Composite Powder Materials Research Articles

Monitoring of Engineered Stones Used in Artwork Reproductions: Mechanical Characterization by Laser Vibrometry

Many museums have been producing reproductions for several years to replace artworks weakened by outdoor exhibition. Among these, in order to imitate the original aesthetic, the French consortium Réunion des Musées Nationaux–Grand Palais has chosen to work from large-format marble sculpture molds to complex composite materials based on resins comprising mineral fillers. However, similar to the original works of art, these reproductions age and deteriorate due to constant outdoor exposure. For this reason, current research focuses on the preventive conservation and monitoring of the structural health of these reconstructed objects. The goal of this paper was to study the resin/mineral powder composite materials used to produce cultural heritage reproductions of sculptures. This work is oriented toward a comparison of the mechanical properties of composite materials used in the replacement of cultural heritage sculptures (for instance, in the Garden of the Palace of Versailles or the Rodin Museum). The objectives were to first characterize the physical and mechanical properties of these materials in order to identify the most suitable material for cultural heritage reproduction, and secondly, to propose a method with minimal contact that obtained equivalent information as analyses performed with conventional ultrasonic techniques. These nondestructive evaluation techniques could be used for laboratory and in situ analyses. Samples of different polymer/mineral powder filler compositions were analyzed by compressional, shear and surface waves, generated by a 1 MHz center frequency ultrasonic transducer. Firstly, the measurements made it possible to evaluate the velocities of the bulk acoustic waves and extract the Young’s modulus of each tested material. Secondly, in order to have minimal contact with the analyzed structure, a laser interferometry system was used to detect waves at the surface and follow their propagation. The results clearly showed the possibility of using this technique to extract mechanical characteristics of composite materials, allowing for selection of material for the reproduction of large-format statues. For different types of polymer resins, the ability of ultrasonic analysis to track the impact of rock powder (marble or slate) on the mechanical properties of these synthetic materials was clearly observed, proving that this technique holds promise for monitoring the structural health of large-format artwork.

Properties and Mechanism of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>- Al Composite Powder Prepared by Hydrothermal Method

In order to improve the wear resistance of aluminum matrix composites and reduce the cost at the same time, the Al2O3/Al composite powder was prepared by hydrothermal method in this experiment, and the material properties of the Al2O3/Al metal matrix composite powder material were studied. It can be seen from the results that the encapsulation degree of Al2O3/Al-based composite powder material first increases and then decreases with the increase of ammonia concentration, and first increases and then decreases with the increase of PH value. The optimal molar ratio of salt and alkali is 1:1. Through the optimization of process parameters, the ratio of aluminum nitrate and ammonia water is obtained as: 1:1, the slurry stirring speed is 1500r/min, the stirring time is 10min, and the heating temperature is 200°C, the obtained composite powder is relatively uniform, has a larger specific surface area, and has better powder properties.

Effect of surface plastic deformation conditions on quality of parts made of composite powder materials

Surface plastic deformation by rolling parts from composite powder materials is considered. The influence of the method on the surface layer of parts has been determined. After rolling, a decrease in roughness, an increase in the hardness of the surface layer is established. The regularities of changes in the parameters of the surface layer from the processing conditions are revealed.

Utilization of Biang Fish (Ilisha elongata) as Raw Material for Flavoring Powder

The prickly fish is a marine fish with a flat body, many fine spines, a flavorful texture, and a delicious and savory taste. This study aims to analyze several formulations of fish meat to determine the chemical composition of the fish-based flavoring powder and other composite materials. The processing ingredients for the flavoring powder are fish meal (60-80%), onion flour, garlic flour, salt, sugar, white pepper powder, and turmeric powder. The research approach includes the manufacture of fish seasoning flavoring powder with various treatments, including control treatment (without fish, F0), the use of 60% prickly fish powder (F1), 70% prickly fish powder (F2), and 80% prickly fish powder (F3). The best results showed that the formulation was 70% fish meal with 35g shallot flour, 25g garlic flour, 30g salt, 6g sugar, 2g white pepper powder, and 2g turmeric powder. Characteristics of the quality of the product of the fish-based flavoring powder have a moisture of 3.61%, protein content of 38.49%, a fat of 3.75%, an ash content of 20.72%, a carbohydrates content of 33.43%, a salt content (NaCl) of 31.43%. This research shows that prickly fish has a high potential to be used as a natural flavoring product as a substitute for MSG in food products.

