Flower Powder Research Articles

Male date palm flower powder: Effect of incorporation on physico‐chemical, textural, and sensory quality of biscuits

This study aims to elucidate the effect of male date palm flower (MDPF) incorporation in the dough properties and biscuit characteristics. Farinograph analysis demonstrated a progressive increase in water absorption (56.85%–61%) and dough stability (1.88–20.25 min) with increasing MDPF quantity due to its wealth in dietary fiber. Biscuit formulations were prepared using 3, 6, and 9% MDPF powder and evaluated for their physico-chemical, textural, and sensory properties. The results have shown a significant increase (p < .05) in dietary fiber (1.22%–84.81%), protein (7.64%–8.30%), and ash content (1.30%–1.68%) coupled with a darkness increase (77.30–58.52) compared to the control. The textural analysis of doughs and biscuits showed that hardness increased with the increase in MDPF incorporation levels (2.52–5.26 N and 11.32–15.64 N, respectively). The sensory evaluation showed that up to 9% MDPF incorporation, the different sensory attributes were positively correlated, with more appreciation for the 6% fortified-biscuit. Owing to its nutritional value, the MDPF powder could be used as an ingredient for bakery food products in gastronomy. Practical applications The male date palm flowers (MDPF) are considered as an under-exploited by-product as they are discarded or sometimes used in animal feed. However, they present a rich matrix composed mainly of dietary fiber, protein, and minerals. Nowadays, consumers are searching for healthy and novel foods which push the industrials to invent new dietetic formulations using vegetable protein source and dietary fibers. The MDPF incorporation in biscuit formulation might contribute to reducing these vegetable wastes allowing their valorization as a nutritional and functional ingredient at the same time.

Evaluation of wound healing activity of flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz

Aim: Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) commonly called as ‘Dhatakipuspha’ in India. In Ayurveda, The fresh flower of W. fruticosa has been reported to stop bleeding in emergency cuts, while the dried flower powder to heal wounds more efficiently. Traditionally Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz is used in wound healing by tribes of Chhattisgarh, India. There was no scientific evidence justifying the use of Woodfordia fruticosa for treating wounds, therefore the present study was aimed at evaluation of wound healing activity of the plant. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Materials and Methods: In the present study the flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa were studied for wound healing activity by incorporating the methanolic and total aqueous extract in simple ointment base B.P. in concentrations of 1% (w/w) and 2% (w/w). Ointments were also prepared using yashad bhasma (1.25% w/w) (equivalent zinc concentration 0.95% w/w) and yashad bhasma (0.625% w/w) (equivalent zinc concentration 0.45% w/w and 0.56% w/w) in combination with methanolic and total aqueous extract (1% w/w) in simple ointment base B.P. Wound healing activity was studied in the wound models in rats viz. excision and incision. In case of the excision wound model, wound contraction, period of epithelization and hydroxyproline content in the scab were studied, while incision wound model was evaluated by determining tensile strength of the newly formed skin. Results: Treatment of wound with ointment containing 2% (w/w) the methanolic and total aqueous and yashad bhasma (0.625% w/w) in combination with the methanolic and total aqueous extract (1% w/w) exhibited significant (P

The antiglycative effect of apple flowers in fructose/glucose-BSA models and cookies.

With the increasing concerns on food safety, foodborne toxicants, particularly advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have drawn large attention ascribing to their central role in the pathogenic process of diabetic complications. In this study, the antiglycative ability and action mechanism of 10 dried flowers were measured in fructose/glucose-BSA model with apple flower as the most effective one, probably through trapping reactive carbonyl species. Furthermore, apple flower was added in cookies to evaluate its antiglycative effect and data suggested that the fortification of cookies with apple flower powders significantly inhibited the formation of methylglyoxal and fluorescent AGEs. Moreover, sensory evaluation data showed that 2.5% (w/w) apple flower-fortified cookies had the highest acceptance. The active component in apple flower was further identified as phlorizin by chromatographic analysis. Our results highlighted the health benefits of consuming apple flower fortified foods which might possibly be developed into functional foods especially for diabetic patients.

Effects of superfine grinding on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) flower powders.

