Milk Powder Samples Research Articles

Determination of some indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (I-PCBs) in foods by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic chemicals that persist in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain. The study was conducted with the aim of developing a method to determine the content of 6 I-PCBs compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) combined with Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) technique for sample treatment. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile (ACN) solvent and cleaned with PSA adsorbent. The cleaned extract was analyzed on a GCMS/MS system with a DB-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm). The method had good specificity, the linear range was established in the range of 1.5-40 ng/g, the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.999. The method recovery was 74.5-102.7% and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) ranged from 0.9-6.20% for milk and meat samples. The method's limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for 6 I-PCBs were 0.5 ng/g and 1.5 ng/g, respectively. The method was applied to analyze the content of 6 I-PCBs in 40 food samples (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products) randomly purchased in Hanoi. The results showed that in all 40 analyzed samples, 1 powdered milk sample detected PCB-28 and PCB- 101, the total content of I-PCBs was 13.0 ng/g fat lower than the European regulations.

Covalent organic framework composite hydrogel sorbent beads for vortex-assisted dispersive miniaturized solid phase extraction of parabens and synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs

A covalent organic framework composite hydrogel sorbent beads was fabricated for the vortex-assisted dispersive miniaturized-solid phase extraction and determination of parabens and synthetic phenolic antioxidants from food matrices. The covalent organic framework was entrapped into alginate hydrogel beads. This composite sorbent effectively adsorbs analytes through hydrophobic, π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions. Under optimal extraction conditions, the developed method demonstrated good linearity from 1.00 to 100 µg kg−1 for methyl paraben and 2.00 to 100 µg kg−1 for tertiary butylhydroquinone, propyl paraben, butyl paraben and butylated hydroxyanisole. Limits of detection ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 µg kg−1. The developed sorbent was applied to the extraction of parabens and synthetic phenolic antioxidants from tomato paste, mayonnaise, infant milk powder and coffee creamer samples. The analytes were separated and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, achieving recoveries ranging from 89 to 98 % with RSDs lower than 7 %. The vortex-assisted extraction approach was efficient, and the fabricated sorbent could be reused for up to eight cycles. The greenness of the methodology was also evaluated.

Rapid identification of milk powder adulteration based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

In recent years, milk powder adulteration has emerged as a matter of great concern. In this study, a rapid, accurate, and efficient detection method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was established to detect milk powder adulteration. The “coffee ring” effect-based gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as the SERS-enhancing substrate were coupled with a portable Raman spectrometer, which enabled the differentiation of various brands of milk powder and the detection of melamine in milk powder. The substrate exhibited good SERS enhancement ability with an enhancement factor of 104. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9903 was observed between the melamine Raman intensity and concentration from 0.5 to 5.0 mg/kg. The calculated limit of detection of melamine (LOD) was 0.15 mg/kg, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.5 mg/kg. In addition, when the method was applied to the detection of melamine in milk powder samples, this method achieved the recovery rates of melamine in milk powder samples ranged from 92.83% to 98.86% with relative standard deviations between 0.84% and 1.14%. In summary, the established method offers the advantages of cost-effectiveness, less sample requirement, and shorter detection time, meeting the needs for milk powder classification and rapid melamine detection.

DNA-linked composite probe for the sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium in milk

Milk was favored for its nutrient richness which resulted in foodborne bacteria contamination along the production and transportation chain. Hence, there is an urgent necessary to develop high-sensitivity detection assays for early warning of bacteria-contaminated milk. Herein, a fluorescence composite probe that can bind with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi) was designed and prepared through a DNA bridge linking several fluorescence single probes. With the assistance of immuno-magnetic beads (IMBs) which can recognize S. typhi, IMBs/S. typhi/composite probe formed and separated from undiluted pure milk with high efficiency. As a result, the S. typhi ranging from 50-1 × 106 CFU/mL can be converted to a detectable fluorescence signal. The detection limit was calculated to be 11 CFU/mL. Meanwhile, the average recovery of S. typhi spiked in pure milk samples and milk powder samples were 95.9 % and 92.9 %, respectively. The strong anti-interference ability also made the assay an effective and promising alternative strategy for rapidly and accurately screening S. typhi in milk and milk powder.

