glass waste, presents a promising solution for environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness in construction. This study aims to improve the geotechnical properties of weak soils by stabilizing them with Waste Glass Powder (WGP) and exploring novel construction applications. The experimental investigations determined the optimal incorporation of glass powder into soil samples, ranging from 2% to 10% by dry weight. Geotechnical tests, including sieving analysis, Atterberg limits determination, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) assessments, were conducted to assess the effect of glass powder addition. At a 10% glass powder content, the Plasticity Limit (PL), Liquid Limit (LL), and Plasticity Index (PI) were 18.4%, 33.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. The addition of glass powder significantly improved CBR values, reaching peaks of 10.5% (soaked CBR) and 22.3% (unsoaked CBR). Moreover, UCS increased to 135.6 kN/m2 with 8% glass powder, decreasing slightly to 120.8 kN/m2 with 10% glass powder. These findings highlight waste glass as a viable additive for enhancing the engineering properties of weak soils, promoting sustainable construction practices.

Improving Sustainability of Concrete Using Waste Glass Powder

Improving Sustainability of Concrete Using Waste Glass Powder

Analyzing the efficacy of waste marble and glass powder for the compressive strength of self-compacting concrete using machine learning strategies

Analyzing the efficacy of waste marble and glass powder for the compressive strength of self-compacting concrete using machine learning strategies

An investigation on the physical properties of cementitious pastes modified with low dosage of waste glass powder and silica fume.

Portland cement (PC) production is among the industrial activities that most emit harmful gases. Its replacement to green binders turns into a timely issue to face the global restrictions due to climate changes. In this study, some properties of cementitious pastes prepared with waste packing glass powder (GP) and silica fume (SF) were characterized in line with a prefixed alkaline equivalent limit. These materials were obtained in Northeastern Brazil. Grinding operations used to produce GP into four size ranges ([45-75] µm, < 45 µm; [25-45] µm, < 25 µm) were disclosed. X ray diffraction showed that GP and SF substitutions did not change the hydration products commonly observed in PC pastes. The portlandite content measured with thermogravimetry was affected by GP size in both unitary and binary substitutions. The compressive strength measured after 56 days of curing was dependent on portlandite and void index contents measured in hardened pastes. Scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy were useful to show the effect of the particle size on the pozzolanic activity. It was found that 5% of PC replacement for GP < 25 µm was enough to raise the compressive strength by ~5%. For binary substitution, the strength increasing was ~ 20 %. The collectors of solid residues are the main players of waste glass recycling in Brazil. It is expected that the results of this study contribute to take out these workers from the fringes of the citizenship.

Influence of Si/Al molar ratio and ca content on the performance of fly ash-based geopolymer incorporating waste glass and GGBFS

This study delved into the utilization of waste glass powder (WGP) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) as a binder and waste glass cullet (WGC) fine aggregate in fly ash (FA) based geopolymer concrete. The inherent characteristics of WGP, WGC, FA and GGBFS can be significantly altered by multiple factors such as sources, combustion temperatures, particle size, and impurity level. To offset the inconsistent characteristics of listed waste materials, this study provides a universal index to quantify and evaluate its reactivity to be used as aluminosilicate precursor and aggregate feedstock Ten distinct groups were examined: in five groups WG replaced fly ash at varying percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%), and in five groups WG was used as a sand substitute with different fly ash and slag ratios (20, 40, 60, 80%). Alkali leaching tests were conducted on WGP, WGC, FA and GGBFS to determine the dissolubility and dissolution rate of reactive silica (Si) and calcium (Ca) within 3 h. The dissolubility and dissolution efficiency demonstrated decent correlations with the mechanical and durability properties of the resultant FA-based geopolymer. Leaching tests demonstrate that Ca from WGP, WGC, FA and GGBFS readily leaches out and reacts in both ambient and oven curing, while Si only exhibits activity primarily in high-temperature environments. Overall, the reactivity of Ca from GGBFS and WG improved by up to 50% and 30% in compressive strength and water absorption, respectively. Moreover, based on alkali leaching test, the most effective molar ratios (Si/Al=3.5–4) demonstrated the highest compressive strength (60–70 MPa), and verified intensively using scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Lastly, this study revealed that WGC as fine aggregate with the size of 20 µm also leached out a significant amount of Ca to the geopolymerization process.

