Poverty Reduction Programs Research Articles

Twenty-five years of the United Nations General Comment number 12 on the human right to adequate food – malnutrition continues to surge

The human right to adequate food is one of the most fundamental human rights crucial for the sustenance of the planet, and the prosperity of all people. It is firmly established in international human rights instruments and is clarified in the United Nations’ General Comment 12 (GC 12). However, deep vulnerabilities and deprivation of the right to adequate food in the form of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition have persisted in many parts of the world. The climate-induced disasters also continues to devastate many communities, thereby depriving them of their rights including adequate food. This commentary provides a broader perspective on the 25 years of the GC 12 to stimulate further debate and actions to entrench human rights, especially the right to adequate food, at the centre of the food systems transformation and overall sustainable development agenda. This year 2024, marks 25 years of the Global Compact 12 on the human right to adequate food. While it is an important opportunity to celebrate this great achievement of engraining this right into the wider sphere of global reference at the United Nations level, the domestication in countries into actions that concretely address the problem of hunger and malnutrition has been slow in many countries. The world is now faced with the grim realities of starving populations arising from unnecessary and unjust wars, and food continues to be used as a weapon of war against international law and human imagination. Worse still, in the current environment of climate change and its adverse effects on food systems, SDG2 (Zero hunger by 2030), seems unrealistic. Finally, it is no longer a question of providing carbohydrates, as the need to address quality, safety, nutrition and cultural acceptability is ever so pressing. Going forward, there is a need to accelerate advocacy efforts, research and policy formulation that fully operationalise GC 12 in country-level food systems and nutrition interventions. Realization of the right to adequate food benchmarks in GC 12 should certainly be the penultimate of such interventions as strategic food reserves, poverty and hunger reduction programmes, humanitarian disaster preparedness, contingency funding, social protection and child care among others.

The Effectiveness of Community Poverty Reduction Programmes In the Province of Papua. Indonesia

Qualitative research through a phenomenological approach, while the results showed that the problem of poverty is a problem that must be handled holistically, involving various components that must support each other, both from the aspects of economic policy, education policy, legal policies and others, besides that the mindset of the community also needs to be addressed, this condition can occur if forman and informal education patterns can be applied holistically.

Are there lasting impacts of China’s anti-poverty program? A synthetic control analysis

ABSTRACT China’s National Poor Counties (NPCs) program represents one of the largest anti-poverty efforts ever undertaken in a developing country. In spite of this, no causal analysis has been undertaken to examine whether regions in poverty at the end of the program actually achieve sustainable growth after support is removed. This paper provides the first long-term analysis of China’s NPCs (National Poor Counties) program on local development, investigating whether poor regions continue to develop economically after exiting the anti-poverty program. Focusing on the period 1986 to 2010, I construct plausible counterfactuals for counties that participated and graduated from the NPCs registry using the synthetic control method. This exercise reveals several new insights. First, on average, graduates of China’s anti-poverty program exhibit roughly the same growth outcomes as those still receiving support from the program. Second, I show that focusing on the average impact masks sizable heterogeneity when disaggregating to a case by case analysis of counties. Importantly, for the subset of counties which graduated from the first wave of the poverty reduction program in 1993, there is a demonstrably faster expansion post-graduation. For more recent county’s graduating from the program, however, I find significantly lower income growth of NPCs program completion in the long run.

KESENJANGAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ISLAM

This research aims to reveal how inequality exists in developing countries, as well as government actions and Islamic views regarding the problem of inequality in economic development. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach using primary and secondary data. The research results show that economic inequality is indicated by unequal growth in expenditure between community groups, while non-economic inequality is indicated by inequality in access to basic services, namely health, education, water and sanitation, and other basic services. The government played an active role by developing the economy in an inclusive manner, increasing worker-intensive investment, giving special attention to micro and small businesses, expanding the rural economy and developing the agricultural sector, guaranteeing social protection for all workers, continuing poverty reduction programs. In Islam, regarding the issue of inequality, there must be consistency in terms of economic growth and equality due to creating a fair situation.

