Extract Powder Research Articles

A study of the stability of antioxidant activity of green tea extract powder with vitamin C

Background: Green tea contains Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the highest antioxidant activity. EGCG is an unstable compound due to degradation. Vitamin C is thought to be able to regenerate EGCG radicals into normal forms and increase green tea's antioxidant activity. Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the effect of adding vitamin C in maintaining the stability of the antioxidant activity of green tea. Method: This research was carried out by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine the rate of decreasing antioxidant activity at 0 hours, six hours, and 24 hours by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Result: IC50 values of green tea before and after the addition of vitamin C were obtained at 147.53 ppm and 97.75 ppm, respectively. The degradation rate of green tea before and after the addition of vitamin C was 0.4228 %/hour and 0.3231 %/hour, respectively. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of green tea with vitamin C is greater than without vitamin C addition. The degradation rate of green tea with vitamin C is smaller than green tea only, so the authors suggest the addition of vitamin C to green tea extract powder products to increase the stability of its antioxidant activity.

Toxicological Profile of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Peel Extract and Histopathological Assessment in Zebrafish (Danio rerio): An In-Vivo Study

Background: Fruit – by - product includes peels, seeds, leaves, residual pulp, stems and discarded pieces from a variety of sources. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is a good source of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, and functional properties and there is a healthy trend towards by-product utilization and value addition. However, its toxicity and its adverse effects were not intensively studied. Objective: This study aimed to examine the In-vivo toxicity of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP) extract and histopathological assessment using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Methods: Decoction (Aqueous) by Soxhlet method was used for extraction from Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP). Dense extract was used to study toxicity level and it was assessed using Dose Dependent Toxicity Assessment (DDTA) with Zebrafish. The mature Zebrafish were divided into eight groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and control) based on their average body weight, with eight fishes in each tank. Fish groups (8 fishes/concentration) were treated to different doses and concentrations of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP). Fish mortality was monitored and recorded after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. After acute toxicity analysis, H & E staining was performed to analyse the zebrafish brain. At least 3 fish from each group were taken and analysed for histopathological scoring. Result: At 24 hr and 96 hr exposure periods, the lethal dosage, to kill 50% of test fishes, was 800 mg/L. Fish treated with 200 mg/L dosage had a score grade of 1 and showed no toxic pathological changes when compared to 400 and 800 mg/L doses because they considerably had decreased pathological scores of neuronal damages, which was equivalent to the control group. Zebrafish treated with 12.5 – 200 mg/L showed no toxic effect in the brain of fish, which was comparable with the control. Conclusion: The current study showed that the No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is evaluated to be 200 mg/L dosage. Thus, PPP has less toxicity, and its use is suggested with potential applications against diseases.

Attenuative effects of collagen peptide from milkfish (Chanoschanos) scales on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass, bone microarchitecture disruption, and collagen loss, leading to increased fracture risk. In the current study, collagen peptides were extracted from milkfish scales (MS) to develop potential therapeutic candidates for osteoporosis. MS was used to synthesize a crude extract of fish scales (FS), collagen liquid (COL), and hydroxyapatite powder (HA). COL samples were further categorized according to the peptide size of total COL (0.1 mg/mL), COL < 1 kDa (0.1 mg/mL), COL: 1-10 kDa (0.1 mg/mL), and COL > 10 kDa (0.1 mg/mL) to determine it. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence labeling were used to assess the expression levels of specific mRNA and proteins in vitro. For in vivo studies, mice ovariectomy (OVX)-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis were developed, while the sham surgery (Sham) group was treated as a control. Collagen peptides (CP) from MS inhibited osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells following an insult with nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). CP also enhanced osteoblast proliferation in MG-63 cells, possibly through downregulating NFATc1 and TRAP mRNA expression and upregulating ALP and OPG mRNA levels. Furthermore, COL1 kDa also inhibited bone density loss in osteoporotic mice. Taken together, CP may reduce RANKL-induced osteoclast activity while promoting osteoblast synthesis, and therefore may act as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and control of osteoporosis.