Sanchi flowers were traditionally used as functional medicinal ingredient in materials. The study was aimed at evaluating superfine powder product of Sanchi flower, hence in this study, five fractions of dried Sanchi flower powders (SFP) were prepared at variable particle sizes by superfine grinding and evaluated for changes in various properties. Superfine powder with median particle diameter of 25.57μm was produced through grinding. It was evident from the environmental scanning electron microscopy analysis that during superfine grinding, mechanical shear stress played its crucial role in breakdown of the SFP and causes increases in surface area owing to reduction of particle sizes. Superfine grinding could improve solubility, oil holding capacity, and brightness, but decrease the fluidity of SFP. SFP with smallest particle size exhibited highest saponin, minerals, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents accompanied with the best antioxidant activities. Size reduction beyond M200 and M400 led to increasing tendency in IR signature band patterns and marked differences in peak intensities while the powdered samples showed resemblance with respect to peak shapes. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated the lowest melting temperature for SFP fraction with smallest particle size. Conclusively, superfine SFP due to inherent improvement in properties may render several potential applications in manufacturing of food and pharmaceutical additives to impart improved functionalities of finally finished products with uniformity.

Assessment of Ocimum Basilicum as Potentially Fruit Flies Attractant

The Basil plant (Ocimumbasilicum L) is an annual herb; belongs to family Lamiaceae. It is found to be an important source for Methyl Eugenol (ME), the fruit flies attractant. This study was carried out at Shendi area with main objective to assess the amount of ME extracted from Ocimumbasilicumplant to evaluate its potentiality as fruit fly attractant. Plants of basil were grown till to maturity, then the differential harvest of leaves, flower and seeds were chemically investigated for volatilome. Five basil formulations (paste and powder of leaves, paste and powder of flowers, isolated ME from basil oil) were used for trapping potential of Bactrocera spp in mango orchards, as compared to the synthetic ME. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, steam and water distillation, and analyzed using GCMS. The results revealed that highest extracted oil percentages was obtained from flowers, leaves, seed and stem were 5.75%, 3.03%, 0.02% and 0.21% respectively. Moreover, the basil traps catch was found to be lower compared with that of the control traps. Furthermore, when extracted ME from basil plant was compared with the standard synthetic, it gave lower catch fruit flies numbers, but the difference was not significant (&gt;0.05). In conclusion, the basil raw derivates are confirmed not to be attractive for flies but the oil distillable from the leaves could be in force of its attractant ME contents and insecticide potency.

A Prospect for Environmental Remediation of Perchlorate via Cost-Effective Pinus Leaves and Dandelion Flower Powder-based Layer Double Hydride (LDH) Sorbents

In this study, pine leaves powder (PiP) and dandelion flower powder (DFP) were repurposed to synthesize layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to form a base for sorbents used in perchlorate remediation from wastewater. The effects of the adsorbent dose, pH, thermodynamics, and coexisting ions were evaluated in batch experiments. The results revealed that 0.1 g adsorbent (PiP-LDH and DFP-LDH) removed 97% and 93% of perchlorate contaminants, respectively. In this study, the correlation coefficient of pseudo-second-order was higher than pseudo-first-order for all the LDHs. The kinetic and isotherm studies showed the best uptake of perchlorate in the short time was by PiP-LDH, followed by DFP-LDH (20 min and 40 min, respectively). The calculated and experimental values of adsorption at the equilibrium state also concurred with the pseudo-second-order model. The prepared LDHs were mesoporous. The surface area of PiP-LDH provided more adsorption sites, rendering it more suitable for perchlorate adsorption compared with the other two LDHs. The model suggests Physico-chemical interactions behind the sorption of perchlorate by LDHs. The adsorption was more influenced by anions i.e, PO43− > SO42− > NO3 than monovalent anions due to the increase in the charge radius values. The prepared LDHs could be of great benefit to the environmental remediation of wastewater bodies.

