Powder Contamination Research Articles

The use of intermetallic AlxMgy powder to obtain AlMgB14-based materials

In this work, AlMgB14-based materials were obtained from powders of the intermetallic compound Al12Mg17 and boron using hot pressing method and mechanical treatment with a planetary mill. The method for producing intermetallic Al12Mg17 powder is presented. The effect of the mechanical treatment on the dispersion of the Al12Mg17 powder was investigated. The phase composition, microstructure, and properties (density, hardness and coefficient of friction) of the AlMgB14-based materials were investigated. The hardness of the obtained sample is 31.9 GPa, and the density is 2.35 g/cm3 (90% of theoretical density). The friction coefficient under dry conditions is 0.38. The friction coefficient under lubricated conditions (LITOL-24 lubricant) is 0.18. The mechanism of AlMgB14 formation was investigated. When using the intermetallic Al12Mg17 powder as a raw precursor of the Al-Mg-B powder mixture, the AlMgB14 phase is formed by direct boration of AlxMg1-xB2 diboride, while the formation of spinel MgAl2O4 phase is due to contamination of the raw boron powder.

Evaluation of near infrared hyperspectral imaging for detection of tuna powder contaminated with shrimp powder

Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) was investigated to detect the contamination of shrimp powder (SP) in tuna powder (TP) with partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The principal component analysis was performed with NIR-HSI data for classification of tuna and shrimp powder. Samples for NIR-HSI data analysis were prepared using tuna powder contaminated with shrimp powder in concentration of 0%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (w/w). The NIR-HIS in a wavelength range 864.5 to 1695.1 nm of the samples were used to create a prediction model using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The result showed that the best model was based on spectra pretreated wit second derivative combined with standard normal variate pretreatments, The performance of the prediction was expressed with the following values; factor = 3, Rc2 = 0.989, RMSEC = 3.48%, Rcv2 = 0.984, RMSECV = 4.218%, Rp2 = 0.991, RMSEP = 3.110%. The regression coefficients of the PLSR model from 2D+SNV spectral pre-treatments were used to identify functional groups from the chemical composition of each sample. The study demonstrated that the NIR-HSI can be used for quantitative analysis of TP contaminated with SP which rapid nondestruction technique.

Utilising near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to detect low-level peanut powder contamination of whole wheat flour

Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used for detecting low levels of peanut powder contamination in whole wheat flour, with concentrations of 0.01–10% (w/w). Two types of whole wheat flours, i.e. spring wheat flour (WFS) and winter wheat flour (WFW), were used. Minimum noise fraction combined with n-Dimensional visualiser tool was applied on light intensity calibrated hyperspectral images for preliminary discrimination. Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was applied for optimal wavelength selection. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models with standard normal variate followed by Savitzky–Golay first derivatives had the best performance, with coefficients of determination of prediction (R2p) of 0.993 and 0.991, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.251% and 0.285%, respectively for contaminated WFS and WFW samples. Prediction maps based on PLSR models permitted visualising spatial variations in the concentration of peanut contamination. The results indicated that near-infrared HSI has the potential to detect low-level peanut contamination in whole wheat flour.

The influence of powder characteristics on the sintering behaviour and impurity content of spark-plasma-sintered zirconium

At present, most zirconium products as well as its alloys are obtained by foundry methods. New technologies used to manufacture high-quality components, such as direct laser sintering or microwave sintering, require spherical powders of a narrow particle size distribution, as this affects the packing density and sintering mechanism. The powders also have to be chemically pure, as impurities such as H, O, C, N and S cause brittleness and problems with corrosion. Commercially procured, high purity zirconium powders from three different sources were characterised for their particle size and phase composition. Dilatometer studies have shown the effect of powder contamination at the beginning and at end of the sintering process. For powders of 99.9% purity, the start of sintering takes place at a temperature of about 700 °C. For powders of 98.8% purity, the sintering starts at 500 °C. In the studies presented in this paper, the SPS/FAST (Spark Plasma Sintering/Field Assisted Sintering Technique) method was chosen for densification processes. Sintered materials were characterised for their density using the Archimedes principle, relative density and Vickers hardness. A determination of the oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen content in zirconium powders and sintered samples was carried out. The studies confirmed that SPS of zirconium powders in an argon atmosphere slightly decreases the content of oxygen and nitrogen. At 1000 °C, at pressure of 35 MPa, in argon, there is no decomposition of zirconium hydrides in sintered materials.

