Poverty Reduction Programs Research Articles

VILLAGE RESOURCES BASED COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

Community development program being implemented in some villages in Indonesia has been running long enough; even some villages have managed to put together a program to reduce poverty with the help of a facilitator appointed by the national program of empowerment community. The preparation program should involve the participation of the community, especially the poor, but in fact much more dominated by the facilitators with limited understanding of the whole village resources. Therefore, program that had been developed theoretically feasible, but in practice still requires a deeper study. This study will try to complement poverty reduction programs in West Cileunyi village based on community empowerment through village resources. To assess the resources of the village could be the basis of empowerment and community expectations about future conditions used qualitative analysis, whereas to determine the priority of community empowerment programs used quantitative analysis with the approach of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the excellent resources of village were identified, the community development program disaggregated by specific target group. The result were: assisting management, innovation, and entrepreneurship to the industry and business owners target group, preservation of the environment for the target group of farmers and farmer groups, motivation to work for the target group drop out of the labor force, an increase in the ability of the administration to the target group of village officials, and the importance of social capital for the general public target group. 
 Keywords: community empowerment program, priorities, target groups, village resources

The Effectiveness of PNPM-SPP Program on Society Welfare: Islamic Economic Perspective

Economic activities in rural areas are still dominated by micro business sectors. The majority of business agents are women who are always constrained by capital in economic activities. Though capital is one of the most important elements in moving the economy in a rural area. Limited capital can prevent creativity in business development. Looking at the facts, people should be able to get capital easily. Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat is a national integrated poverty reduction program and is a community empowerment program launched by the government. PNPM in one of its programs facilitates the community in Obtaining additional capital by providing a capital loan for women who have a business, namely Simpan Pinjam Perempuan (SPP) program. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Simpan Pinjam Perempuan (SPP) program and the Islamic economic perspective of the SPP program in an effort to prosper the Cantuk Banyuwangi community. The variables used to measure the effectiveness of the SPP program are the variables of achieving goals, integration, real change, and satisfaction. Program effectiveness is the dependent variable. The study was conducted on 80 SPP lenders. The selection of respondents was by Sampling Cluster method. As for the data processing, the data was done by quantitative statistical analysis method and used a qualitative descriptive method for analyzing qualitative analysis data. Based on the research, the results showed that the effectiveness of the SPP program in Cantuk Banyuwangi Village was very effective with a percentage of 93.3%.

How can conditional cash transfers diminish crime? An application of Travis Hirschi’s social control theory

Recent literature has taken an interest in the potential of conditional cash transfer (CCT) poverty reduction programmes to alleviate crime. Whilst literature continues to grow, results have been inconsistent with variations in the impact recorded. Although the literature has continued to debate if a relationship exists between CCTs and crime, it fails to demonstrate how these programmes might impact crime. Utilising social control theory, the paper demonstrates how CCT programmes can facilitate crime reduction by strengthening social bonds. Drawing on the research, evidence is examined for each social bond, thus demonstrating the potential for CCTs to diminish crime. This paper concludes that further research is needed to give credence to the application of social control theory but by applying the theory to CCTs it offers the first theoretical understanding of relationships between CCTs and crime.

Status and determinants of poverty and income inequality in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities: Household-based evidence from Afar Regional State, Ethiopia

This paper analyzes poverty and its determinants and income inequality in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Ethiopia. 2295 households from zone 1 and zone 2 of the Afar region were surveyed and examined using the FGT index, the Gini coefficient, and logistic regression. 47.6 percent of the households are poor, with poverty gap index of 0.178 and poverty severity index of 0.092. Food poverty accounts for 33.7 percent with an income gap of Birr 33 per month. Food poverty is highest in pastoral (35.6%) than the agro-pastoral communities (29.8%). 35.6 percent of PSNP non-participants and 32 percent of the participant households are poor. Gender of the household head, family size, access to credit, mobility, participating in safety net programs and local institutions, distance to market and remittances are determining poverty in the area. There is an alarmingly high degree of income inequality (0.592) in the study area. The lowest Gini index (0.433) is found in Koneba district, and the highest index (0.616) is observed in widowed heads of households. Strengthening the poverty reduction programs and introducing diversified income schemes; modernizing local institutions, increase provision of microfinance services, introducing packages specific to women and youth are recommended to address the high poverty and inequality in Afar.

The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth in Myanmar

This study examines the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth in Myanmar. The impact of fiscal deficit on nominal gross domestic product is analyzed using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method with annual data from 1979 to 2016. The results reveal a statistically significant relationship between the country's fiscal deficit and economic growth. Analysis shows the existence of a multiplier effect of deficit spending on economic growth, which confirms Keynesian assumptions. Myanmar actually needs to provide more public spending to invest in infrastructure development and public services delivery due to lack of private investment in infrastructure projects. Therefore, over the medium term, fiscal policy should maintain moderate expansionary measures. However, the critical question regarding public spending is determining in which areas to spend. Public spending should therefore be preferentially directed toward productive areas for long-term growth, such as infrastructure development, health and education, and poverty reduction programs. In addition, policymakers should always bear in mind that excessive deficit levels and chronic deficits can become unsustainable, adversely affecting macroeconomic stability.