Experimental study and assessment of thermal energy storage mortar with paraffin/recycled brick powder composite phase change materials

Experimental study and assessment of thermal energy storage mortar with paraffin/recycled brick powder composite phase change materials

Fabrication of Nano Samarium Doped Ceria(SDC) Infiltrated La6Sr4Co2Fe8O3-δ(LSCF) Composite Cathode for High Performance It-SOFCs

The solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) use oxygen ions generated by an oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) supplied to the cathode as charge carrier. Oxygen ions transferring across the solid oxide electrolyte via a hoping mechanism require a high operating temperature to overcome the low ionic conductivity. High ionic conductivity and performance can be obtained at high operating temperature, but the stability is reduced during operation condition due to deterioration of component materials and mutual chemical reactions at the interface. For this reason, researches have proceeded to lower operating temperature of to the intermediate temperature regime(650~750℃) and to develop the electrode layers having high performance at the lower operating temperature. However, since the oxygen reduction reaction resistance is increased, the performance of the SOFCs is reduced at the lower operating temperature. Therefore, many research institutes of fuel cells have added the composite cathode functional layer(CFL) to improve the fuel cell performance between electrolyte and electrode layers using various methods, composite powder, and infiltration. [1, 2] In this study, the solid oxide fuel unit cells are fabricated having the electrolyte/electrode composite layer which was applied to the LSCF electrode infiltrated with nanoparticle SDC for obtaining the many reaction site compared with conventional powder composite materials. When the LSCF-SDC composite cathode functional layer is manufactured, it is applied that the novel flash light sintering method replace the conventional thermal sintering method. Since it can finish the manufacturing process in seconds, the LSCF-SDC cathode layer has the LSCF cathode with nanoparticle SDC suppressed grain growth of the particles which can contribute to improving the performance of the fuel cells.[3] The microstructure of the infiltrated solution and the composite layer of the electrolyte material is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopes energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The crystallinity of nanoparticle SDC is analyzed using FR-TEM and X-ray diffraction. And, the electrochemical analysis of LSCF-SDC cathode cell is carried out at 650~750°C. The performance improvement of the solid oxide fuel cell at intermediate operating temperature is maximized through the fabrication of the cathode functional layer using the solution infiltration method and the alternative flash light sintering process. Reference [1] J. Hong, A. Bhardwaj, Y. Namgung, H. Bae, S.-J. Song, Evaluation of the effects of nanocatalyst infiltration on the SOFC performance and electrode reaction kinetics using the transmission line model, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8 (2020) 23473-23487.[2] J. Shin, S. Yang, H.-I. Ji, S. Park, H. Kim, J.-W. Son, J.-H. Lee, B.-K. Kim, J. Hong, K.J. Yoon, Low-temperature processing technique of Ruddlesden-Popper cathode for high-performance solid oxide fuel cells, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 868 (2021) 159092.[3] Y. Lim, J. Park, H. Lee, M. Ku, Y.-B. Kim, Rapid fabrication of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) with suppression of LSCF/YSZ chemical side reaction via flash light sintering for SOFCs, Nano Energy, 90 (2021) 106524.

Effect of neutral activator on properties of steel slag powder-cement composite cementitious material

In this paper, the physical and mechanical properties of TISCO steel slag were tested by composite activators with different ratios. The optimal neutral composite activator was determined, and the properties of neutral activated steel slag power-cement composite cementitious material with 30% cement content were studied. The experimental results indicated that the best ratio of gypsum: silica fume: sodium sulfate: sodium aluminate: self-made activator was 2.5:2.5:1:0.5. By XRD, SEM and TG-DTG detection, it was found that the less stable periclase reduced in 30% cement content and activated steel slag slurry. After 28d curing, the micro morphology and compactness of hydration products were not different from that of cement, even no incompletely hydrated particles. The voids between hydration products and the interface of different hydration products were continuously filled with hydration products over age. C-S-H and AFt generated by 7d activated SSP cement composite powder was greater than that of cement. At 28d, a small amount of Ca(OH)2 was generated. The results show that the combination of self-made neutral activator and other activators can improve the properties of cement steel slag powder composite cementitious material and improve the utilization rate of steel slag.