Mechanical Alloying: A Novel Technique to Synthesize Advanced Materials.

Mechanical alloying is a solid-state powder processing technique that involves repeated cold welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. Originally developed about 50 years ago to produce oxide-dispersion-strengthened Ni- and Fe-based superalloys for aerospace and high temperature applications, it is now recognized as an important technique to synthesize metastable and advanced materials with a high potential for widespread applications. The metastable materials produced include supersaturated solid solutions, intermediate phases, quasicrystalline phases, amorphous alloys, and high-entropy alloys. Additionally, nanocrystalline phases have been produced in virtually every alloy system. Because of the fineness of the powders, their consolidation to full density without any porosity being present is a challenging problem. Several novel methods have been developed to overcome this issue. Powder contamination during milling and subsequent consolidation constitutes another issue; this can be resolved, though expensive. A number of applications have been developed for these novel materials. This review article presents an overview of the process of mechanical alloying, mechanism of grain refinement to nanometer levels, and preparation of materials such as nanocomposites and metallic glasses. The application of mechanical alloying to synthesize some advanced materials such as pure metals and alloys, hydrogen storage materials, and energy materials is described. The article concludes with an outlook on future prospects of this technique.

Lead in Spices, Herbal Remedies, and Ceremonial Powders Sampled from Home Investigations for Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels - North Carolina, 2011-2018.

The number of pediatric cases of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) are decreasing in North Carolina. However, one county reported an increase in the number of children with confirmed BLLs ≥5 μg/dL (CDC reference value, https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm), from 27 in 2013 to 44 in 2017. Many children with elevated BLLs in this county lived in new housing, but samples of spices, herbal remedies, and ceremonial powders from their homes contained high levels of lead. Children with chronic lead exposure might suffer developmental delays and behavioral problems (https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/). In 1978, lead was banned from house paint in the United States (1); however, children might consume spices and herbal remedies daily. To describe the problem of lead in spices, herbal remedies, and ceremonial powders, the North Carolina Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (NCCLPPP) retrospectively examined properties where spices, herbal remedies, and ceremonial powders were sampled that were investigated during January 2011-January 2018, in response to confirmed elevated BLLs among children. NCCLPPP identified 59 properties (6.0% of all 983 properties where home lead investigations had been conducted) that were investigated in response to elevated BLLs in 61 children. More than one fourth (28.8%) of the spices, herbal remedies, and ceremonial powders sampled from these homes contained ≥1 mg/kg lead. NCCLPPP developed a survey to measure child-specific consumption of these products and record product details for reporting to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Lead contamination of spices, herbal remedies, and ceremonial powders might represent an important route of childhood lead exposure, highlighting the need to increase product safety. Setting a national maximum allowable limit for lead in spices and herbal remedies might further reduce the risk for lead exposure from these substances.

Investigation of the safety grapeseed powder as an alternative to cocoa-powder in a confectionery glaze

The article considers the safety and environmental cleanliness of grapeseed powders compared to the natural and alkalized cocoa powders. The content of heavy metals in the investigated powders has been determined by the atomic adsorption method; radionuclide activity has been determined by the spectrometric method; the presence of mycotoxins B1, T-2-toxin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) has been determined by thin-layer chromatography; the amount of nitrates has been determined by the ionometric method; contamination of powders with organophosphorous and organochlorine pesticides has been determined by chromatographic method. According to the results of experiments, the content of heavy metals in all investigated powders is within the limits of the maximum permissible concentration, whilst powders of grapeseeds are notable for a significantly lower mass content of plumbum, zinc, copper salts. As for the radioactivity of grapeseed powders, the activity of radionuclides is significantly below the permissible level. Presence of aflatoxin В1 has been detected in the alkalized cocoa powder sample, of zearalenone – in the grapeseed powder oilcake sample. Their concentration does not exceed the allowable concentration. Mycotoxines are absent in other samples investigated. Concentration of nitrates in the natural and alkalized cocoa powder samples is by 20–30 times higher than that found in grapeseed powders. The content of organophosphorous and organochlorine pesticides in all cocoa powder samples and all grapeseed containing powders is below the method’s threshold of detectability. The glaze samples containing the additives investigated have a considerably lower content of heavy metals compared to the reference samples. Glaze with cocoa powder partially replaced with grapeseed powders has high organoleptic quality parameters. During the glazing process, it is applied on the surface of products in thin layers and cools down in small waves. The results obtained prove that domestic raw materials are safe for human health, and confectionery glaze containing grapeseed powders as partial replacement of the cocoa powder has high safety characteristics.

