Powder Method Research Articles

Effect of fluorescence quenching model on quinoline derivative with cobalt chloride metal ion using steady state and time resolved spectroscopic methods.

Quinoline derivative, i.e. quinilone yellow with the scientific name [sodium 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-inden-2-yl)quinoline-6,8-disulphonate] (SQDS) is analysed for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Fluorescence quenching mechanism is studied by employing steady state and transient state spectroscopic measurements. Cobalt chloride is used as quencher in the present study. Linearity was observed in Stern-Volmer plots for transient state as well as steady state. This was further attributed to a mechanism of collisional quenching. Efficiency in fluorescence quenching is observed as there is a correlation between quenching constants of both transient and steady state. A significant energy transfer is reported between metal ions and SQDS molecule, according to FRET theory. Characterization results are studied and analysed. Application in the field of non-linear optics are predicted for SQDS. With Kurtz and Perry powder technique, SHG (second harmonic generation) efficiency was measured using Q-switched mode locked Nd:YAG laser emitting 1064 nm the first time with this compound.

Impact of gas pressure on particle feature in Fe-based amorphous alloy powders via gas atomization: Simulation and experiment

• The flow dynamics of the gas phase and gas-melt two-phase fields, and the break-up process were illustrated. • The particle size distributions of simulated results were consistent with the powder experimental tests. • The Fe-based alloy powders with diameters in the range of 25–45 μm were found to be a fully amorphous phase. Gas atomization is now an important production technique for Fe-based amorphous alloy powders used in additive manufacturing, particularly selective laser melting, fabricating large-sized Fe-based bulk metallic glasses. Using the realizable k-ε model and discrete phase model theory, the flow dynamics of the gas phase and gas-melt two-phase flow fields in the close-wake condition were investigated to establish the correlation between high gas pressure and powder particle characteristics. The locations of the recirculation zones and the shapes of Mach disks were analyzed in detail for the type of discrete-jet closed-coupled gas atomization nozzle. In the gas-phase flow field, the vortexes, closed to the Mach disk, are found to be a new deceleration method. In the two-phase flow field, the shape of Mach disk changes from “ S ”-shape to “ Z ”-shape under the impact of the droplet flow. As predicted by the wave model, with the elevation of gas pressure, the size of the particle is found to gradually decrease and its distribution becomes more concentrated. Simulation results were compliant with the Fe-based amorphous alloy powder preparation tests. This study deepens the understanding of the gas pressure impacting particle features via gas atomization, and contributes to technological applications.

The Effect of Changing the Volumetric Ratios of Zirconia on Some Physical Properties of (Cu-SiC) System by Powder Method

The current research deals with the powder method to study a system with a mineral base of copper and the first support material of silicon carbide at a constant rate of 5% while the second support material was a variable from Nano crystalline and with a cementation ratio of (0,5,10,15,20) %. The powders were mixed by the volumetric method. Due to the difference in densities between the three powders, the grinding process was carried out for a two-hour period with a mill of local manufacture and with steel balls. Then, the mixed powders were pressed with a Turkish hydraulic press at a pressure of (5 tons) and for one minute. The prepared samples were thermally sintered in an English furnace at 900 °C for only two hours. Moreover, various tests were performed on the models including (hardness, density, porosity, X-ray diffraction) before and after sintering. The results showed that the best mixing ratio was 15% zirconia, which included micro-hardness (90.81 Hv) and less porosity (14.6%). Also, the density at 15% was (7.897 g/cm3). X-ray diffraction showed that the materials used were the base material (copper) with a cubic phase (crystalline) at Miller's coefficients (111), (200) and (220), as well as silicon carbide (SiC) with the fixed support material and a cubic structure. The emergence of the variable reinforced zirconia Nano composite (ZrO2), Miller’s coefficients (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222), and the monoclinic composition of Miller's coefficients (011), (110), (1-11), (111), (002), (102-), (112), (013).

Assessment of Coffee Pulp as a Potential Source of Tannins for Leather Processing

The leather industry is experiencing environmental challenges due to pollution associated with chromium tanning. Vegetable tanning is considered as an ecofriendly alternative method. Previous research studies have established that coffee contains 1-10% of tannins. In this study coffee arabica pulp was determined for its tannin content and tanning strength for potential use as a source of tanning material. The hide powder method was used and the tannin content of coffee arabica pulp determined as 5.04% with the tanning strength of 2.26 compared to mimosa which had a tannin content of 63.56% with a tanning strength of 2.82. Both coffee arabica pulp and mimosa exceeded the 1.5 tanning strength recommended for tanning agents. It was concluded that coffee arabica pulp sufficient tanning strength to be used as a tanning material.