Application of Pedagogical Technologies on the Topic: "Polymer Composite Materials and their Significance"

Composite materials are soluble and insoluble, and its effectiveness is enhanced by the addition of additives. Natural and artificial composite materials, with a natural group of cellulose fibers in the body and stem of the plant, containing lignin, and for bones in the human and animal organism, the binding of thin, mature phosphate salts to plastic collagen is characteristic. Powder composite material (PCM) is characterized by resistance to deformation, cutting, welding, corrosion and heat .In the manufacture of disks and shovels, the properties of nickel-chromium alloys and powders with the addition of hafnium oxide are additionally improved.

Ru@Carbon Nanotube Composite Microsponge: Fabrication in Supercritical CO2 for Hydrogenation of p-Chloronitrobenzene.

Novel heterogeneous catalysts are needed to selectively anchor metal nanoparticles (NPs) into the internal space of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Here, supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was used to fabricate the Ru@CNT composite microsponge via impregnation. Under SC-CO2 conditions, the highly dispersive Ru NPs, with a uniform diameter of 3 nm, were anchored exclusively into the internal space of CNTs. The CNTs are assembled into a microsponge composite. The supercritical temperature for catalyst preparation, catalytic hydrogenation temperature, and time all have a significant impact on the catalytic activity of Ru@CNTs. The best catalytic activity was obtained at 100 °C and 8.0 MPa: this gave excellent selectivity in the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene at 100 °C. This assembly strategy assisted by SC-CO2 will be promising for the fabrication of advanced carbon composite powder materials.

Test research on hydration process of cement-iron tailings powder composite cementitious materials

Cement-based composite cementitious materials (CCMs) were prepared using mechanically ground iron tailings powder (ITP) to partially replace cement. The hydration heat, non-evaporable water (n-EW) content, Ca(OH)2 (CH) content, ITP reaction degree, and mortar compressive strength were tested to understand the hydration of the CCMs. The test results show that the addition of ITP postpones the emergence of the hydration exothermic peak and reduces the hydration cumulative heat release and exothermic rate. Moreover, the n-EW and CH content of the CCM paste at the specified age are lower than those of the cement paste, and the reaction degree of ITP increases with aging. However, it does not exceed 40% at 90d age. Compared with the cement mortar, the composite mortar compressive strength decreases to different degrees, and the rate of decrease declines with age. Early-age high-temperature curing is beneficial to the early hydration of the CCMs. However, it has a lesser or a negative influence on the middle and late hydration. This study shows that the supplementary cementitious effect of mechanically ground ITP changes the hydration process of cement-based cementitious materials, which in turn affects their performance. The result of each test correlates well, laying a reliable foundation for revealing the hydration mechanism of cement-ITP CCMs.

Mechanical properties of bamboo fiber bundle-reinforced bamboo powder composite materials

Mechanical properties of bamboo fiber bundle-reinforced bamboo powder composite materials

СТРУКТУРА И ПРОЧНОСТНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ПЛАЗМЕННОГО ПОКРЫТИЯ, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ИЗ ПОРОШКОВОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ДИОКСИДА ЦИРКОНИЯ, ПЛАКИРОВАННОГО НИКЕЛЕМ

The problem of increasing the adhesive strength of plasma powder coatings by introducing a metal bundle from a new composite powder of domestic production into them has been solved. Synthesis of composite powder material is carried out by the method of cladding matrix ceramic particles with a metal component. The results of studies of a new powder material of the composition (ZrO2+8%Y2O3) with a granular composition of 40/80 microns obtained by chemical cladding of zirconium dioxide particles with a nickel shell (30 wt.%), as well as the coating formed from it. The regularities of the formation of an experimental coating from this powder material with a spherical particle shape have been studied using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. It is established that a coating with a two-phase composition (T-ZrO2+Ni) is formed during high-energy plasma spraying. In cross-section, the coating is a composite structure consisting of zirconium dioxide grains with nickel interlayers. The coating is characterized by an average hardness of HV(medium) ~ 7,6 GPa and a surface roughness of Ra(medium) ~ 6,12 microns. When micro-indenting, the coating does not show fragility. The scratch test method was used as the main method for studying the strength properties of the coating. During sclerometry, a predominantly cohesive mechanism of coating destruction was established. The destruction occurs by a cohesive mechanism with a violation of the bonds in a thin surface layer and is accompanied by chipping of the microfragments of the coating. The critical load of the beginning of the formation of microcracks (Rs) ~ 10 N and the beginning of the formation of chevron microcracks (Rt) ~ 45 N were determined. The high adhesive strength of the adhesion of the investigated coating to the substrate is shown, since during the tests there is no detachment from the substrate up to the maximum load (200 N). The developed ceramic coating is promising for protection against mechanical and erosive wear of critical parts of power engineering working at elevated temperatures.