ASSESSMENT OF POVERTY STATUS OF CASSAVA COOPERATIVE FARMERS IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA

The study assessed the poverty status of cassava cooperative farmers in South-South Nigeria, utilizing a multi-stage sampling technique to select 300 members from Delta, Edo, and Akwa Ibom states. The majority of members fall within the 41-60 age range, which accounts for 66% of the total membership. This suggests that middle-aged and older individuals are more likely to participate in cassava cooperatives. There was also a higher representation of female members (58.33%) compared to male members (41.67%). However, majority (75.67%) of the cassava cooperative members were married while 2% were divorced, 10.33% were separated/divorced, and 12% were widowed. Furthermore, majority (51.67%) of the farmers had been in a cooperative for 1-5 years. The result shows that 46.33% of households consist of 1-4 members and most (82%) of the members identify cassava farming as their primary occupation. The relative poverty line was determined based on consumption expenditure, and the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index was employed to assess poverty status. The results indicated that over one-third of members lived below the relative poverty line of ₦882.29, although the depth (8.52%) and severity (3.13%) of poverty were relatively low. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted poverty reduction programs, strengthening cooperative structures, enhancing access to finance, promoting value addition, investing in infrastructure, empowering women and youth, and further research to develop effective poverty alleviation strategies.

A simple classification and clustering of poverty in rural areas using machine learning

This study aimed to determine the socio-economic poverty status of those living in rural areas using data surveys obtained from household expenditure and income. Machine learning-based classification and clustering models were proven to provide an overview of efforts to determine similarities in poverty characteristics. Efforts to address poverty classification and clustering typically involve comprehensive strategies that aim to improve socio-economic conditions in the affected areas. This research focuses on the combined application of machine learning classification and clustering techniques to analyze poverty. It aims to investigate whether the integration of classification and clustering algorithms can enhance the accuracy of poverty analysis by identifying distinct poverty classes or clusters based on multidimensional indicators. The results showed the superiority of machine learning in mapping poverty in rural areas; therefore, it can be adopted in the private sector and government domains. It is important to have access to relevant and reliable data to apply these machine learning techniques effectively. Data sources may include household surveys, census data, administrative records, satellite imagery, and other socioeconomic indicators. Machine learning classification and clustering analyses are used as a decision support tool to gain an understanding of poverty data from each village. These strategies are also used to describe the profile of poverty clusters in the community in terms of significant socio-economic indicators present in the data. Village clusters based on an analysis of existing poverty indicators are grouped into high, moderate, and low poverty levels. Machine learning can be a valuable tool for analyzing and understanding poverty by classifying individuals or households into different poverty categories and identifying patterns and clusters of poverty. These insights can inform targeted interventions, policy decisions, and resource allocation for poverty reduction programs.

The impact of small scale fish farming on poverty reduction in South-East Zone of Nigeria

Over the years, successive administrations in Nigeria have embarked on numerous poverty reduction programmes aimed at reducing the poverty rate in Nigeria. These efforts have not yielded much result as poverty rate has continued to soar and pervade every geo-political zone in Nigeria. The poverty situation, coupled with the low uptake of fish farming technology in the south-east zone has prompted the need to examine the impact of small-scale fish farming on poverty reduction in the south-east zone of Nigeria. The dependent variable of the study is poverty reduction, which has household expenditure as its proxy. The independent variable is small-scale fish farming, proxy by income, employment, food security and consumption multiplier. Data collection was made through in-depth Interview (IDI) guide, while analysis was done using thematic analysis technique. A total of 40 participants, comprising of 30 fish-farm owners and 10 employees were selected purposively from the states of Anambra, Ebonyi and Imo for the interview. The study findings suggest that small-scale fish farmingin the study area impacts positively on poverty reduction, as increase in each of the independent variables tends to increase the dependent variable. The study recommended the establishment of fish farm settlements; granting of credit facilities to fish farmers; establishment of skill acquisition and training centers for farm employees; and improvement electricity supply and road network for lower energy cost and easy transportation of fish products. Keywords: Fish Farming, Small-Scale, Poverty Reduction.