Long term administration of loquat leaves and their major component, ursolic acid, attenuated endogenous amyloid-β burden and memory impairment

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaves contain many bioactive components such as ursolic acid (UA) and amygdalin. We investigated the effects of loquat leaf powder and methanol extract in human neuroglioma H4 cells stably expressing the Swedish-type APP695 (APPNL-H4 cells) and C57BL/6 J mice. Surprisingly, the extract greatly enhanced cellular amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) 42 productions in APPNL-H4 cells. Administration of leaf powder increased Aβ42 levels after 3 months and decreased levels after 12 months compared to control mice. Leaf powder had no effect on working memory after 3 months, but improved working memory after 12 months. Administration of UA decreased Aβ42 and P-tau levels and improved working memory after 12 months, similar to the administration of leave powder for 12 months. Amygdalin enhanced cellular Aβ42 production in APPNL-H4 cells, which was the same as the extract. Three-month administration of amygdalin increased Aβ42 levels slightly but did not significantly increase them, which is similar to the trend observed with the administration of leaf powder for 3 months. UA was likely the main compound contained in loquat leaves responsible for the decrease in intracerebral Aβ42 and P-tau levels. Also, amygdalin might be one of the compounds responsible for the transiently increased intracerebral Aβ42 levels.

Potential Antidepressant-Like Activity of Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) Ethanolic Extract: The Mechanism of Action via the Monoaminergic System in a Mouse Model

Background: Studies have reported certain side effects that occur with the use of conventional antidepressants limit their clinical use. Plant derivatives such as Rhus coriaria L. extract can be used as alternatives for depression. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of R. coriaria in a mouse model and the role of the monoaminergic system in its mechanism of action. Methods: A total of 174 male NMRI mice were used. Thirty minutes after treating animals with common antidepressants and R. coriaria extract (25 - 200 mg/kg), the tail suspension test (TST) was performed. One hour after treating mice with serotonergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic antagonists, 100 mg/kg of the extract was administered, and TST was performed after 30 minutes. Potential synergistic interactions between the extract and the sub-doses of fluoxetine (Flx) and imipramine (Imp) were also investigated. Injections were all administered intraperitoneally. Results: Rhus coriaria extract (50 - 200 mg/kg) induced antidepressant-like effects (P &lt; 0.001) without altering animal locomotion in the open field test (OFT; P &gt; 0.05). The tail suspension test showed that the antidepressant-like activity of the extract was blocked by pretreating with the above-mentioned antagonists (P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively). The sub-dose of the extract also increased the efficiency of the sub-doses of common antidepressants (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The extract showed antidepressant-like activity via the monoaminergic system and increased the efficiency of common antidepressants. We suggest adding dried R. coriaria extract powder to the formulation of common antidepressant agents following thorough clinical studies on the substance.

Efficacy of different natural remineralizing agents on treatment of artificially induced enamel caries (An in vitro comparative study)

Objectives To evaluate and compare the remineralizing efficacy of chicken egg shell (CESP), propolis and grape seed extract (GSE) powder solutions in the treatment of artificially induced enamel caries in permanent human teeth (an in vitro study). Materials and methods Three different natural products (CESP, propolis, and GSE) were used. four groups were grouped according to the type of treatment for each group (n = 20). Control group (n = 10) (group B remineralized by CESP solution, group C remineralized by propolis powder solution and group D remineralized by GSP solution). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 10) according to the application frequency of remernerailizing agent: once (evening) (B1, C1, and D1) and twice daily (morning and evening) (B2, C2, and D2). Then all specimens were subjected to the PH cycle protocol. All specimens have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, surface micro hardness by Digital Vickers Micro hardness testing, and Surface roughness by a 3D optical profilometer testing before and after each step. Results The Ca/P ratio was significantly enhanced for all groups evaluated by (SEM) and (EDX). Vicker hardness number (VHN) was significantly enhanced for all subgroups treated twice daily (morning and evening) (B2, C2, and D2) followed by all subgroups treated once (evening) (B1, C1, and D1) before and after PH cycle. Surface roughness was significantly decreased for all subgroups except for subgroups (C2, D1, and D2) before and after the PH cycle. Conclusion CESP, prpolis powder and GSE powder solution could be used as remenerailizing agent as it has promising effect in treatment of initially demenarlized enamel surface. The efficacy of these remineralizing agents twice daily is better than once daily in treatment of initially demenarlized enamel surface.