Pattern recognition-based aptasensor array for discrimination of matrix effect

Nucleic acid aptamers have attracted considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the fields of disease diagnosis and treatment and biosensing. However, complex matrix effects have severely hindered their progress towards practical application. In this study, the novel strategy of a pattern recognition-based aptasensor array was introduced for target recognition based on the predictable selectivity capability of aptamers by circumventing the challenge of the interference of the matrix effect. As one proof of concept, we chose lactoferrin as the target protein, three selected aptamers with differential affinity as its recognition probes, eleven matrix samples of milk powder as the pattern discrimination model, and AuNPs color as the response signals. In the AuNPs colorimetric arrays, the lactoferrin-added milk powder matrix induced different degrees of protection on the surface of AuNPs particles due to different degrees of binding of lactoferrin to the three aptamer sequences and therefore exhibited differentiated red-to-blue color change along with salt-induced aggregation behaviors. The difference in color responses exhibited with and without lactoferrin addition was considered as the fingerprint pattern of the lactoferrin in each milk powder matrix, followed by the supervised machine learning analysis of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for better orthogonality to complete the identification and prediction of the unknown samples. By this strategy, eleven kinds of milk powder at the added concentration of lactoferrin (50 nmol/L) presented a distinct response pattern and have been identified and classified with accuracies of 100 % via LDA patterns (three aptamers × eleven milk powder matrices × five replicates) with three canonical factors (91.2 %, 8.58 %, and 0.22 %). Furthermore, the accuracy of 22 unknown samples was 100 %, indicating the achievement in differentiating between different milk powder matrices and the identification of each matrix. The proposed aptasensor array complements the traditional “lock-and-key” single aptasensor and opens a new direction for developing sensitive sensing array systems circumventing complex matrix effects.

Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety

Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.

A simple and effective procedure for trace Pb(II) preconcentration and analysis in milk powders using alginate/chitosan/PVA composite as adsorbent

Keeping the sustainability concept in view, this work couples natural occurring materials, chitosan and alginate, and polivinylalcohol (PVA) to synthesize an Pb(II) efficient adsorbent (CAP) and describes a rapid preconcentration technique using syringe solid-phase extraction (SPE) for trace Pb(II). Subsequently, the CAP material was characterized by FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDX. Several critical parameters were optimized, including pH value, CAP dose, sample and eluent cycle, HNO3 concentration as the eluent, preconcentration factor, selectivity, and reusability. To compare experimental parameter optimization with conventional methods, central composite design (CCD) was utilized to reduce factors. The optimum conditions were determined as follows: a sample solution pH of 5, a CAP mass of 100 mg, 5 cycles of sample and eluent, a maximum HNO3 concentration of 2 mol L–1, and a preconcentration factor of 100 times. Validation results with certified reference materials showed a very high Pb(II) recovery of 97.6 %. The method's limit of detection (LOD) was 4.19 µg L–1 with an RSD of 0.77 %. Under optimal conditions, the recovery of three milk powder samples ranged from 90.0 % to 98.4 %. The proposed syringe SPE procedure has been successfully applied to milk powder samples.

Preparation and evaluation of polymeric ionic liquid functionalized microparticles as the efficient adsorbent for pipette tip solid phase extraction of sulfonamides

Sulfonamides (SAs) residues are commonly found in environmental samples, which is highly concerning for public safety and environmental protection. The detection of SAs is quite important but challenging. In this work, a kind of polymeric ionic liquid functionalized microparticles (PIL-FM) was synthesized via a simple free radical polymerization reaction, and applied as the adsorbent for pipette tip solid phase extraction (PT-SPE) of three SAs from river water, milk powder and honey samples. The adsorption performance of PIL-FM on SAs were evaluated using adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms, and the results showed that PIL-FM had the best selectivity for SMZ with the maximum adsorption capacity was as high as 45.05 mg·g−1. The extraction process was optimized and the adsorption mechanism was preliminarily discussed. PIL-FM has the excellent selectivity for SAs mainly because of the strong π-π interaction, and the electrostatic repulsion between them in the elution step also has a positive impact. Under optimal conditions, combined with HPLC, this PT-SPE method had wide linearity (0.2–100 μg·L−1, R2 ≥ 0.9998) and low limits of detection (0.06–0.08 μg·L−1). The intra-day and inter-day repeatability were found to be 3.7 %–4.6 % and 4.5 %–6.2 %, respectively. The suggested PT-SPE method is simple, low cost, rapid, and efficient to extract SAs, and can be applied for the monitoring of SAs residues in the aquatic environment and in food.