Crystal structure and physical properties of the quaternary phase CuGaxIn5–xS8, 1.4 ≤ x ≤ 2.05, in the Cu2S ​− ​Ga2S3 – In2S3 system

X-ray diffraction and differential-thermal analysis methods were used for investigation of the component interaction in the Cu2S ​− ​Ga2S3 – In2S3 system. The existence of the quaternary phase CuGaxIn5-xS8 where 1.4 ​≤ ​x ​≤ ​2.05 ​at 820 ​K was confirmed. The crystal structure of the quaternary phase was determined by X-ray powder method for the CuGa1.6In3.4S8 composition as the trigonal symmetry, S.G. P-3m, with the cell parameters a ​= ​0.38237(3) nm, c ​= ​3.0870(2) nm. Five vertical sections and the liquidus surface projection of the system were investigated. A single crystal CuGa1.9In3.1S8 was grown by solution-melt method, and its physical parameters such as bandgap energy and photosensitivity range were investigated.

Effect of Fe content on the tribological properties of Ni60 coatings applied by pulsed magnetic field assisted supersonic plasma spraying

In order to study the effect of magnetic field on the spraying process, a thermal spraying technique of ferromagnetic metal powder assisted by pulsed magnetic field is presented. The Ni60 coating with different Fe content was prepared by pulsed magnetic field assisted supersonic plasma spraying. This process can improve the microstructure, porosity, mechanical properties and tribological properties of the coating. In this paper, a diagram depicting the mechanism for coating formation by pulsed magnetic field assisted spraying was prepared according to the test results for the coatings. We found that the pulsed magnetic field formed at the edge of the poles, and, compared with the Ni base material, the Fe phase material was easily attracted by the magnetic poles, which accelerated its downward movement. During this downward movement, a mixing effect developed within the coating that decreased the coating porosity, made the Cr strengthening phase more uniform, and, as the matrix provided many nucleation sites, further promoted the production of amorphous nanocrystalline phases. Finally, the service performance of the coatings was continuously improved. This process provides a new approach to the design and development of advanced coatings, and it shows great promise for applications in next-generation ferromagnetic metal-based coatings. • Pulsed magnetic field assisted supersonic plasma spraying coating was prepared. • The effect of Fe in the coating under magnetic field was analysed. • The magnetic field can induce the formation of amorphous nanocrystalline phase. • The strengthening phase is gradually homogenized with the pulsed magnetic field.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) for multi-functionalized corrosion protection of metals: A review

• A comprehensive review of LDH in corrosion protection was presented. • The synthesizing methods of both LDH powders and films were summarized. • The discussion of the present proposed formation mechanism was shown. • Crucial effects of LDH on corrosion protection were elucidated in details. • Applications of LDH in concrete, coating and biological environments were reviewed. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been widely developed in the field of corrosion and protection in recent years based on its unique characteristics including anion capacity, anion exchange ability, structure memory effect, and barrier resistance. This paper comprehensively reviews recent work on the preparations, properties of LDH in the forms of powder and film and their applications in different environments in corrosion and protection. Some novel perspectives are also proposed at the end of the review for future research in corrosion and protection field.

XRD Analysis of Li4Ti5O12 with Post Heat Treatment for Lithium-ion Capacitor (LIC) Applications

Characterization of XRD-analysis on Li4Ti5O12 with post heat treatment for applications Lithium-ion Capacitor (LIC) has been conducted. The powder method was used in the analysis, whereas the samples were prepared using the sol-gel method. The anode material Li4Ti5O12 precursor was sintered at 850°C for 4 hours and followed by heat-treatment at 600oC for 3 hours. Characterization of structural (XRD analysis) was applied to determine the formation of Li4Ti5O12 phase. The results of the characterization were formed Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) and rutile phase (TiO2) with crystallite size on LTO I of 82.52 nm and LTO II of 92.07 nm. Overall, post heat treatment of anode Li4Ti5O12 succeeded in improving the quality and electrochemical performance for Lithium-ion Capacitor (LIC) application.

The technology of connecting rod recovery by combining electric spark treatment and cold gas dynamic powder spraying

The results of studies mikrometrazhnyh repair fund crank engine JAMZ- 238, JAMZ-236 and Raba-MAN. We describe a new technology diesel engines of recovery of rods with an oblique slot-sm by combining the methods of electrical discharge machines and cold n-zodinamicheskogo spray powders. According to the results of experimental studies identified the physical and mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of fretting in the recovery of rods used coatings.