Mechanical Properties and High Temperature Performance of Sustainable Reactive Powder Concrete Containing Waste Glass

At present, it is a challenge to produce a high performance reactive powder concrete (RPC) from local available materials due to the least costly components of a conventional concrete are eliminated by more expensive elements such as the silica fume and steel fibers. In the other hand, million tons of glass is being dumped every year all over the world. More than 75% of glass composition is basically silica and reported to having a pozzolanic reaction. Thus, glass is potentially suitable material as replacement materials for the RPC mixture. In our work, waste glass powder (WGP) was used to completely replace silica fume. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus measurements were reported along with the density and colour of the RPC produced. The highlight of this study is on the assessment of the RPC at high temperature tested by direct burning at 600˚C. This had addressed to a very limited reported finding on the high temperature performance of RPC utilizing waste materials. It was found that, RPC containing waste glass powder changes the colour of RPC from darkish grey to light grey. Adding waste glass powder had reduced the density of RPC by (0.05) gm/cm3. Using waste glass powder instead of silica fume had also improves the mechanical properties of RPC. However, there is no effect of adding waste glass powder in solving the spalling problem of RPC at high temperature up to 600˚C. This paper reports finding on the mechanical properties and high temperature performance of sustainable RPC that utilize waste glass powder in total replacement for the silica fume. This is carried out as an effort to address the high cost of the material used in the ordinary RPC and to enhance the recycling of local waste glass.

Eco-efficient high performance white concrete incorporating waste glass powder

Portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are crucial components in the mixture design of High-Performance Concrete (HPC). In certain regions, the constrained ready market availability of SCM may limit the widespread adoption of HPC, namely when a long-term supply is envisaged. These circumstances demand research into sustainable and cost-effective HPC mix designs independent of expensive and imported SCM, such as silica fume. Using locally available SCM reduces costs and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with HPC production, while also assigning value to abundant industrial waste or by-products, such as glass powder.This study presents a wide range of more environmentally friendly white HPC formulations suited for architectural applications. The proposed formulations incorporate significant proportions of limestone filler and waste glass powder with varying fineness, serving as substantial partial replacements for white cement. An integrated assessment of engineering properties was conducted, including flowability, electrical resistivity, mechanical strength, and ecological balance. Response surface models of the material behaviour reveal that the water-to-cement weight ratio (w/c) and the glass powder-to-cement weight ratio (GP/c) have a significant influence on both the engineering properties and the ecological footprint of HPC.Regression models were used to obtain the high-flowable HPC. Five optimal mixtures were selected featuring significant partial replacement of cement (c) by limestone filler (Lf) and glass power (GP), with Lf/c∈[0.38;0.78] and GP/c∈[0.269;0.394]. These mixtures reached cube compressive strengths ranging from 90 to 100 MPa, flexure strengths in the 13–15 MPa range, and resistivity levels between 90–180 ohm.m at 28 days.

Utilisation of silica-rich waste in eco phosphogypsum-based cementitious materials: Strength, microstructure, thermodynamics and CO2 sequestration

Phosphogypsum-based cementitious materials (PGCM) are commonly selected as substitutes to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), however, drawbacks, such as a restricted capacity for CO2 sequestration and reduced mechanical properties upon carbonation, limit the potential applications of PGCM. This study investigates the carbonation process mechanism of PGCM and explores to modify the hydration product classes of PGCM by using two silica-rich solid wastes, which are waste glass powder (WGP) and silica fume (SF). This innovative approach resulted in an improved carbon capture capacity and enhanced mechanical properties of PGCM. The addition of SF and WGP increased the compression strength of PGCM by 15.5% and 19.0%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to investigate the hydration mechanism of PGCM supplemented with SF and WGP, in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of their properties. The addition of SF and WGP to PGCM resulted in a 9.9% and 21.6% increase in thermal conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of SF and WGP facilitated higher CO2 sequestration rates for PGCM (49.76% and 44.05%, respectively), while after carbonation, the strength loss rates were reduced to 16.8% and 13.35%, respectively. Finally, a simple sustainability analysis showed that the utilisation of silica-rich waste in PGCM has environmental sustainability benefits.

Utilization and effects of various particle sizes of waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement in concrete

This paper outlines the study undertaken regarding the usage and impacts of different particle sizes of Waste Glass Powder (WGP) when used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Through utilization WGP as a cement substitute, the mechanical and physical attributes, compressive strength and workability of concrete were assessed. The glass has been sieved from #200 sieve which has size of 74 µm and also sieved from #325 sieve which has size of 44 µm for a partial substitute of cement. To compare the WGP-replaced concrete's properties to reference specimens with no replacement at all, WGP was used to substitute 20% of the Portland cement in the concrete. The control samples were created following the IS-10262-2009 standard to reflect a goal of 30 Mpa, and cylindrical samples were fabricated, subjected to curing, and assessed for workability and compressive strength at intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after its casting. In conclusion, when the WGP particles are smaller, concrete becomes more workable and has a higher compressive strength then concrete with bigger particle sizes of WGP and control samples with no replacement. The findings of this study led to the conclusion that WGP's cementitious properties are acquired by its finer particles.