The influence of surface properties on the cooperative behavior of powdered milks

This study comprehensively analyses various powdered milk samples to elucidate their structural, surface, and mechanical properties. Through detailed examination, diverse characteristics among the samples were observed, shedding light on their behavior under different conditions. Notably, findings reveal intriguing insights into surface energy profiles, Harkins spreading coefficient, powder rheological properties, and sound absorption efficiency of the powdered milk samples. The intricate relationship between surface properties and bulk characteristics influenced the cooperative behavior of freely poured and consolidated milk powder beds, resulting in varying flowability from free-flowing to cohesive. Surface energy played a significant role in cohesiveness and dispersibility, with milk fat acting as a key mediator leading to changes in bulk dynamic-mechanical stiffness. These findings hold practical implications for formulating innovative aerosol-based dairy and cosmetic products, thereby enhancing everyday experiences.

Membrane separation assisted colorimetric/fluorescent detection of β-galactosidase-positive bacteria in milk and milk powder based on the oxidase-like activity of CoOOH nanosheets

Species-specific enzymes provide a substantial boost to the precision and selectivity of identifying dairy products contaminated with foodborne pathogens, due to their specificity for target organisms. In this study, we developed cobalt oxyhydroxide nanosheets (CoOOH NSs) for a dual-mode biosensor capable of detecting β-galactosidase (β-Gal)-positive bacteria in milk and milk powder. The sensor exploits the oxidase-mimicking activity of CoOOH NSs, where β-Gal converts the substrate β-D-galactopyranoside to p-aminophenol, reducing CoOOH NSs to Co2+ and inhibiting the formation of the blue product from 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylben-zidine. Sensitivity was enhanced through membrane filtration and β-Gal induction by isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside. The assay achieved a detection limit of 5 cfu mL−1 and demonstrated recoveries (90.7 % to 103 %) and relative standard deviations <5.7 % in milk and milk powder samples. These findings underscore the potential of the sensor for detecting β-Gal-positive bacteria in dairy products.

Facial synthesis of fluorine-engineered magnetic covalent organic framework for selective and ultrasensitive determination of fipronil, its metabolites and analogs in food samples

To improve the adsorption affinity and selectivity of fipronils (FPNs), including fipronil, its metabolites and analogs, a magnetic covalent organic framework (Fe3O4@COF-F) with copious fluorine affinity sites was innovatively designed as an adsorbent of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The enhanced surface area, pore size, crystallinity of Fe3O4@COF-F and its exponential adsorption capacities (187.3–231.5 mg g−1) towards fipronils were investigated. Combining MSPE with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), an analytical method was established for the selective determination of fipronils in milk and milk powder samples. This method achieved high sensitivity (LODs: 0.004–0.075 ng g−1), satisfactory repeatability and accuracy with spiked recoveries ranging from 89.9% to 100.3% (RSDs≤5.1%). Overall, the constructed Fe3O4@COF-F displayed great potential for the selective enrichment of fipronils, which could be ascribed to fluorine‑fluorine interaction. This method proposed a feasible and promising strategy for the development of functionalized COF and broadened its application in fluorine containing hazards detection.

Impact of dietary regime on the metabolomic profile of bovine buttermilk and whole milk powder

IntroductionBovine milk contains a rich matrix of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat, protein and various vitamins and minerals, the composition of which is altered by factors including dietary regime.ObjectivesThe objective of this research was to investigate the impact of dietary regime on the metabolite composition of bovine whole milk powder and buttermilk.MethodsBovine whole milk powder and buttermilk samples were obtained from spring-calving cows, consuming one of three diets. Group 1 grazed outdoors on perennial ryegrass which was supplemented with 5% concentrates; group 2 were maintained indoors and consumed a total mixed ration diet; and group 3 consumed a partial mixed ration diet consisting of perennial ryegrass during the day and total mixed ration maintained indoors at night.ResultsMetabolomic analysis of the whole milk powder (N = 27) and buttermilk (N = 29) samples was preformed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with 504 and 134 metabolites identified in the samples respectively. In whole milk powder samples, a total of 174 metabolites from various compound classes were significantly different across dietary regimes (FDR adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05), including triglycerides, of which 66% had their highest levels in pasture-fed samples. Triglycerides with highest levels in pasture-fed samples were predominantly polyunsaturated with high total carbon number. Regarding buttermilk samples, metabolites significantly different across dietary regimes included phospholipids, sphingomyelins and an acylcarnitine.ConclusionIn conclusion the results reveal a significant impact of a pasture-fed dietary regime on the metabolite composition of bovine dairy products, with a particular impact on lipid compound classes.