A look at Lesotho government and NGOs' economic empowerment programs with respect to rural poverty reduction

This study examined ongoing economic empowerment programs that are being implemented by both government and NGOs in rural areas of Lesotho. The key objectives were to gain some insight into major government and NGO poverty reduction programs that target or at least include the rural poor, and to establish the challenges encountered by the benefactors in executing their poverty reduction efforts. A qualitative approach involving interviews was utilized to collect data from a sample of six government ministries and six NGOs. The study revealed that various economic empowerment programs were being implemented throughout the country. The main challenges faced by the government and NGOs in their quest to assist the rural poor were constrained resources, inadequate cooperation and/or interference from political leadership, and the insufficient enthusiasm of target groups.

Peningkatan Kinerja Usaha Mikro Melalui Penyusunan Rencana Usaha Dan Laporan Keuangan Pada Kelompok UP2K Kelurahan Gisikdrono, Kecamatan Semarang Barat

UP2K - PKK is one of the spearheads in the effort to eradicate poverty. This program continues to grow as a poverty reduction program by utilizing the existence of the function of women in the household. One area in Semarang City is very active to move UP2K-PKK is Kelurahan Gisikdrono in West Semarang District. The activities of UP2K - PKK in Gisikdrono currently include 1 special group (po ks us) and 10 implementing groups (poklak). The main problem is that the business is still sporadic, not well planned, and they do not know what to do so that business can grow. Besides, business players also complain that they have not been able to determine the cost of their products in a definite manner and have not done well bookkeeping on the business they are doing. Methods of activities in community service this time is in the form of training to the target audience on how to prepare a business plan in terms of market and marketing aspects, technical and operational aspects, aspects of management and organization and financial aspects.. The results of community service are: (1) business actors of UP2K group understand the steps to be taken to develop their business through the preparation of business plans from various aspects including; market and marketing aspects, technical aspects, management and organization aspects and financial aspects; and (2) business actors are technically better understanding how to bookkeeping and make good and informative reports on their business.

Sustainable Pathways Out of Rural Poverty in Ethiopia: Scoping Review for Priority Setting

Poverty, food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition are global challenges contained within the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) requiring countries’ priority setting to realize by 2030. Achieving the full range of aforementioned SDGs by 2030 requires a combination of pro-poor investments in sustainable agriculture, rural development, and social protection measures to continually lift people out of chronic undernourishment and poverty from rural areas where the world’s largest hungry and poor are living. Aggregating previous poverty studies done at household level, it is found that leveraging at human capital formation and financial resources are paramount pathways out of poverty followed by social/institutional capabilities. Hence, the strategies of poverty targeting has to be revisited based upon livelihood capitals based priority setting to tap untouched differential livelihood potentials and redirecting future interventions as pro-poor to keep sustainable poverty reduction policies and programs getting sustainable and addressing the poor population of the country. Keywords : poverty, SDGs, Priority setting, Sustainable poverty reduction DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-9-04 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

The Implementation of Harrod-Domar Economic Growth Model in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The study aimed to: Understand and analyze the poors perceptions and attitude on poverty reduction programs, identify, elaborate, and analyzethe term poor among the poor people and identify and analyze meaning and expectation on poverty reduction program. This research applies developmental research method; the analysis model uses SEM (Structural Equation Modeling). Before applying this model, goodness of fit was conducted in order to find out whether this model can be accepted or not. The model could achived goodness of fit; therefore, all variables could follow hypothesis test. The research result showed the changed in economic structures have direct significant influence on the government’s stimulus and economic growth. Capital establishment also has direct unsignificant effect on the government’s stimulus. Capitall establishment has significant influence to the economic growth and the socio cultural influence does not have significant influence to the economic growth. These results indicate that the greater stimulus of the government signified by precise goals leads to better economic growth.

Pro-poor tourism in Iran: the case of three selected villages in Shahrud

ABSTRACTThis study sought to identify issues and challenges of pro-poor tourism (PPT) by concentrating on a tourism development program implemented in three selected villages of Shahrud County, Iran. The results indicated that the major proportion of financial and non-financial support in the tourism, employment, and poverty reduction (TEPR) program is provided for the private sector and dominant social groups. On the other hand, the poor’s lifestyle and deterministic viewpoint exacerbate the condition in terms of their engagement in tourism industry. The findings also support the idea that, since the government covers all the costs of the TEPR program, it tries to dictate its policies and plans to all stakeholders.