Aggregation induced emission (AIE)-active ferrocene conjugated linear π−extended multi donor−π−acceptor (D-D′-π-A) chromophores: Synthesis, structural, theoretical, linear and nonlinear optical studies

A new series of ferrocene (D) and methoxyphenyl (D′) conjugated D-D′-π-A push-pull chromophores [Fc-(RPh)C=CH–CH=CN-R’{R, R’ = H, CN (1), OCH3, CN (2), H, C6H4NO2 (3), OCH3, C6H4NO2 (4)}] were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The structure of the chromophore 3 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, and it was crystallized in triclinic crystal system with P-1 centrosymmetric space group. In the crystal packing, several non-covalent interactions (H-bonding and C–H·····π) were observed. The thermal behaviour of the chromophores 3 and 4 has been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and was found to be stable up to 230 °C. The solvatochromic studies of the chromophores 1–4 showed a positive solvatochromism with red-shift from non-polar to polar solvents due to the high dipolar excited state in the presence of strong electron-donor and acceptor moieties. The electrochemical performance of the chromophores revealed the one-electron transfer from the ferrocene to ferrocenium ion Fe2+⇌Fe3+. The chromophores 1–4 exhibited low fluorescence intensity and quantum yield as a consequence of the quenching nature of ferrocene, it was further enhanced through the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) process in THF/H2O mixtures by the restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR), and the chromophores 1–4 showed 2 times higher quantum yield in the aggregated state. The second-order nonlinear optical response was attained by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies of the chromophore 4 was close to the standard KDP, owing to the presence of multi-donor [Ferrocene (D) and methoxyphenyl (D′)] and acceptor groups with extended π-conjugation. In addition, the mesomeric effect (+M) of the methoxy group makes an effective charge transfer process. The optical and nonlinear optical properties of the chromophores were further analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) with different functionals (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and LC-BLYP). The hyperpolarizability values were underestimates in the B3LYP-hybrid functional because of the corrected long-range charge transfer between donor and acceptor in the D-π-A systems. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) level helps for better understanding the charge transfer, nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, and the calculated HOMO-LUMO energy levels were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Growth, structural, optical and mechanical studies on Amino acids doped Nonlinear optical sodium acid phthalate single crystals

The slow evaporation technique was used to successfully grown amino acid doped sodium acid phthalate (NaAP) crystals at room temperature. A great deal of research has been done on the effects of amino acids on NaAP growth and characteristics. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the crystal structure and lattice parameters of the grown crystals. Functional groups were found in the title crystals, which revealed themselves utilizing FTIR spectra. The optical transparency of the doped crystals was noticed by measurements of optical absorption. In order to assess the mechanical strength of the produced crystals, Vickers microhardness tests were employed. The technique of Kurtz powder was utilized to calculate the second harmonic generation (SHG) performance of the cultivated crystals.

ISOLATION AND INHIBITION TEST OF QUERCETIN COMPOUND FROM OKRA FRUIT (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the plants from the Malvacea. The secondary metabolite compounds with quite large composition flavonoid compound that is able to provide pharmacological activity to lower blood sugar. This study aimed to isolate, identify find out the results of the inhibition test on the alpha amylase enzyme one of enzyme that affects blood sugar levels. Herein, the extraction was initially carried out using the remaceration method of okra fruit powder using 80% ethanol followed by fractionation process using n-hexane, ether, and ethyl acetate. The marker was isolated using the preparative TLC method with a silica gel and n-butanol:acetic acid : water (4:1:5) as stationary and mobile phases. The isolates were a yellow powder with a yield of 0.18% and a melting point of 307-309.5oC. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the Rf value and the spectral form of the standard quercetin and isolates wich are found to be identical. The isolate showed that quercetin compounds had the inhibitory power of the amylase enzyme by 49.74% compared to acarbose 58.90%. IC values, by quercetin isolates were8,358/ml and acarbose 7,598mg/ml and statistically, the t-group showed no significant differences.