Repercussions of powder contamination on the fatigue life of additive manufactured maraging steel

A wide range of materials is suitable for processing by powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques. Among the latest formulations, maraging steel 18Ni-300, which is a martensite-hardenable alloy, is often used when both high fracture toughness and high strength are required, or if dimensional changes need to be minimised. In direct tooling, 18Ni-300 can be successfully employed in numerous applications, for example in the production of dies for injection moulding and for casting of aluminium alloys; moreover, it is particularly valuable for high-performance engineering parts.Even though bibliographic data are available on the effects that parameters, employed in PBF processes, have on the obtained density, roughness, hardness and microstructure of 18Ni-300, there is still a lack of knowledge on the fatigue life of PBF manufactured parts. This paper describes the fatigue behaviour of 18Ni-300 steel manufactured by PBF, as compared by forging. Relevant negative effects of the cross-contamination of the raw material are originally identified in this paper, which emphasizes the inadequacy of current acceptability protocols for PBF powders. In the absence of contamination, endurance achieved by PBF is found equal to that by forging and consistent with tooling requirements as set out by industrial partners, based on injection moulding process modelling.

Stability of antibodies and proteins in camel whey powder treated by Gamma-irradiation during radurisation process

Camel milk and milk derived products have a growing potential in pharmacy, food and biotechnology industry. Its therapeutic value has been investigated and documented in many studies before. The contamination of camel whey powder during manufacturing and transportation may impact economy; re-pasteurisation could cause dramatic effect on antibodies and proteins of camel whey powder. Radurisation (0.4 to 10 kGy) process could be a choice in sterilising camel whey powder. This study aimed to investigate the stability of camel antibodies and proteins in whey powder before and after Gamma-irradiation. Efficacy of radiation dose on microbial content was also studied. Four batches of hyper immune camel whey powder containing antibodies against Propionibacterium acnes were subjected to six Gamma-radiation doses (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 and 9 kGy). Results revealed marked decline in the total microbial count (3-5 log cycles) after escalating the doses of irradiation. Minor effect on antibody activity (7.4 % reduction) was observed after treating the whey by 9 kGy. Moreover, the concentration of total camel IgG was reduced by 13% using the same irradiation dose. In addition, no effect on major whey proteins (Lactoferrin, Casein, and α-lactoalbumin) was revealed in protein identification using SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, using 9 kGy dose of Gamma-irradiation for sterilising camel whey powder is effectively reducing bacterial contamination with limited effects on antibodies activity and protein stability.

Reduction of the radioactivity in sodium iodide (NaI) powder by recrystallization method

The COSINE experiment is searching for dark matter using ultra-low background NaI scintillating crystals. In order to reduce the internal contamination of the initial NaI powder to grow NaI crystals, NaI powder samples with different purities were purified by fractional recrystallization using de-ionized water. The concentrations of the main radioactive elements, K, Pb, Th, and U, which are major backgrounds for the dark matter search, were reduced to the level required for the experiment. Further, the concentrations of other impurities, e.g., Ba, Ca, Cr, and Fe, were also reduced, which is important to realize good quality NaI crystals.