Evaluation of the National Urban Community Empowerment Program

The main problem in this study is the low level of community participation in the implementation of National Urban Community Empowerment Program (NUCEP) in Grobogan Regency. This can be seen from the lack of community involvement in the entire process of the activity stage. The purpose of this study was to find out how the level of community participation in the implementation of NUCEP in Grobogan Regency. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Data analysis used qualitative and tirangulasi data analysis techniques. The evaluation model used is the Context, Input, Process and Product. The evaluation results show that the implementation of NUCEP is good, the context of the implementation of NUCEP is good, the input of NUCEP is good, but the available funds are insufficient to meet community needs; the implementation process went well, at the stage of preparation for less community participation especially in the FGD on Reflections on Poverty and the Preparation of Medium-Term Planning for Poverty Reduction Programs; then the implementation of the activities went well and the products of the NUCEP activities in the form of physical activities benefited the community. Based on the evaluation results it is recommended that, the effectiveness of NUCEPÂ needs to be increased, the NUCEP District apparatus must be more democratic and participatory in the implementation of planned programs. Community involvement must always be encouraged in all processes and stages of activities, starting from planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and in the preparation of reporting for each activity.

Regional Tourism Development As Poverty Reduction Strategy in Bangli Regency

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IMPLEMENTASI PERDA KOTA PADANG NOMOR 2 TAHUN 2013 TENTANG PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DAN PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN OLEH DINAS SOSIAL KOTA PADANG


 
 
 Poverty alleviation is a policy of the central and regional government programs that are carried out systematically, planned and synergized with the business community and the community to reduce the number of poor people in order to improve the welfare of the community. This study aims to determine the Implementation of Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2013 concerning Poverty Reduction and Welfare Improvement by the Social Service in Koto Tangah Subdistrict, Padang City. This research is motivated by the implementation of poverty alleviation is not right on target. There are still many poor people, especially in the District of Koto Tangah and lack of awareness of people who claim to be poor. This research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Informants were determined by purposive sampling and random. Data is collected through interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study showed that the implementation of poverty reduction program policies that have not been effective.
 
 

Rural-Urban Differentials of Childhood Malnutrition in Bangladesh

Malnutrition is a major health problem in developing countries and it affects childhood growth. Data from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used in this study to explore the rural-urban disparities of malnutrition in children aged 0-59 months. Findings revealed that the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting were respectively as 39.6%, 35.7% and 16.7% for the rural children and 32.4%, 27.9% and 13.0% for the urban children. Both moderate and severe malnutrition were significantly higher in rural than urban community, and rural children ran about 1.3 times higher risk of becoming malnourished than their urban counterparts. The height and weight of children, mother’s BMI, parents’ education and family wealth index were found to be the significant factors associated with differentials at rural-urban malnutrition. Appropriate socioeconomic development, antenatal care in pregnancy and poverty reduction programs with a special emphasis on rural community would reduce the overall rural-urban inequality

Selection of Poverty Reduction Program through Community-Based Economic Empowerment in Madiun City

Madiun City is one of the cities in East Java Province and is known as a city of trade and industry, Madiun community, in general, is a picture of modern society even though it is far from economic development in the capital city. Madiun is a city that has the potential to become an advanced economic center in the city of Madiun. Current conditions indicate that the unemployment rate and the quality of human resources in the city of Madiun are still low. Data from the Manpower Office of the city of Madiun noted that the number of unemployed people in the local area reached 5,700. Besides, people's economic strength has not developed optimally, and the index of public purchasing power is still low. In 2018 data from the Central Bureau of Statistics illustrates that poverty in Madiun City reached 4.49% or as many as 7.92 thousand people. One way to alleviate poverty in the city of Madiun is through community-based economic empowerment. This study aims to formulate a strategy to alleviate poverty through community-based economic empowerment and to improve the living standards of people in the city of Madiun. The method used in this study is qualitative by using primary and secondary data. Data collection is done by interviews, documentation, and field observations. The findings of the study are that the existence of community-based economic empowerment in Madiun city can increase economic income and increase the community's insight into becoming more open to the economy of the community, as well as the newly formed community. The efforts of fostering and empowering have been carried out by the government and the local community through business dissemination, small and medium industry counseling, strengthening community participation in training, and providing community training, namely how to build a robust community, management training, and marketing system training.

Poverty Reduction Through Skills Training Strives for a Poor Family

Poverty is still a major and complex problem posed by the conditions and the interaction of social, cultural, political and economic. The issue of the economy as the crucial factor which should get extra attention from the Government. One form of attention in poverty reduction programs with the release of such a community in the form of skills training. The community development activities aimed at improving the ability of the community in this endeavor are tailored to the interests and skills of the community as well as the conditions of the region, including how to expand its business in order to develop marketing area. The positive value of this endeavor is skills training the growing confidence and self-esteem of poor families to overcome the problems encountered and to improve the conditions of life. Methods used in community development this mixed method between Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and survey. In order to support the accuracy of the data, the team uses statistical analysis. The result of this outreach activity shows that statistically, skills training program strives for a poor family in the real effect towards poverty reduction.