A Study on The Impact of The Cassia Auriculata Flower Powder on Blood Sugar Level in Diabetics

A Study on The Impact of The Cassia Auriculata Flower Powder on Blood Sugar Level in Diabetics

Development of nutritional properties in cookies with the incorporation of different levels of rose flower powder by microwave-vacuum drying

In this study, rose flower powder (RFP) was used as an ingredient to develop nutritional cookies using different levels (3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) and color, odor, texture, bulk density, water activity, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, antioxidant activities, and sensory evaluation of cookies using microwave vacuum drying were examined. Color, total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power of cookies incorporated with RFP were compared with control cookies (without the incorporation of RFP) on 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of storage times. Compared with control cookies, the color of the cookies with RFP had redder and darker; nevertheless, cookies incorporated up to 5% level possessed higher color score. RFP improved the odor of cookies due to related rose flower odor. The bulk density and hardness of cookies increased with increasing level of RFP incorporation than those of the control cookies. From the overall quality of sensory score, 5% level of incorporation of RFP was more suitable for the preparation of cookies. During the storage, cookies with RFP had more total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents, and higher antioxidant activities than the control cookies, and their contents progressed with the incorporation level of RFP. RFP prohibited the degradation rate of total phenolic and anthocyanin contents in cookies during the storage period. Therefore, RFP offered positive nutritional properties on the cookies and their storage.

Colour Strength and Washing Fastness Properties of Cotton Fabric Dyed With Kasunda Flower Extract

Colouration of textile materials is most important step in whole chemical processing of textiles department. There are various sources of obtain colours/dyes for the application. Natural dyes are the one of the emerging area in the field of dyeing of textile materials due to their eco-friendly in nature. In the present study the kasunda flower powder is used as a dye along with the mordants, which improves the dye up take and colour strength. The kasunda flower powder and natural mordants were applied in different concentrations to cotton fabrics and measured the colour strength in terms of K/S and washing fastness properties.

Ramification of gum arabic microencapsulation on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flowers using ultrasonic spray dryer

Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower is commonly used to treat various diseases and has long been part of the science of phytomedicines. Ultrasonic assisted extraction technique is a simple, cheap and efficient alternative to traditional extraction methods, producing a much smaller particle size than conventional spray drier. This study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of microencapsulated butterfly pea flower (MEBP) powder prepared using ultrasonic spraying technique. The samples were microencapsulated with different amount of Gum Arabic (GA) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). Surface morphology of the MEBP powder was examined using SEM showed different molecular structures in different MEBP powder. FTIR analysis identified phenolic hydroxyl group (1061.69 cm-1 and 3385.36 cm-1 ), sulfite group (1062.01 cm-1 , 1065.92 cm-1 , 1077.15 cm-1 , 1234.72 cm-1 and 1261.74 cm-1 ) and amide group (1635.99 cm-1 , 1636.74 cm-1 , 1654.14 cm-1 and 3417.2 cm-1 ). 2,2-diphenyl-1 -picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) found to be ranging from 35.85±0.57 to 130.85±3.00 mg GAE/g dried sample, 4.32±0.04 to 6.90±0.11 mg QE/g dried sample, respectively. It was found that Bacillus cereus was sensitive to MEBP powder as the results showed a prominent inhibition zone (5.67±0.6 mm to 11.67±2.3 mm). MEBP produced with GA 6% ultrasonic spray drier was found to be effective in sustaining its antioxidative activities and the microbial activities were found to be active. This result provided useful information data on the best technique to use ultrasonic spray dryer to retain antioxidant compounds.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Cream

Face creams are semi solids Preparation used for improving the complexion of the face. The main aim of this research work is to prepare the face creams using different herbs and the prepared face cream are evaluated for the efficacy. The herb used in the preparations (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5) are dried Aloe vera powder, dried Hibiscus flower powder, senna aurticulata dried powder, coriander dried powder and poly herb powder. The formulated face creams are evaluated for the various parameters like organoleptic properties, pH, stability, consistency, homogeneity and appearance. The results shown that all formulation gave satisfied results. The formulations F1, F2, F3, F4 containing single herb is compared with formulation F5 containing poly herb.

QUALITY OF SIMPLICIAN BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS AND LIQUID EXTRACT OF KECOMBRANG FLOWER POWDER FROM TEMPERATURE AND TIME OPTIMIZATION RESULTS

Kecombrang flower has benefits as an antioxidant and antimicrobial. This capability can be maximized by processing through drying and liquid extraction. In the drying and extraction of liquid, the temperature and time that is not right can affect the content of bioactive components of the product. This study aims to determine the quality of bioactive components of powder and liquid extract of kecombrang flowers quantitatively and qualitatively based on temperature and time. The experimental design used in kecombrang flower powder is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 9 treatment and 3 replication as long as the liquid extract of kecombrang flowers using the Responsse Surface Method (RSM) method with Expert Design 10 software. Central Composit Design (CCD) produced 13 optimization formulas. Factors that were tested on drying are 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and time is 4, 5 and 6 hours. Liquid extraction temperature is 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and time is 3, 4 and 5 hours. Based on the results of the study the highest total phenol simplisia and liquid extract of kecombrang flowers namely 27.93 TAE1100 g sample and 64.458 mg TAEI 100 g. The highest total of flavonoids is simplicia and liquid extract of kecombrang flower which is 2.073 QE1100 g sample and 35.120 mg QE1100 g and pH value (3.9). The compounds in the optimum formula product are phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannins.