Proximate and Phytochemical Analysis of Crude Powder and Different Extracts of Zaleya pentandra

Zaleya pentandra, a plant species found in disturbed soils and roads across Asia, Africa, and Australia, has been traditionally used for treating various ailments such as coughs, malaria, kidney stones, ulcers, and jaundice. Objectives: To conduct a quantitative examination of Z. pentandra, focusing on proximate analysis and metabolite composition and to better understand its features. Methods: Crude plant powder underwent analysis for total moisture, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulfated ash, water-soluble extractive, and alcohol-soluble extractive. Quantification (mg/gm) of principal metabolites i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the crude plant powder was done. Dry plant powder was subjected to counter-current extraction using n-hexane, petroleum ether, and chloroform. UV-visible and FTIR spectra were examined to determine the chemical composition. Results: Our findings showed total moisture (9.306%), total ash (21.73%), water-soluble ash (12.75%), acid-insoluble ash (0.35%), sulfated ash (29.75%), water-soluble extractive (6.23%), alcohol-soluble extractive (5.7%). Principal metabolites included high quantities of carbs (65.34), proteins (15.29), and lipids (30.90) in the crude plant powder. n-hexane (3.073%), petroleum ether (4.45%) and chloroform (7.47%) were extracted. UV-visible and FTIR spectra revealed a variety of chemicals, indicating both polar and non-polar molecules with possible oxidative characteristics. Conclusions: Z. pentandra exhibits high carbohydrate, protein, and fat content. The diverse chemical composition suggests a high oxidative potential, supporting its traditional therapeutic uses. Further research, especially in identifying and isolating bioactive components, is warranted. Z. pentandra holds promise for traditional medicine and broader applications based on its nutritional and bioactive potential.

Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Pound Cakes added with Finger Root Extract Powder

Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Pound Cakes added with Finger Root Extract Powder

Pengujian Daya Hambat Ekstrak Bubuk Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe) Terhadap Aspergillus flavus

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study aimed to determine the extract of concentration of white turmeric powder in inhibiting the growth of the fungus A. flavus and to determine of active substances contained in the white turmeric powder. The parameters bioactive compounds observed total phenol contains, total flavonoids contains, and curcumin contains. White turmeric powder was extracted using 96% ethanol. The extraction method used is maceration. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with several concentrations of concentrated extract of white turmeric powder consisting of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%. All treatments were repeated twice to obtain 20 experimental units and the data obtained were analyzed by descriptive analysis and interpreted with tables and figures.. The test results showed that the concentrated extract of white turmeric powder was not effect to inhibit the growth of the fungus A. flavus. The results showed that white turmeric powder contained phenol 576.225 mg GAE/100g, flavonoids 1.090.65 mg/100g, and curcumin 14.35 mg CE/100g.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Hyperuricemia: an Innovative Treatment Strategy

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is associated with many somatic diseases, the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an increase in cardiovascular and general mortality. Symptomatic hyperuricemia – gout and various variants of kidney damage, despite the availability of modern rheumatological, urological and nephrological guidelines, does not lose its relevance, as it is characterized by a severe course, significantly worsens the quality of life, increases cardiovascular risk and leads to disability. Hyperuricemia is a persistent increase in the concentration of uric acid (UA) in blood serum (above 360 μmol/l). The appointment of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) for gout is based on the Guidelines of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR, 2020), the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR, 2016), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2022), in the case of urolithiasis – the Guidelines of the European Association of Urology (EAU, 2023) and the American Urological Association (AUA, 2019). Asymptomatic hyperuricemia, from the point of view of the evidence base, requires only the use of lifestyle modification measures. The Austrian Society of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation for patients with gout and hyperuricemia in 2022 proposed dietary and lifestyle recommendations, including sour cherries (Montmorency), which can lower UA levels. Combination of concentrated Montmorency tart cherry powder (1:50) and dry willow extract is an innovative strategy for the treatment of asymptomatic and symptomatic hyperuricemia, a natural hypouricemic agent with an anti-inflammatory effect, which is prescribed as a complementary therapy for gout and hyperuricemia in: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, CKD, urolithiasis. The appointment of сombination of concentrated Montmorency tart cherry powder (1:50) and dry willow extract will contribute to the achievement of the target value of the UA level in the blood serum of patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic hyperuricemia, the initiation of reno- and cardioprotection, the reduction of the risk of gout attacks, and the achievement of a stable and long interrelapse period.