A Context Specific Framework for Measurement of Empowerment Attained from Poverty Reduction Intervention

Empowerment measured in the context of poverty reduction program introduced in distinct settings world over demands different measurement frameworks. Empowerment is one of the most disputed concepts to be handled while interpreting the benefits of poverty interventions. It is, therefore, important to state clearly how the concept will be interpreted and evaluated in each context. The current discussion is about the framework devised for the State of Kerala, one of the most advanced states in the largest democracy in the world, India. The framework becomes relevant because of the several unique features of the state of Kerala, which are quite distinctive from many other places where microfinance has been found to be successful. The paper discusses a conceptual framework for measuring the level of empowerment resulting from microfinance in the State of Kerala.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Menentukan Pengguna Listrik Subsidi Dan Nonsubsidi Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy Mamdani (Studi Kasus : PT. PLN Tanjung Balai)

Abstract - The electricity subsidy program is one of the poverty reduction programs by providing electricity subsidies to poor and disadvantaged households paid by the Government of Indonesia to PT. PLN (Persero). At PT. PLN (Persero) Area Rantau Prapat Rayon Tanjung Balai which is located on Jl. General Sudirman has a problem that is faced, namely regarding the subsidy budget, it turns out that there have been many wrong targets, most of the subsidy funds have fallen to economically capable people. The government applies the electricity subsidy policy on target, subsidies must be really enjoyed by poor people. To provide electricity subsidies to poor households and poor households, both humans and agencies cannot be separated from information technology systems. This system is usually called a decision support system that is designed to assist in making a decision where no one knows exactly how the decision should be made. The problem of decision-making systems using fuzzy logic systems is very suitable for definite reasoning or estimation, especially for systems with difficult mathematical models and inappropriate data to get a definite decision. Keywords - Decision Support System, Electricity Subsidies, Fuzzy Logic.

PEMBENTUKAN MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN BUDAYA KEWIRAUSAHAAN UNTUK MENGURANGI PENGANGGURAN DAN KEMISKINAN

ABSTRACT
 
 This study aims to examine the model’s formation that can reduce the problem of unemployment and poverty. In accordance with these objectives, there are several principal problems studied in this research that are; (1) how the approach to poverty reduction programs should be made, (2) how the potential of local institutions' resources are able to act as virtuous circles to reduce the poverty, (3) how the community empowerment model system based on the potential of local wisdom resources and institutions local communities should be conducted in order to be able to significantly reduce the number of local poor community, independent and sustainable. 
 This research was conducted at Muntuk Village due to it is classified as a backward village and it still has the good local wisdom potential to be developed further. This research applies participatory research method to the craftsmen group chosen as pioneer in forming the community empowerment model. The main subjects in this research are; craftsmen group and socio economic community societies at Muntuk Village. The subjects of this study are determined by purposive sampling. Data collection techniques are done through interview, FGD, and analytical descriptive analysis.
 The result of the research shows that the link and the integration among the bamboo handicraft industry, the local institution’s role, the entrepreneurship spirit and the work ethic of the craftsmen group through the entrepreneurial skills development and social entrepreneurship culture are able to be a virtuous circle or the virtue circle to cut the poverty problem, more independent and sustainable, from the original still powerless to be powerful. The strengthening of empowerment model supported by the strength of human capital, social capital, and also citizens participate actively, were increasingly able to produce a form of community empowerment model. Furthermore, the empowerment model is more strongly built through six pillars namely; industrial structure, entrepreneurship spirit, human capital and social capital factors, local institution, infrastructure and conductive environment. All sub-systems in each of these pillars are interconnected in a system namely community empowerment system model through the development of an entrepreneurial culture to alleviate unemployment and poverty. 
 Keywords : Empowerment Model, Enterpreneur Culture, Unemployment and Poverty

The Effects of the Vietnam Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction Program on Schooling

This paper studies the effects of the Vietnam Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction (HEPR) program on school enrolment, using longitudinal data that span over 15 years and a difference-in-differences research design. We find that early treatment (at age 8) increases children enrolment by about 9 percent. This positive effect disappears by age 15, and is more pronounced in urban areas. In sharp contrast, children receiving treatment later (age 12–15) are more likely to drop out by age 15, especially in rural areas. The decline in enrolment is paralleled by an increase in labor market participation. We interpret these divergent results by age as an unintended effect of another program aimed at fostering vocational training among the 15+ in rural areas. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating different anti-poverty measures to reduce inefficiency and achieve social goals.