Assessment of the toxicity of Carica papaya plant powders against Sitophilus zeamais (Mots) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on maize seeds during storage

The toxicity of Carica papaya plant parts powder (leaf, stem bark, root and flower) at different dosages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g) against Sitophilus zeamais infesting stored maize grains were assessed at the Biology Laboratory of the Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadan. Treatments were admixed with 30 g of maize grains, infested with 10 teneral adults of S. zeamais and stored in 3.0 mm petri dishes. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated four times each. Data were collected on adult mortality, oviposition and percentage weight loss of the grain in each of the replicate. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance, while sample means were separated with the aid of least significant difference (LSD) at 5%. There were significant differences in adult mortality of S. zeamais treated with different dosages of the plant parts powder. The flower powder of the plant recorded the highest mean adult mortality (10) compared to the lowest adult mortality of 0.1 obtained at the control experiment. The flower part powder also revealed the lowest mean eggs laid (oviposition) (7.1) and the lowest grain damage loss (1.4%) when compared with the values of 18.7 and 40.0 obtained for mean eggs laid and percentage weight loss obtained with stem bark and control treatments respectively. This clearly showed that the powder of the flower of C. papaya showed good potential as bio-insecticide for protecting stored maize grains.

EFFECT OF DIETARY OLIVE LEAVES AND CHAMOMILE FLOWERS POWDER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS AND OF BROILERS (SASSO BREED)

The current work was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding Olive leaves and chamomile flowers powders either single or in combination on growth performance, carcass traits, serum parameters and immune response of Sasso broilers. A total number of 126 one-day old unsexed Sasso chicks (average weight 35 g) were obtained from local commercial source and randomly distributed into 6 equal groups each of 21 chicks (7 chicks/replicate). In the first group, birds were fed ad-libitum on starter, grower and finisher basal control diets, while chicks in the second and third groups fed on diets supplemented with 1 & 2% olive leaves powder (OLP). Birds in the fourth and fifth groups fed diets containing 0.75 & 1% chamomile flowers powder, while broilers in the sixth group fed on diet supplemented with 2% olive leaves powder + 1% chamomile flowers powder. Control basal starter, grower and finisher diets were formulated according to guidelines of Sasso breed requirements. Birds were fed according to three phases program (starter, grower and finisher) for 70 days experimental period. Growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical and immune parameters were assessed. The results showed that, olive leaves powder supplemented groups (groups 2, 3), chamomile flower powder supplemented group (group 4) and birds in the sixth group (group 6) recorded higher body weight gain (1277.67 ± 33.42g, 1375.75 ± 46.07g, 1277.17 ± 50.30 and 1267.25 ± 37.12 g), respectively and best feed conversion (2.17, 2.03, 2.17 and 2.11) than that recorded by control group (1221.50 ± 47.29g & 2.26). Addition of olive leaves powder, chamomile flower powder or their combination to broiler diets had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on dressing percentage or the relative weights of internal organ compared with the control group. Total serum protein and globulin were significantly increased, while albumin/globulin ratio was significantly decreased in the third group compared with control one. There were significant decreases in serum cholesterol levels in all treatment groups except fourth group, while there was significantly decrease in triglycerides level in sixth group in comparison with other groups and control group. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased in the second, third and fourth groups, while there were no significant differences were observed in fifth and sixth groups. Serum catalase enzyme was significantly increased in the third and fourth groups compared with treated groups and control. WBCs counts and lymphocytes % were significantly increased in all treated groups except the third group which show no significant effect. The relative weights of bursa were significantly increased in all treated groups compared with control. There were significantly increased in the relative weight of thymus in third and fifth groups, while the relative weight of spleen significantly increased in fifth and sixth groups comparison with control. Results of the current study concluded that, the best growth performance and immune response were observed in broilers of the third group fed diet containing 2% olive leaves powder.