ISOLATION AND INHIBITION TEST OF QUERCETIN COMPOUND FROM OKRA FRUIT (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the plants from the Malvacea. The secondary metabolite compounds with quite large composition flavonoid compound that is able to provide pharmacological activity to lower blood sugar. This study aimed to isolate, identify find out the results of the inhibition test on the alpha amylase enzyme one of enzyme that affects blood sugar levels. Herein, the extraction was initially carried out using the remaceration method of okra fruit powder using 80% ethanol followed by fractionation process using n-hexane, ether, and ethyl acetate. The marker was isolated using the preparative TLC method with a silica gel and n-butanol:acetic acid : water (4:1:5) as stationary and mobile phases. The isolates were a yellow powder with a yield of 0.18% and a melting point of 307-309.5oC. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the Rf value and the spectral form of the standard quercetin and isolates wich are found to be identical. The isolate showed that quercetin compounds had the inhibitory power of the amylase enzyme by 49.74% compared to acarbose 58.90%. IC values, by quercetin isolates were8,358/ml and acarbose 7,598mg/ml and statistically, the t-group showed no significant differences.

ВПЛИВ МЕХАНІЧНОЇ АКТИВАЦІЇ НА РОЗМІРНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ТА ФОРМУ ЧАСТИНОК ГЛИНОПОРОШКІВ РІЗНОГО ТИПУ

Purpose. Determination of the influence of the process of preliminary mechanical activation on the dimensional characteristics and shape of particles of different types of clay powders.Methodology. Clay powders of montmorillonite and palygorskite type were chosen as the objects of research in this work. The process of mechanical activation of clay powders was carried out using a laboratory ball mill. For microanalysis of sample particles, the method of optical polarizing microscopy was used. Morphometric analysis of clay powder particles was performed by image analysis using the ImageJ software. At the same time, the area and perimeter were determined, and the equivalent diameter and also the shape index of the particles of the samples were calculated. The experimental data were statistically processed using the Statistica and Excel software packages.Results. The paper investigates the effect of the process of mechanical activation on the dimensional characteristics and shape of particles of montmorillonite and palygorskite type clay powders. It was found that the decrease in the average values of the equivalent particle diameter in the process of mechanical action (~14–15%) is realized mainly due to the destruction of their largest aggregates. Moreover, the intensity of this process is noticeably higher for clay of the montmorillonite type. It is shown that for both studied samples, the process of mechanical activation leads to an increase in the average values of the particle shape index (~ by 9–10%) and an increase in the uniformity of their distribution by this index.Scientific novelty. Using a detailed morphometric analysis of particles of various types of clay powders, the regularities of the influence of the mechanical activation process on the quantitative statistical characteristics of their distribution over the equivalent diameter and shape index have been established.Practical value. The results obtained will make it possible to reasonably approach the choice of pretreatment methods for clay powders intended for the production of polymer filled nanocomposite materials.

Surface nanostructuration of ZnO and ZnO:Cd sub-microstructures and their use as suspended and immobilized photocatalysts for rapid degradation of methylene blue

ZnO and ZnO:Cd (Cd = 2%) powders were fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis followed by a calcination step, and then studied as photocatalysts for degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water. Powders were analyzed by electron microscopy, and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. After the calcination step at 300 °C for 1.5 h, ZnO and ZnO:Cd photocatalysts with conveniently nanostructured surfaces were achieved. The nanophotocatalysts were then tested for MB degradation using two methods: a) suspended powders in MB solutions and b) immobilized powders on glass substrates. The suspended powder method showed excellent efficiency for the removal of MB, reaching values close to 99% in less than 60 min for the Cd-doped samples. The immobilized powder method showed less efficiency (up to ∼75% removal after 200 min for the Cd-doped sample), however it allowed easy recovery of the photocatalysts after the degradation process.

Fabrication of an al2o3-1% ti composite with some characteristics of a biomaterial

An Al2O3-1 wt.% Ti composite was prepared by powder techniques with the intention of analyzing its mechanical and chemical properties for its possible application as a biomaterial. Alumina was synthesized using the reaction bonding aluminum oxide (RBAO) process. The powders resulting from the milling stage present sizes minor than 1.5 microns. With the help of X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis, it was determined that aluminum oxidizes in both solid and liquid states during the RBAO process. It was also found that the alumina formation reaction in this process is completed at 1,100oC. From the measurements of mechanical properties (HV, KIC, E) in the Al2O3-1 wt.% Ti composite, it was determined that these properties are better than the same properties of compact bone. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, indicates that additions of 1 wt.% Ti on Al2O3 enhance its corrosion resistance. The bioactivation of a Al2O3-1 wt.% Ti composite was successful using a biomimetic method, because after 21 days, hydroxyapatite begins to proliferate on the surface of the substrate. With all these results it can be commented that it is feasible to use Al2O3-1 wt.% Ti composite in the elaboration of synthetic bone for its application as a biomaterial.