Assessment of Cadmium and Mercury Contamination of Milk and Dairy Products in Vietnam

Background: Milk and dairy products are nutritious and can play a significant role in a healthy diet. The safety of milk decreases with increase in concentration of Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg). The aim is to evaluate the status of Cd and Hg contamination regarding milk and dairy products in some provinces and cities of Vietnam. Methods: 367 samples of liquid milk, yogurt, cheese, milk cake and milk powder were collected in six large cities and provinces of Vietnam, then Cd and Hg levels were quantitatively analyzed. Samples were digested before analysis to remove organic compounds, and the heavy metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The average concentrations of Cd and Hg in liquid milk were 64.55 and 29.99 ppb; in yogurt, 49.09 and 24.72 ppb; in cheese, 115.81 and 33.75 ppb; in milk cake, 84.44 and 18.08 ppb; and in milk powder, 61.78 and 43.21 ppb, respectively. Conclusion: Hg concentrations in 19.3% of liquid milk, 9.49% of yogurt, 14.29% of cheese, 9.09% of milk cake, and 22% of milk powder were higher than the maximum permitted levels according to national regulations. In contrast, Cd concentrations of all the samples were less than the maximum permitted levels so as not to affect the health of consumers of milk and dairy products produced and processed in Vietnam.

Microplastics in the commercially available branded milk in Bangladesh: An emerging threat for human health

Microplastics (MPs) are polymer-based particles commonly found in diverse foods that pose serious human health impacts throughout the food chain. Assessment of MPs in different food products is a prime measure to combat MP-related food contamination. Therefore, this study first investigated the identification, characterization, and potential risks of MPs in the commercially available milk brands (19 dry powders and 06 liquid brands) in Bangladesh. The presence of MPs in milk samples was 279.47 ± 134.26 particles/kg and 182.27 ± 55.13 particles/L for powder and liquid milk, respectively, with a significant variety. Study findings displayed miscellaneous colors, fiber shapes (powder=78 %; liquid=81 %), > 0.1 mm sizes (powder=69 %; liquid=65 %), and polyethylene (powder=48 %; liquid=44 %) dominating MPs categories. The pollution load index indicated significant pollution due to the high abundance of MPs. Further, other risk-evaluating indices including contamination factor and Nemerow pollution index represent moderate to high MP-induced pollution for both milk samples. Low to moderate polymeric risks are exhibited by powder and liquid milk samples. Children could be exposed to 3.43 times higher MPs than adults through daily oral ingestion, which has significant health effects. This study found that powder milk was the most severely MPs induced risk than liquid milk. Consequently, this study finding established a reference point for MP contamination in milk, so special attention must be taken during production, storage, and packaging stages to reduce MP contamination.

Application of two dimensional correlation Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (2D-COS-FTIR) to the quantification of carbohydrates in milk powder

The importance of milk and its products accelerated their adulteration as well as their characterization in term of techniques used, composition determination and adulteration quantification. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of the most widely used and increasingly developed methods to identify chemical contaminations and determine their concentrations. This study employs FTIR and two dimensional correlation (2D-COS) spectroscopies to detect milk powder adulteration with sucrose, lactose and starch in the concentrations range from 0.0 % to 6.0 % w/w. With the help of synchronous 2D-COS-FTIR spectra, the FTIR regions from 830 to 930 and 930–1200 cm−1 were determined as the qualified regions for the detection and carrying out quantitative analysis of milk adultered carbohydrates. Based on the area beneath the corresponding region or the height of a specific band limits of detection were determined as 0.25, 1.2 and 1.5 % for sucrose, starch and lactose respectively. The method was applied on commercial milk powder samples and one sample was assigned to have been adultered with 4 % sucrose. FTIR spectroscopy combined with 2D-COS offers an advanced tool for rapid screening and quantification of milk adulteration.

Development of ternary hybrid composites of transition metal and noble metal-based heterostructures: Ultrasensitive simultaneous electrochemical detection of bisphenol A and bisphenol S in food samples

Bisphenols threaten human health and sensitive detection is crucial. The present study aims to develop ternary composites of copper metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) with AuAg microstructures. The composite structure was formed by a galvanic displacement reaction and confirmed using SEM. A binder-free catalyst was used to study the electrochemical redox reaction of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS); an irreversible cyclic voltammetric signal at +0.70 V and + 0.91 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), in the dynamic range of 20 nM to 2.0 mM, and 10 nM to 1.0 mM, with limits of detection of 2.9 nM, and 3.2 nM (S/N = 3) was obtained. Practical analysis was applied to frozen tomatoes, tuna fish, milk powder, PET bottles, raw milk, and urine samples with a recovery rate of 94.00–100.80% (n = 3). Voltammetric results were validated using HPLC detection with high precision. The sensor is a promising alternative platform for measuring BPA in food samples.