Recycling of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash in glass-ceramics

Disposal of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) in landfills is a waste of resources and poses significant environmental risks. This work aims to recycle waste glass and ISSA together to form value-added glass-ceramics. The physical and mechanical properties, leaching behaviour, and microstructure of the glass-ceramics produced with different proportions of waste glass powder (WGP) and ISSA were investigated. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to predict the formation of crystalline phases and the phase transformation involved. The results showed the potential of WGP and ISSA as raw materials in glass-ceramics production. WGP effectively densified the microstructure of the glass-ceramics by forming a viscous phase. As WGP content increased, the total porosity of glass-ceramics decreased whereas the density increased, accompanied by the formed anorthite transforming into wollastonite. The incorporation of WGP densified and refined the pore structure of the glass-ceramics, thereby improving the mechanical properties and reducing the water absorption. The glass-ceramics produced with a 50:50 blend of WGP and ISSA exhibited the highest compressive strength of 43.7 MPa and the lowest water absorption of 0.3 %. All fabricated glass-ceramics exhibited innocuous heavy metal leaching. The co-sintering of ISSA and WGP can produce additive-free glass-ceramics, characterized by reduced energy consumption and notable heavy metal immobilization capacity. These materials hold promise for utilization in construction as building materials.

Engineering properties of clay soil stabilised with glass powder and rubber particles – a comparative study

ABSTRACT Soil improvement is a significant aspect of geotechnical engineering that requires periodic assessment and modification. This study aims to see how glass powder (GP) and rubber particles (RP) affect the shear strength and bearing capacity of clay soil collectively and separately. The soil samples were subjected to direct shear testing and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests at various glass powder and rubber particle contents. The CBR test was conducted under soaked and unsoaked conditions. Clay-rubber, clay-glass powder, and clay-rubber-glass powder mixtures were prepared for the tests. It was discovered that adding glass powder and rubber particles improved the soil’s shear strength parameters and bearing capacity. A comparative analysis was conducted on the clay-rubber mixtures and clay-glass powder mixtures. The results indicated much improvement by the rubber particles than the waste glass powder in the direct shear test. In contrast, the glass powder had a better impact than the rubber particles in the CBR test. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was conducted to ascertain the relationship between the CBR values and the shear strength of the soil samples using a single Linear Regression Analysis (SRLA) model. The correlation yielded satisfactory coefficients (R2), indicating a strong link between the engineering properties.

Investigation of Using Waste Glass Powder (WGP) as a Partial Natural Sand Replacement in Concrete for a Potential Use in Iraqi Construction Field

Abstract Glass waste contributes about 5% of the total solid waste generated worldwide that ends up in landfills without recycling resulting in considerable environmental harm. In this research, Waste Glass Powder (WGP) was studied to be used as a supplementary material substituted with sand in the concrete mix. The concrete mixes were prepared by replacing the natural sand with WGP in weight proportions of 10% to 50%, with a 10% increment to examine the mechanical effect of WGP addition on concrete performance in the fresh and hardened status. The concrete mixes were tested to evaluate the compressive strength for curing ages 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, and 90 days. Splitting tensile strength was also tested for curing at ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The obtained results showed a notable decrease in workability value for all concrete mixes with WGP addition. Also, the addition of WGP decreases the compressive strengths of all concrete mixes. However, the WGP enhanced the splitting tensile strength by about 12%. It has been concluded that the WGP can be used as a substituted material replaced with sand up to 30%, which was the optimum replacement ratio based on the Iraqi required specifications. By using this ratio, the compressive strength was decreased by 18% at 28 days of concrete curing age.

Evaluating the Mechanical Performance of Waste Glass Powder as a Fine Aggregate Substitute to Enhance Sustainability in Concrete Production

The concrete industry poses a significant challenge to sustainability since it ranks among the foremost users of natural resources. The utilization of river sand as a fine aggregate result in the degradation of natural resources, depletion of groundwater levels, subsidence of bridge piers, and degradation of riverbeds. By substituting fine aggregate with waste glass in a specified proportion and gradation, the requirement for river sand may be reduced, therefore mitigating the adverse impacts of river dredging. This substitution has the potential to contribute to the sustainability of the concrete building sector. The main objective of this study is to examine the use of waste glass powder (WGP) in concrete and evaluate its influence on the strength characteristics and the overall cost of the concrete. The chemical composition of natural sand and WGP exhibits similarities, hence enabling the potential for partial substitution of sand with WGP in concrete. This project involves the use of WGP as a partial substitute for sand in the production of M20 grade concrete. Concrete specimens were casted using different percentages of glass powder as a replacement for sand, namely 0% (Control Mix), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. These specimens were then subjected to testing to evaluate their compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. The test results obtained for concrete mixed with WGP are compared to those of regular concrete. The findings of the study revealed that WGP has the potential to serve as a viable substitute for fine aggregate in certain applications.