Exploring the link between coffee matrix microstructure and flow properties using combined X-ray microtomography and smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations

Coffee extraction involves many complex physical and transport processes extremely difficult to model. Among the many factors that will affect the final quality of coffee, the microstructure of the coffee matrix is one of the most critical ones. In this article, we use X-ray micro-computed (microCT) technique to capture the microscopic details of coffee matrices at particle-level and perform fluid dynamics simulation based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH) with the 3D reconstructured data. Information like flow permeability and tortuosity of the matrices can be therefore obtained from our simulation. We found that inertial effects can be quite significant at the normal pressure gradient conditions typical for espresso brewing, and can provide an explanation for the inconsistency of permeability measurements seen in the literature. Several types of coffee powder are further examined, revealing their distinct microscopic details and resulting flow features. By comparing the microCT images of pre- and post-extraction coffee matrices, it is found that a decreasing porosity profile (from the bottom-outlet to the top-inlet) always develops after extraction. This counterintuitive phenomenon can be explained using a pressure-dependent erosion model proposed in our prior work. Our results reveal not only some important hydrodynamic mechanisms of coffee extraction, but also show that microCT scan can provide useful microscopic details for coffee extraction modelling. MicroCT scan establishes the basis for a data-driven numerical framework to explore the link between coffee powder microstructure and extraction dynamics, which is the prerequisite to study the time evolution of both volatile and non-volatile organic compounds and then the flavour profile of coffee brews.

The hypoglycemic effects of Juglans regia L. internal septum in type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

The internal septum of J.regia is traditionally used to control diabetes, and its effectiveness has been shown in animal studies. Accordingly, human clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood insulin level, and insulin resistance as a complementary for better control of type 2 diabetes. This study was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. The lyophilized powder of extract of the internal septum of J.regia was used to fill the capsules. Sixty type 2 diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups. 500 mg capsules three times daily before meal was added to their routine drug regimen, and HbA1c, FBS, and blood insulin level were checked at the baseline and after three months. Sixty patients completed the study. The mean(±SD) age of patients was 49.1(10.2) and 50.9(12.7) years in the placebo and J.regia groups, respectively. We observed that J.regia internal septum increases the level of HbA1c by about 0.02 units, but this effect was not significant (MD=0.02,95%CI=-0.36 to 0.40, P=0.93). Regarding the impact of capsules on insulin level, it seems that J.regia-containing capsules can raise insulin level by one unit. However, it was not significant (MD=1.01,95%CI=-0.86 to 2.88, P=0.28). As for FBS, it can cause a decrease of four units, but this effect is also not significant (MD=-3.98,95%CI=-18.33 to 10.37, P=0.58). Based on our study, the internal septum of J.regia has no significant effect on HbA1c, FBS, and insulin resistance. Moreover, no specific adverse reaction was observed in any of the patients.

Investigating the Water Relations in Aqueous Extract Powders of Mango (Mangifera indica) Peel and Seed Waste for Their Use in Food Matrices as a Value-Added By-Product.

This study investigated the potential uses of discarded mango peel and seed parts by analyzing their water sorption behavior, hydration kinetics, and stability when converted into extract powders at pH 3 and 10. The results revealed that peel extracts had a higher water adsorption capacity compared with seed extracts due to differences in their composition. Peel extracts were primarily composed of carbohydrates (approximately 75%) with a low protein content, while seed extracts contained fewer carbohydrates (less than 30%) but higher levels of proteins (more than 30%) and lipids. The critical water content for maintaining the glassy state of peel extract powders during storage was found to be 0.025 and 0.032 g of water/g for extracts obtained at pH 3 and 10, respectively. In contrast, the Tg values of seed extracts remained relatively unchanged across different water content levels, suggesting that proteins and lipids inhibited the water's plasticizing effect in the solid matrix. These findings indicate that both mango waste fractions exhibit distinct hygroscopic behaviors, necessitating different approaches to processing and utilization. These extracts hold potential applications for various food products such as beverages, gels, sauces, or emulsions, contributing to the reduction in waste and the creation of value-added products from mango residues.