Comparison of shower-in and shower-in plus bench entry protocols for prevention of environmental contamination due to personnel entry in a commercial swine facility

Objective: To determine if the addition of a bench entry system in a commercial swine facility with a shower lowers the risk of personnel introducing environmental contamination. Materials and methods: Fluorescent powder was used to assess the bench entry system by simulating environmental contamination carried on the footwear of personnel entering a commercial swine farm. On each of ten days, four female employees entered the premises, stepped through the fluorescent powder, performed bench entry procedures, and showered into the farm. For ten additional replicates, the bench was removed and regular farm protocols were followed. The fluorescent powder contamination was evaluated with a grid system at four sampling points including before the bench, after the bench, before the shower, and after the shower. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine if there was a difference in the number of contaminated grid cells found at each sampling between the treatment groups. Results: Fluorescent powder was found after the shower on two study days in which the bench was removed but none when the bench was in place. There was a significant difference in contamination found directly after the bench between days with bench entry and days that the bench was removed, but this was not observed at any of the other sampling points. Implications: A bench entry system may decrease the risk that pathogens reach the clean side of the shower, but improved protocols and additional layers of biosecurity are needed.

Some Heavy metals elements in milk powder samples collected from Baghdad markets

powder milk is an important foodstuff and beneficial to human health. Thirty random milk powder samples of different trade marks (Rawan® limit full milk powder), (Dielac® milk powder) and (Fresh instant milk powder) were collected from different outlets in Baghdad capital of a IRAQ, They were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for the concentrations of following heavy metals, lead (Pb), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), Cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn)]. This study appeared that the concentrations of heavy metal Fe samples is above the allowed limit in (Rawan® limit milk powder). However, the concentrations of about thirty percent of the samples of Fe in (Dielac full cream milk powder) is above the allowed limits. The concentration of Pb in (Fresh instant full cream milk powder) is above the permissible limit. All the examined samples found free of Cd. Air, water and plants considered as a main contamination of the milk powder by heavy metals. So, it is necessary for warning from the toxic effects for these heavy metals for children and adults.

Some Heavy metals elements in milk powder samples collected from Baghdad markets

powder milk is an important foodstuff and beneficial to human health.
 Thirty random milk powder samples of different trade marks (Rawan® limit full milk powder), (Dielac® milk powder) and ( Fresh instant milk powder) were collected from different outlets in Baghdad capital of a IRAQ, They were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for the concentrations of following heavy metals , lead (Pb), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), Cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn)]. This study appeared that the concentrations of heavy metal Fe samples is above the allowed limit in ( Rawan® limit milk powder). However the concentrations of about thirty percent of the samples of Fe in ( Dielac full cream milk powder ) is above the allowed limits. The concentration of Pb in ( Fresh instant full cream milk powder) is above the permissible limit . All the examined samples found free of Cd. Air, water and plants considered as a main contamination of the milk powder by heavy metals. So it is necessary for warning from the toxic effects for these heavy metals for children and adults.

A study on adulteration in cereals and bakery products from Poland including a review of definitions

The aim of the study was to critique the food adulteration trends associated with cereals and bakery products from Poland. The methodological approach was to firstly review existing literature to define and outline the challenge of food adulteration and the degree of harmonisation, or not, of definitions, and then to analyse local and European data on the prevalence of food adulteration and mislabelling in the cereals and bakery sector more generally, and specifically in Poland. Analysis of general RASFF notifications of cereal and bakery products linked to Poland (n = 177) revealed that most non-compliances were due to mycotoxins, undeclared allergens and undeclared genetically modified materials. Key notable trends included an increase in incorrect allergen labelling with only two incidents directly associated with adulteration firstly with melamine and also suspicion of deliberate contamination of milk powder with rodenticide. Data from IJHARS share similar trends where most reported irregularities associated with cereal and bakery products were related to mislabelling. The definition of adulterated foodstuffs in Poland concentrates on mislabelling particularly regarding product composition rather than being differentiated by the motivation of the perpetrator. This is not in step with other definitions where intent is seen an inherent aspect of a determination of an instance of food fraud or adulteration. This work demonstrates that even in harmonized regulatory areas such as the EU there are local definitions of adulteration that due to the lack of consistency could influence collective approaches to determining the extent of or addressing the problem of mislabelling, misrepresentation and misbranding as a form of adulteration.