Simultaneous determination of semi-essential nutrients taurine, l-carnitine and choline in infant formulas and adult/pediatric nutritional formulas by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.

The nutritional intake of formula-fed newborns is often limited to a single source, so it must be supplemented with essential nutrients for the growth and proper development of infants. Taurine, l-carnitine, and choline are considered conditionally essential nutrients especially in newborns and infants. In this work, a simple routine hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of these semi-essential nutrients in infant and adult/pediatric milk formulas. The extraction recoveries were between 90% and 114%. Precision of the method offered relative standard deviation below 5% and 7% for intra-day and inter-day precision, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantification of taurine, l-carnitine, and choline in milk formula. The contents found were in good agreement with those provided on the product label for almost all samples. In view of these results, it can be concluded that the developed method can be a useful approach for the simultaneous determination of taurine, l-carnitine and choline in powdered milk samples, so it can be useful in the routine quality control of this kind of samples. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Deep eutectic solvent-functionalized amorphous UiO-66 for efficient extraction and ultrasensitive analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in infant milk powder

In this study, a convenient and effective method for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in infant formula was developed based on a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction using deep eutectic solvent-functionalized amorphous UiO-66 (DES/aUiO-66) as sorbent. The synthesis of materials could be achieved without the use of complex and environmentally unfriendly procedures. Parameters were systematically investigated to establish a simple, fast, and efficient green pretreatment method. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, good precision, a detection limit of 0.330–0.529 ng·kg−1, and low matrix effects (< 12.8%). The mechanism for this material was elucidated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and quantum chemistry calculations. The presence of massive pore structures and collectively synergistic binding sites facilitated affinity adsorption toward PFASs. Finally, this method was applied to the monitoring of PFASs in 10 actual milk powder samples. This groundbreaking approach opens new possibilities for the advancement of analytical techniques and food safety monitoring.

Comprehensive Analysis of Contaminants in Powdered Milk Samples Using an HPGe for γ Radiation.

Aims: This study aimed to assess the activity concentrations and cancer risk assessments of 232Th and 40K in powdered milk samples collected from various suppliers in Pakistan, considering the increasing concern about cancer risks associated with environmental radiological effects related to food consumption. Subjects and Methods: Specific activity concentrations were determined using a high-resolution, high-purity germanium γ-spectroscopy system. Results: The specific activity levels of 40K and 232Th in the analyzed powdered milk samples were found to be 230.86 and 6.87 Bq/kg, respectively, well within the safe limits recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The hazard index (0.074 Bq/kg) and radium equivalent (27.58 Bq/kg) were calculated as indicators of radiation hazard, along with absorbed dose (26.26 nGy/h), annual effective dose (0.13 nGy/h), and excess lifetime cancer risk (0.45). These parameters provide insights into the potential health risks associated with powdered milk consumption. Conclusions: The findings collectively affirm the radiological safety of the analyzed powdered milk samples, providing valuable insights into the potential health risks associated with their consumption.

A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of metronidazole residues in food samples

The widespread use and misuse of antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and animal farming has resulted in their accumulation in food sources and the environment, posing significant threats to human health, the environment, and the global economy. In this study, we have developed a hypersensitive, and ultra-selective electrochemical sensor, the first of its kind, by integrating a thermally annealed gold-silver alloy nanoporous matrix (TA-Au-Ag-ANpM) with reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) and poly(glycine) at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). This sensor aims to detect life-threatening metronidazole (MTZ) residues in food samples. TA-Au-Ag-ANpM/r-GO/poly(glycine)/GCE was thoroughly characterized using a range of analytical techniques, including UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. Furthermore, its electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor exhibited outstanding performance, with a broad linear range of 2.0 pM–410 μM. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.0312 pM and 0.104 pM, respectively. The TA-Au-Ag-ANpM/r-GO/poly(glycine)/GCE exhibited exceptional reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and resistance to interferences. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated outstanding performance in detecting MTZ residues in milk powder, pork, and chicken meat samples, achieving very good recoveries (96.9%–101.4%) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 5%. This performance highlights the potential for practical applications in food safety and quality monitoring. Therefore, the developed sensor contributes to the advancement of electrochemical sensing technology and its application in ensuring food safety and integrity by combating antibiotic residues.