Matrix changes driven by cultivar diversity, inulin addition and drying techniques - shaping the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of blueberry powders

Quality of fruit powders is ambiguously shaped by processing parameters depending on matrix composition. Thus, the objective was to evaluate influence of drying techniques and inulin application on physico-chemical, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of sugar-free juice extract powders prepared from three blueberry cultivars. Drying significantly affected physical attributes, pointed vacuum drying as preferred. The highest phenolics content was ensured by spray- and freeze-drying (9.32–30.36 and 9.25–30.94 mg · 100 g−1 dry matter, respectively). Inulin lowered bioactives by 48% and alleviated cultivar-driven differences in powders. Phenolic profile affected antibacterial activity towards Campylobacter jejuni stronger than phenolic content. Ten out of fifteen carrier-free powders showed bactericidal effect against Helicobacter pylori, while one among inulin-added. Vacuum drying improved anti-inflammatory properties in gastric cell cultures infected with Helicobacter pylori of selected blueberry products compared to spray- and freeze-drying. The study provides comprehensive insight into blueberry powders manufacturing with high scientific and practical significance.

Methanolic and ethanolic phytochemical screening of Sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizome

Acorus calamus is a medicinal plant with several ethno-medicinal properties. The present study was carried to screen the presence of major phytochemical groups. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and ethanolic rhizome extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenolic compound, protein, amino acid flavanoids and tannins. The total phenolic content in methanolic and ethanolic rhizome extracts in terms of gallic acid equivalent was 4.77.50 and 7.5 mg/g of extract powder respectively whereas the total flavonoid content of methanolic and ethanolic extract was 12.02 and 12.89 mg QE/g of extract respectively. Total antioxidant activity was found highest in ethanol extract (75.6 µg AAE/mg of extract) than methanol extract (37.2 µg AAE/mg of extract). Reducing power is also found highest in ethanol extract than methanol extract.&#x0D; Keywords: Acorus calamus, phytochemical screening, methanol, ethanol.

Effects of the drying method and extraction solvent on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Melosira nummuloides bioproducts

Melosira nummuloides is a marine diatom with potential use as food, fuel, and a dietary supplement. However, the efficacy of its extraction and drying techniques have not been explored. Here, M. nummuloides powders were prepared by two drying methods—hot-air drying (HAD) and freeze-drying (FD)—and extracted with hot water, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform:methanol (CM) at a ratio of 2:1 v/v. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of each extract was investigated. The CM extract had the greatest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity among the solvent extracts, and a slight difference in antioxidant activity was observed across the various drying methods. Compared to other extracts, both the FD-CM and HAD-CM extracts showed stronger anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the FD-CM extract contained a wide range of lipophilic compounds. Notably, myristic acid (29.08 ± 0.45 mg/g dry weight powder extract (DW)), oleic acid (25.20 ± 0.92 mg/g DW), palmitoleic acid (10.77 ± 0.41 mg/g DW), eicosapentaenoic acid (12.53 ± 1.00 mg/g DW), neophytadiene (8.42 ± 0.51 mg/g DW), and α-linolenic acid (1.27 ± 0.005 mg/g DW) were among the prominent compounds identified. It is plausible to suggest that the abundance of these lipophilic compounds contributes to the remarkable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential exhibited by the FD-CM extract. Our results provide insights into the preferential drying methods and extraction solvents for producing M. nummuloides-based products with enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Cork by-products as a sustainable source of potential antioxidants