Effects of Phytonutrients on Ruminal Fermentation, Digestibility, and Microorganisms in Swamp Buffaloes.

Simple SummaryFermentation in ruminants can influence greenhouse gas production, especially methane (CH4) production. Phytonutrients (PTN) and secondary metabolites (tannins, saponins) have antimicrobial activity which can be used for the inhibition of rumen methanogens and the reduction of methane emissions in ruminants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of PTN containing both mangosteen peel powder and banana flower powder on feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, and rumen microorganisms in swamp buffaloes. The results suggest that supplementation of PTN can improve fiber digestibility, increase the proteolytic and cellulolytic bacteria, and alter rumen volatile fatty acids (VFAs), especially increased C3 and reduced methane production. This study shows that PTN containing either mangosteen peel powder (MSP) or banana flower powder (BFP) could be used as a rumen modifier. This experiment aimed to use dietary sources containing phytonutrients (PTN) such as mangosteen peel powder (MSP) and banana flower powder (BFP) as sources of phytonutrients. Four swamp buffalo bulls fitted with rumen fistulae were used as experimental animals. A digestion trial covering four periods was used according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four treatments: Treatment 1 (T1) = control (Cont), T2 = supplementation of PTN1 fed at 100 g/d, T3 = supplementation of PTN2 fed at 100 g/d, and T4 = supplementation of PTN3 fed at 100 g/d. The experiment was conducted for four periods; each period lasted for 21 days. All animals were fed a concentrate mixture at 0.5% body weight, while rice straw, water, and mineral blocks were fed ad libitum. The findings revealed significant increases in the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), while no changes in dry matter feed consumption occurred due to PTN supplementation. Rumen fermentation end-products, such as total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), and butyric acid (C4), were notably enhanced (p < 0.05) and there were the highest in PTN2 and PTN3, whilst acetic acid (C2) was significantly decreased with PTN supplementation groups. Furthermore, the rumen protozoal population was suppressed (p < 0.05), which resulted in decreased rumen methane production (p < 0.05), while the bacterial population was enhanced. Using PTN sources can improve rumen fermentation as well as mitigating rumen methane production.

Organoleptic Evaluation of Product Developed from Pomegranate Flower for Liver Disease

Pomegranate biologically known as Punica Granatum L. It is grown throughout dry Mediterranean regions like hot, dry summers. It is a small shrub in which flowering occurs on 1-year-old spurs or short branches appearing as solitary, pairs, or clusters. It shows the antioxidative property, anti-inflammatory property and hepatoprotective property due to the presence of two anthocyanins- pelargonidin 3, 5-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside in its purified form. The study was conducted to develop a value-added product from dry pomegranate flower powder for liver disease patients. It involves procurement of flowers from Delhi, NCR and dried at room temperature to convert them into dry powder. The product, shrikhand was developed in different concentrations, i.e., 12.5 g, 18 g, 25 g of pomegranate flower powder. Sensory evaluation was done using a composite scale and the data was statistically analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. It revealed that the product with a concentration of 12.5 g of pomegranate powder was highly acceptable in all parameters -color, taste, texture, aroma, an appearance by composite scale. The shelf life of the product developed with 12.5g of pomegranate flower powder was done.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NATRIUM METABISULFIT DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BUBUK BUNGA KENIKIR (Tagetes erecta L.)

Marigold powder can be used as natural orange dyes extract of marigold powder contain ?-carotene. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) concentration and soaking time on the characteristics of marigold flower powder and determine the best treatment of the concentration of sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5) and soaking time to produce powdered marigold flowers. This research used factorial randomized block design with 2 factor experiments. The first factor is the concentration of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) which consists of 3 levels: 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm. The second factor is the soaking time which consists of 3 levels: 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The results of research showed that the treatment of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) concentration take effect on water content, total carotenoid levels, brightness (L*), yellowish level (b*), and sulfite residue levels, but no effect to the level of redness (a*). The treatment of soaking time take effect on the levels of sulfite residues but no effect on water content, total carotenoid levels, brightness level (L*), yellowish level (b*), and redness level (a*). Soaking treatment in sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) solution with a concentration of 2500 ppm and soaking time of 10 minutes, is the best treatment to produce marigold flower powder with the characteristics of water content 11,40%, total carotenoid levels of 18.91%, brightness level (L*) 44.19, redness level (a*) 63.80, yellowish level (b*) 56.86, and sulfite residue levels of 182.40 ppm.&#x0D; Keywords : Tagetes erecta L, sodium metabisulfite, carotenoid, color.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN BAHAN DENGAN ASAM LAKTAT SEBELUM PENGERINGAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BUBUK BUNGA KENIKIR (Tagetes erecta L.)

Marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) have the potential as natural dyes that contain color pigments from carotenoid compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lactic acid concentration and soaking time before drying on the characteristics of kenikir flower powder and determine the concentration of lactic acid and the duration of lactic acid immersion before the best combustion to produce kenikir flower powder. This study used a randomized block design using factorial patterns with 2 factors. The first factor is the concentration of lactic acid consisting of 3 levels: 0,5, 1,0, and 1,5%. The second factor is the immersion time consisting of 3 levels: 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The results showed that the treatment of lactic acid concentration affected the total carotenoid level, brightness (L *), redness level (a *) yellowish level (b *) but did not significantly affect the water content. The treatment of immersion time did not affect the total carotenoid level, brightness level (L*), yellowish level (a*), redness level (b*) and water content. Immersion treatment with a concentration of 1,5% and 90 minutes soaking time is the best treatment for producing kenikir flower powder with characteristics namely water content 16,71%, total carotenoid content 18,77%, brightness level (L*) 38,23, redness level (a*) 29,02, yellowish level (b*) 51,93.&#x0D; Keywords : Tagetes erecta L., lactic acid, karotenoid, color

Qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals from flowers of Spanish Cherry tree

The present enquiry was intended to analyze the phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively from flowers of Spanish cherry tree. Flower powder was extracted using polar and nonpolar solvent by soxhlet apparatus. Percentage yield of crude extracts was determined and further the extracts were subjected to analyze the phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively by standard procedure. Qualitative analysis showed the absence of alkaloids while presences of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals was determined using standard curve. Result revealed that the tannin content was 4.3±0.01 (mgTAE /gm), flavanols content was 0.28±0.05 (mgQE/gm). Saponins content was 3.6±0.7 % and terpenoids content was 1.47±0.37 %. A well conducted studies on phytochemicals revealed that they are vital for humans because they provide protection against a variety of ailments. Therefore, the present study is aimed to analyze phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively.&#x0D; Keywords: Phytochemicals, Tannins, Saponins, Flavanols, Terpenoids

Effect of banana flower powder on rumen fermentation, synthesis of microbial protein and nutrient digestibility in swamp buffaloes

Replacement of chemical compounds by dietary sources as rumen enhancers have been of great interest and concern by researchers. Four, rumen-fistulated swamp buffalo bulls with average liveweight of 365 ± 15.0 kg were randomly assigned to treatments, to investigate the impact of banana flower powder (BAFLOP) as a rumen modifier on pH, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and volatile fatty acids. All buffaloes were allotted according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Dietary supplementation treatments were as follows: 2 g concentrate/kg bodyweight (BW; T1), 15 g concentrate/kg BW (T2), 15 g concentrate/kg BW plus BAFLOP 300 g/head.day (T3) and 15 g concentrate/kg BW plus BAFLOP 600 g/head.day (T4). Untreated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The findings showed that total feed intake was increased in buffaloes fed a diet supplemented with concentrate at 2 g/kg BW, while rice straw intake was reduced. Nutrient digestibility was increased by BAFLOP supplementation at both levels (T3 and T4; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Ruminal pH dropped (5.9) in buffaloes fed with concentrate at 15 g/kg BW, while buffaloes with BAFLOP supplementation could maintain ruminal pH when fed with high-concentrate diet. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen increased in the buffaloes fed concentrate at 15 g/kg BW, especially with BAFLOP supplementation. Feeding high-concentrate diet increased the concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids and propionic acid (C3), while the concentration of acetic acid and the acetic acid:C3 ratio and methane production were subsequently reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In addition, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was increased by the BAFLOP feeding (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In the present study, using BAFLOP as a dietary rumen enhancer at 300–600 g/head.day resulted in an increased rumen pH, C3 concentration, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis, while mitigating ruminal methane production. Higher nutrient digestibility and lower ruminal methane production, more dietary energy and production efficiency are expected.