A comparative study on scanned fingerprint after applying lubricants and without scanned fingerprint on porous surface; (white paper)

Specialists have concocted various ways for recognizing inert fingerprints on crime locations. The powder method is an exceptionally basic way of developing fingerprints. Fingerprinting is one of those fields, the modernized scanner displaced ordinary procedures for taking fingerprints. In daily life, individuals regularly apply oils, salves, hand sanitizers, at times on their hands. These restoratives and day by day use items influence the computerized recording of fingerprints, along these lines making it hard for measurable specialists to recognize the genuine wrongdoer in numerous cases. The study was to actually look at the impact of oils, creams, hand sanitizers, and ghee on the fingerprints. For this research, various lubricants were applied on the fingerprint of plain white paper. Lubricants were applied on fingers and were then scanned. 39 fingerprints were taken. These fingerprints were then recorded with the assistance of 20 secugen hamsters. The assessment and examination of finger impression were done. The presence of everyday use items influenced the quality of fingerprints. Different items caused various impacts depending on their properties. Engineered ghee, hand sanitizer, slick balm, and greasy oil ruined the fingerprint quality, resulting in massive differences in the finger impression photographs. Non-slick cream and alcohol-free hand sanitizer had less effect, whereas oil and regular ghee had no influence on the notion of fingerprints. The combination of lubricants added an extra layer to the fingers. This layer caused changes to the fingerprint impressions. As a result, fingerprints should be collected after proper hand washing.

Latent friction ridge analysis of developed fingerprints after treatment with various liquid materials on porous surface

Fingerprints is an important field of research in forensics. Because of its uniqueness and distinctiveness, a fingerprint becomes a person's identity. Experts have devised a number of ways for detecting latent fingerprints on crime scenes. This research study is based on the effects and extent of destruction of latent fingerprints using various lubricants, liquids, and solutions. For this study, 20 samples of various liquids and solutions were collected. Latent fingerprints were taken from 10 individuals on a white paper. These prints were treated with different lubricants, liquids, and solutions by spraying, spilling or submerging the paper. Each sample was dried and the fingerprint was developed with a powder method. This study shows that the type of lubricant or liquid affects the quality of fingerprints developed. In some cases like sanitizer, room fresheners, and other sprays and concentrated phenyl it was noticed that it completely destroyed the latent fingerprints, and in some cases; milk, saliva, tap water, etc results show that it is possible to develop high-quality prints. So, if any paper is recovered from a crime scene in this way then latent prints can be developed from these surfaces. Fingerprints can be obtained from surfaces treated with various liquids, lubricants, especially from milk, tea, coffee, tap water produced high-quality prints which can be analyzed for identification of a person. Future aspects can be so that substances that had destructive effects on the print can be tested for other techniques of development of fingerprints including other factors as well like different porous and non-porous surfaces, environmental effects on these. Because these liquids are a loophole as they are destructive for latent prints.

Comparative study of development of latent fingerprint by using cost effective waste materials

The powder method is a quick and easy approach to the development of latent fingerprints on porous and nonporous surface. There are many Waste materials of plant-based (orange peels, lemon peels) that are used as a powder was applied to the latent fingerprints of different surfaces using a camel hairbrush. This research study focuses on these two types of powders that are used for the enhancement of ridge characteristics to personal identification. Prints are clearly shown on the porous and non-porous surfaces or photography was done with suitable contrast. This powder is cost-effective and nontoxic in nature. An eco-friendly approach to develop fingerprints by using natural colour produces by various plant-based waste materials and a very reliable technique to use in the crime scene.

Latent fingerprint development by using cost effective incense sticks (Agarbatti) ASH

The powder method is the most convenient method for fingerprint development. Various powder methods for developing fingerprints have existed throughout the last decade and numerous powders have been experimented with over time. For this study, a bunch of Alaukik Agarbatti (local incense stick brand of Gujarat, India) were burnt properly and ash of burned incense sticks (Agarbatti) was collected on a sheet of paper. It was crushed by smooth hands and converted into fine powder. The formed powder was applied by the use of camel hairbrush to the latent fingerprints taken from the subjects. Photography was done in proper contrast. The application of burned incense stick powder is a novel material for this kind of study, it has been not done before. The impression of fingerprints obtained using burned incense stick powder was clear and sharply visible on both non-porous and porous surfaces. Ridge patterns in developed impressions were comprehensible and identifiable. Due to their contrast, a black or grey-coloured powder could be easily seen on a colourful background. Developed fingerprints were appropriate for tape-lifting and comparison after photography. This method is best due to its easy availability, less cost, and effectiveness. This method also suggests an approach towards environmental waste management.