Influence of process control agent type on the mechanosynthesis of Fe3O4 particles

The influence of the nature of the process control agent (PCA) used in the mechanosynthesis of the magnetite nanoparticles has been studied. The two-step route used here for obtaining nanocrystalline/nanoparticles Fe3O4 consists of a heat treatment, to prepare well-crystallised magnetite, followed by the mechanosynthesis process. Dry milled magnetite samples have been obtained as a reference, using the same conditions (duration and energy), to determine the influence of the process control agents (PCA). Three different PCAs have been used: benzene, ethanol and oleic acid. The characterisation of the magnetite particles has been performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), magnetic measurements M(H), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) measurements and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD and SEM analysis revealed a different processing mechanism for the two milling modes, wet and dry. In the case of dry milling, even for short milling times, iron contamination and formation of a wüstite – FeO phase is noticed. The use of the PCA during the milling process limits the above-mentioned contamination. Ethanol and benzene uses as PCA lead to synthesis of fine uniform sized particles. SEM images reveal the presence on nanoparticles. In the case of oleic acid, DSC, TG and magnetic measurements revealed the presence of a thin layer of oleic acid adsorbed on the particles. FTIR analysis highlighted the presence of both free and bonded oleic acid. The magnetisation of the samples was found to be linked to the powder contamination (FeO or oleic acid), structural defects or finite size effects.

Thermal analysis, microstructure and impurity phases evolution in Fe14Cr ferritic steel powders ball-milled in air and under an argon atmosphere

Refined structure of the ferritic phase induced by mechanical milling (under reducing atmosphere) and its thermal stability are required in various applications of nanostructured ferritic alloys. The impurification with nitrogen and oxygen uptaken from the air is very probable during ball-milling, especially at the long-time high-energy milling conditions. As a rule, these interstitial impurities in as-milled powders are in quantities under the sensibility limit of conventional measurement techniques, such as XRD and SEM/EDS. To evidence the tendency for microstructure modification by impurities introduced during milling, the Fe–14Cr–3W–0.4Ti–0.25Y2O3 (Fe14Cr) ferritic steel powders (re)loaded in air and milled up to 170 h with interruption of the milling process, and heated up to 1373 K were investigated by thermal analysis in correlation with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. XRD failed to detect the impurities in powders milled up to 38 h in air although a consistent mass loss related to the degassing of N2 was registered in thermogravimetric, TG, curves. (Fe,Cr)4N, fcc-γ, (Fe,Cr)2O3 impurity phases in powders milled over 38 h in air and (Fe,Cr)2O4 formed upon heating were readily detected by XRD. The analysis of these results allowed to better understand the impurification process and to generalise it for any as-milled Fe–Cr-based alloy powder processed in any milling conditions irrespective of the milling atmosphere, duration and thus, of amounts of contaminants. The quality of three powders milled for 170 h in three different conditions was compared: in air, under an argon atmosphere with interruptions of the milling process and under an argon atmosphere without interruption of the milling process. The contamination of powder milled for 170 h under an argon atmosphere without interruption of the milling process is insignificant (corresponding to less than 0.5 mass% mass loss in TG) as compared to powders obtained in the other two milling conditions. New approaches for minimising the contamination from air are suggested.

Cryogenic Milling of Titanium Powder

Ti Grade 2 was prepared by cryogenic attritor milling in liquid nitrogen and liquid argon. Two types of milling balls were used—stainless steel balls and heavy tungsten carbide balls. The effect of processing parameters on particle size and morphology, contamination of powder and its microhardness was investigated. Milling in liquid nitrogen was not feasible due to excessive contamination by nitrogen. Minor reduction of particle size and significant alterations in particle morphology depended on type of milling balls and application of stearic acid as processing control agent. Heavily deformed ultra-fine grained (UFG) internal microstructure of powder particles was observed by the method of “transmission Kikuchi diffraction”.