INVESTIGATING THE PROCESSES OF HOT EXTRUSION AND HEAT TREATMENT OF POROUS PRESSED METAL MADE FROM MARTENSITE AGING STEEL POWDERS OF THE ПС-H18K10M5Re TRADE

The creation of powder composite materials with high functional properties, such as maraging steel powders resistant to brittle degradation at negative temperatures, is one of the primary trends of modern material science. These steels are well machined by cutting, easily deformed and subject to heat treatment. The processes of sintering, hot extrusion, heat treatment, and structuring of porous compacts pressed from the maraging PS-H18K10M5Re steel powder obtained by synthesizing complex oxides have been studied. As a result of the research, a technology has been developed for obtaining products from maraging steel powder, including the processes of pressing porous steel powder, sintering compacts, hot extrusion and heat treatment. It is shown that the resulting powder steels are not inferior to the standard ones in terms of their physical, mechanical and technological properties, and in some cases even surpass them.

Water resistance and luminescent thermal stability of SiO2 coated phosphor and self-luminous cement-based materials: View from the perspective of hydration balance

The present study investigates the effect of SiO2 coating on the properties of luminescent powder (LP) and self-luminescent cement-based composite materials (SLCCM). In order to investigate it, firstly, the water resistance of the uncoated and coated LP was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), XRD, SEM and fluorescence microscopy (FM) tests, and the hydration mechanism in neutral water was summarized. Afterward, coated and uncoated LP were admixed with Portland cement to evaluate water resistance properties in SLCCM specimens. The heat of hydration, XRD and luminescence intensity analysis were carried out. In addition, luminescent thermal stability of SLCCM was evaluated in terms of afterglow test. Based on the results of hydration studies in neutral water, it was concluded that the luminous intensity of phosphors will decrease slightly with coating, but the water resistance will be improved. The phosphors without coating would hydrolyze and exhibit a blue shift. Moreover, the hydration heat results confirmed the hydration sequence and heat release rate of SLCCM specimens with coated and uncoated LP are different. The XRD and FM analyses confirmed that the silica continuous to sperate out from coating in alkaline environment breaks the hydration balance of SLCCM, accelerates the hydrolysis of LP and reduces luminous brightness of specimen. The brightness and afterglow intensity of SLCCM increase with the decrease of ambient temperature. Based on the results obtained, it is revealed that the SiO2 coating of LP have different hydrolysis reactions in neutral water and alkaline environment, silica encapsulated by LP disrupts the hydrolysis balance between phosphor and cement and offers a negative effect against water in SLCCM.

Simulation of Thermoplastic Powder Cold Spraying

The work is devoted to the deposition of composite powder materials by cold spray method. As a spraying material, a thermoplastic compound «WAY» for marking the roadway was used. An asphalt concrete was used as a substrate. As a result of experimental studies, the dependence of the deposition efficiency on the stagnation temperature of the working air in the ejector nozzle was obtained. The ANSYS Fluent package was used for evaluative modeling of the cold spraying process. Gas flow patterns were obtained in the computational domain without particles and taking into account the interaction of the flow with particles. The trajectory of the particles was calculated for various spraying parameters

Evaluation of the thermal stability of composite powder materials in a plasma jet

The results of studies of the thermal stability of materials operating in a plasma jet at high temperatures and a sharp change in thermal loads are presented. It has been proven that the use of plasma generators with the introduction of various powder materials makes it possible to simulate the operating conditions of parts in high-temperature gas flows with heated particles. The effect of the introduced powder materials on the thermal stability of samples prepared by plasma spraying from molybdenum, as well as tungsten and tungsten-based compositions is investigated. An installation is proposed for assessing the thermal stability of composite materials and protective hardening coatings operating under high-temperature gas flows, which makes it possible to determine their erosion resistance.