Cork harvesting process is considered sustainable, however, the potential of the waste that is generated in the cork transformation process, in the context of bio-circular economy, still needs more investigation. This work investigated three cork by-products, coarse powder (P0) and fine powder (P1), as well as cork boiling wastewater (CBW), as sustainable sources of value-added ingredients with antioxidant potential for pharmaceutical, food products and the cosmetic industry. The free radical scavenging effect and the metals content of P0 and P1 extracts and CBW was evaluated. A low content of metals was detected for P0 and P1 powders, while CBW showed high levels of the prohibited heavy metals As and Pb, among other metals, above the permissible trace amounts allowed in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products. The extractive process was optimized by taking into account the effect of temperature, solvent, extraction time and number of extraction cycles on DPPH scavenging activity and process sustainability. Liquid chromatography coupled to the high-resolution mass spectrometry and ultraviolet–visible detection allowed the unequivocal identification and quantification of the target compounds, respectively. All extracts displayed promising DPPH scavenging effect, being P1 extract obtained with 30% ethanol (IC50 = 4.7 ± 0.2 μg/mL) the most active. The DPPH scavenging effect of cork powder extracts could be explained by the efficiency of extraction of phenolics. This work allied clean and environmentally friendly processes by the use of green solvents and low energy consumption in the extraction procedures. The relationship between chromatographic patterns and the antioxidant activities was also explored.

Effect of Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) on the Immune Response and Gene Expression of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) has the potential to be an immunostimulant to benefit fish health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary supplementation with the powder and crude ethanol extracts of Dayak onion on the hematology and immune response parameters of Nile tilapia challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The research used a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Nile tilapias were fed with Dayak onion (w/v) consisting of powders of 5% (P5), 10% (P10), and 15% (P15), while crude extract was 0.5% (E05) and given during rearing for 30 days. Positive control (C+) and negative control (C-) were used without Dayak onion. Nile tilapia in treatment C+, P5, P10, and P15 were injected with A. hydrophila 10⁶ CFU mL⁻1, while that in treatment C- was injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) intramuscularly. The results showed that the dietary with 15% powder and 0.5% crude extract significantly improved the hematology and immune response parameters compared to the control after the challenge against A. hydrophila (P&lt;0.05). Dayak onion supplementation effectively increased the health status based on hematology and immune response parameters of Nile tilapia against A. hydrophila infection. Highlight Research Dayak onion has significant potential to improve nonspecific immunity in fish. Dayak onion improves hematology and immune response of Nile tilapia. Dayak onion can significantly regulate the immune system against A. hydrophila infection. Dayak onion significantly increases the production of the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α.

Microencapsulation of organic pomegranate peel extract for a food circular economy: Effects of wall materials on powder functional attributes, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property against foodborne pathogens

In the present study, the potential of maltodextrin (MT), gum Arabic (GA), and waxy starch (WS) as wall materials for producing functional pomegranate peel extract powder (PPEP) was explored. Utilizing in vitro methodologies, this study aims to investigate the impact of different wall materials on the quality and properties of encapsulated PPEP. The organic pomegranate peel extracts, produced using 70% ethanol, were encapsulated using 10% (1:10, w/v) of the different wall materials before freeze-drying. The resulting PPEPs were characterized based on their technofunctional, physicochemical, morphological, crystallinity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The GA-encapsulated PPEP demonstrated a FRAP activity of 9 mM TE/100 g DM, which is 1.4-fold higher than the 6.40 mM TE/100 g DM observed in WS-encapsulated PPEP. Similarly, GA-encapsulated PPEP showed a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 11.21 mM TE/100 g DM, 10.7–12.6% higher than WS-encapsulated PPEP. Metabolites, including ellagic acid, punicalin α, punicalin β, and punicalagin α, were significantly higher in MT-encapsulated powder. These results establish the potential of PPEP as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for food preservation, with GA and MT as favorable wall materials. Future work will explore the synergistic effects of blending GA and MT as wall materials and assess controlled release mechanisms.

Green synthesis of graphene quantum dot- and its electrochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

The present work reports the synthesis of graphene quantum dots with a green approach. Graphene quantum dots (ssGQDs) were synthesized via Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach. fruit powder extract. The prepared ssGQDs were characterized by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Malvern Zeta Sizer. The electrochemical activity of ssGQDs was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential puls voltammetry (DPV) methods. The synthesized ssGQDs were used to prepare electrosensor and tested for the electrochemical determination of dopamine. DPV studies showed a low detection limit of 0.107 μM over a wide linear concentration range of 10–800 μM. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of synthesized ssGQDs were also investigated. The results showed that ssGQDs exhibited different antibacterial activity on Gram (+), Gram (-) bacterial strains and antifungal activity against fungal strains. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging methods were used to examine the antioxidant activity of ssGQDs and were found to be effective.