Development of dielectric barrier discharge for reducing microbial contamination in pepper (Piper nigrum) and sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn.) powder

This research is designed to determine the efficacy of DBD plasma to reduce the microbial contamination of pepper and sesame powder. The AC high voltage power supply was used with voltages of up to 20 kV and the frequency of 5.5 kHz was applied to the DBD. The gap of DBD electrodes was set at 5 mm. In raw initial samples, the total aerobic count of pepper (Piper nigrum) was found at quite a high level at 5.40 × 105 CFU/g. Coliform bacteria was also found in both the sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn.) powder and pepper (Piper nigrum) powder. Both kinds of samples were treated with plasma for 2, 4, 6 and 10 minutes. Results indicated that plasma treatment at 2-10 minutes reduced the total aerobic count of pepper allowed to achieve the acceptable microbial level for spices. The plasma treatment times in this experiment were also effective in reducing faecal coliform bacteria in both pepper and sesame powders (MPN/g <3) as indicated in the standard. Plasma from dielectric barrier charge can reduce Staphylococcus epidermidis in sesame powder which was artificially contaminated with 3.50 × 102 CFU/g resulting in 0.15-0.5 log cycle reductions of microbial load.

Effect of Autoclave on Bacterial Growth Isolated from Different Types of Denture Adhesives

Background: Different types of denture adhesives like powder or paste have been used to enhance the retention and stability in denture wearers, especially in patients with resorbed ridges , these adhesives should be free from microbial contamination in order to use safely inside patient mouth and avoid infection , the purpose of this study is to investigate the bacterial contamination of different adhesives pastes and powders and the effect of autoclaving in reducing the bacterial growth . Materials and Methods: Six types of commonly available denture adhesives (three powders and three pastes) were tested for bacterial contamination by using culture on suitable media that contained either brain-heart infusion (BHI) ,blood agar, nutrient agar,MSA agar and others were inoculated with 0.5 gm samples of each adhesive. plates were incubated at 37C˚ for 24 hours in pre and post sterilization by using the colony forming unit for estimation the bacterial growth. Results : The results revealed that , In pre sterilization test all adhesive types (powders and pastes ) contained Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria ,the results also revealed that Dentofix (paste type 1) has the lowest bacterial growth in which 40% without bacterial growth , also the results reported that 25% of adhesives were contaminated by Staphylococcus species and 23 % of adhesives were contaminated by Neisseria species .Dentofix paste was highly significant difference regarding the mean of bacterial count at both dilutions 1/10 and 1/100 among other adhesives with the lowest contamination in comparison to other types of denture adhesives in presterilization step.while after using sterilization by autoclave generally sterilization induce high significant difference in each type of denture adhesive after exposure to autoclave for 15 min at 121 °C 15 pound/inch it decreases the number of bacterial growth in all types. The results showed that powders adhesives had high contamination rate than pastes and their killing rate after sterilization was lower than pastes. Fittydent (paste type 3) was highly affected by sterilization than other adhesives in first dilution 1/10 when killing rate was 78.9% . all types of tested adhesives showing that in second dilution 1/100 sterilization more effective at this dilution and sterilization induce 100% killing in Dentofix ( paste type 1) , Bonyplus ( paste type 2) and Fittydent (paste type 3) . Conclusions: The result of this study concluded that the powders denture adhesive have high bacterial contamination rate than the pastes and using of sterilization by autoclave must be done to increase killing rate.

Multi-material modelling for selective laser melting

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a powder-bed Additive Manufacturing (AM) process which uses a laser beam to fully melt the powders layer upon layer to build a 3D part. While most studies are conducted on SLM using single material, the application of multi-materials using this technology can offer more advantages than the conventional manufacturing methods. Complex multi-materials parts can be built which conventional manufacturing methods are unable to due to their restriction in design of freedom. However, the SLM process has its own limitations in producing multi-material parts. Since SLM uses a powder bed to build parts, the use of different powder materials in the powder bed will result in contamination of the unused powder, rendering unnecessary wastages. Therefore, using modelling techniques to attain the optimized parameters before conducting the actual experiment to verify its validity will aid in reducing wastages, leading to cost saving. To study the effects of the interface of different materials during the laser scanning, a model was simulated to observe the melting process. An open-source LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) software uses Molecular Dynamics (MD) to simulate the melting process. The materials used for the simulations are iron (FE) and aluminum (Al). The modelling is extended to multiple layers to allow the observation of the bonding between layers.