“Powder electrodeposition” synthesis of NiO-Ni/CNTs composites with high performances of lithium storage battery

The combination of active materials and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provides an effective way to enhance battery capacity and optimize cycle performance. In the present study, the powder electrodeposition technology is employed to synthesize the NiO-Ni/CNTs composite for the first time. This technique contains the following steps. The CNTs are negatively charged by pre-discharge in lithium-ion batteries. Then, the negatived CNTs are uniformly dispersed in the NiCl2 plating solution by electrostatic repulsion, and the Ni ions are in situ reduced and deposited onto the CNTs. The close combination of CNTs and NiO-Ni improves the overall conductivity and structural stability. As electrode of lithium-ion battery, the reversible capacity is improved due to the coordination of the Ni metal in the mixture of the composite electrode. Besides, the reversible capacity of the composite electrode is 851 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 50 cycles. The “Powder electrodeposition” method in the current work provides a new way for the preparation of other similar powder composite materials. Furthermore, the problem that the traditional electrodeposition process is difficult to apply in the powder materials will be solved.

Interaction between copper and thermally expanded graphite during mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

Copper and graphite currently serve as electrical engineering materials. For example, either can be used to make electrodes and contacts. Composite materials (including copper-graphite composites) offer better performance — i.e. relative electroerosion resistance and productivity. However, the scope of their application is limited and further research into them is necessary. This research aims to examine the effect of mechanical alloying of the copper – themally expanded graphite powder system followed by spark plasma sintering on the structure of particles and materials and on their physico-mechanical properties. The experimental study into the structure and properties of composite powder materials involved using the methods of X-ray phase analysis, Raman spectroscopy, atomic-force spectroscopy, metallography, spark machining, etc. Powders of high-conductivity copper PMS-1 (per GOST 49-60–75) and thermally expanded graphite produced by Novomet-Sealur were used to make the composite materials. The compositions included 1 wt. % (4 vol. %) of graphite. The process involved mechanical alloying for 1, 2 and 3 hours in a SAND planetary mill (Russia) with the powder-to-balls weight ratio of 1:25. The process resulted in the structural breakdown of graphite and the formation of solid solutions of carbon in copper. Following the process of spark plasma sintering in a Dr. Sinter SPS-1050 unit (Japan) at 900 oС, the latter experienced partial decomposition. This paper demonstrates the role of copper in the restoring of graphite structure during mechanical alloying. Copper-based materials have been developed which have lower electrical resistivity than copper. Intercalates formed in graphite may serve as one of probable mechanisms for decreasing the electrical resistivity. A larger copper-graphite phase contat area and a higher deformation degree of graphite during mechanical alloying lead to higher electrical resistivity in composite materials. A correlation was established between the relative spark erosion wear and the electrical resistivity in copper-graphite composite materials. Thus, the relative spark erosion wear of the best compositions was 20–30% lower than in the case of cast copper M1. The feasibility of using copper-graphite EDM electrodes can be reached due to reduced cost of the EDM electrodes that offer high wear resistance combined with higher performance.This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia under the programme of the World-Class Science & Education Centre Rational Use of Mineral Resources.

Analisis Signifikansi Roda Skateboard Berbahan Komposit Serbuk Batang Pisang Terhadap Perfoma Kecepatan Dengan Metode Anova

In general, skateboard wheels are made from a mixture of polyurethane (PU) so that they are elastic, lightweight, and strong. However, this material is classified as a toxic material, difficult to obtain, and the price is relatively expensive. Therefore, alternative raw materials that are more environmentally friendly, non-toxic, easy to find, and have sufficient availability are needed. Banana trees are the most abundant and easily found plants in Indonesia , especially Medan . This tree has a soft structure and absorbs vibrations. Thus, the research was conducted to obtain the characteristics of skateboard wheel products from banana stem powder (SBP) composite material as an alternative raw material. The purpose of this study was to analyze the speed of skateboards made of PU (commercial) and SB P in order to obtain the optimum composition of SB P for the manufacture of skateboard wheels. The test uses a sliding platform with a slope of 30 o against a flat plane. The number of variations consists of the composition of SB P 5%, 10%, and 15%. As a control, commercial PU wheels were also tested. Analysis of data using the analysis method of mean variation (ANOVA) with the condition of acceptance of the hypothesis H 0 at a <0.05. The results obtained are that there is an increase in the speed of skateboards made of SB P composite up to 6, 85% compared to commercial wheels. Based on the Anova test results, it was found that the application of SB P composite materials as raw material for skateboard wheels was proven to significantly increase the speed performance of these wheels.

Evaluation of the Thermal Stability of Composite Powder Materials in a Plasma Jet

Evaluation of the Thermal Stability of Composite Powder Materials in a Plasma Jet