Factors associated with skilled birth attendance in 37 low-income and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis of nationally representative, individual-level data

Progress on skilled birth attendance (SBA) has been very uneven across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). There is scant empirical evidence on the role of fundamental development processes in explaining differences in SBA outcomes across world regions over time in these settings. We therefore aimed to estimate how these processes have contributed to observed changes in SBA across Latin America and the Caribbean, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. We pooled all available Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) rounds that contained detailed birth attendance information. The compiled data covers about 1·1 million births (1·1 million female individuals) from 103 DHS rounds in 37 countries. We estimated the determinants of SBA using multivariable regression techniques and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions for different world regions and time periods (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). We show that progress in SBA is associated with improvements in terms of household-level wealth, mothers' education, urbanisation, contraceptive knowledge, and proxies of female empowerment. Furthermore, we show that changes in the underlying relationship between SBA and specific development indicators (wealth, education, and rural residence status) have further contributed to the observed rise in SBA across LMICs. Our findings further suggest that certain determinants of improvements in SBA are region-specific (eg, importance of rural residence status in sub-Saharan Africa), whereas some of the studied processes (eg, poverty, maternal education, and urbanisation) have become less predictive for the uptake of SBA over time. Although substantial progress has been made in increasing SBA rates over the past three decades across LMICs, further efforts for continued progress are still needed to achieve international targets on SBA as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Every Newborn Action Plan, and the Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality initiative. According to our findings, these efforts can include general policies (eg, female empowerment) and region-specific policies (eg, poverty reduction programmes in Southeast Asia). Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine. For the French and Indonesian translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

"Pandemics know no borders," but Responses to Pandemics Do: Global Health, COVID-19, and Latin America.

This article focuses on Brazil and Peru, the Latin American epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic during 2020 and 2021. The pandemic magnified the legacy of years of neoliberal policies, corruption and racism in these countries, the limitations of their poverty-reduction programs, the fragility of their democratic systems, and the insufficient political regard for public health and basic sanitation. I rely on the concepts of negligence and necropolitics. The first refers to the abdication of authorities in providing sufficient basic services to its citizens. The second - coined by Achille Mbembe before the pandemic - is used to explain the banalization by governments of preventable deaths of discriminated social groups. On a global level, the problematic access to medical equipment and vaccines was a failure because of the hoarding of vaccines by rich nations and the blaming of developing countries for their high mortality. The result was that national and international governmental reactions to COVID-19 worsened health asymmetries within countries and between the Global North and South.

The Role of BAPPEDA In Formulating Planning and Budgeting in Intervening in Poverty Reduction

Various poverty reduction programs, especially in Central Sulawesi, have been implemented by the government, including in the socio-economic, health and education sectors. Mapping the poverty reduction program plan is needed to increase the effectiveness of each program implemented. The poverty reduction programs launched by the government have not been able to significantly reduce the poverty rate. In order to reduce poverty, it is necessary to take strategic, comprehensive and sustainable steps that can have an impact on reducing poverty. The purpose of this study is to see how the role of Bappeda in formulating planning and budgeting to reduce poverty in Central Sulawesi. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study indicate that bappeda as a facilitator and the process of formulating planning and budgeting has carried out its duties as regulated by law. The Central Sulawesi BAPPEDA in formulating poverty reduction planning compiles the Annual Regional Development Plan in the form of the Regional Government Work Plan (RKPD) through the implementation of absorption and aspiration gathering in the form of a Development Planning Consultation (Musrenbang) forum. The results of the Musrenbang contain a budget framework for activity plans that need to be funded by funding sources, be it the Regency APBD, Provincial APBD, APBN or other sources of funds. After the musrenbang, the RKPD is determined, which is then contained in the PERDA.

The Relationship Between Socio-economic Characteristics and Income Level: A Case Study of Coastal Communities in Makassar

The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristics of poor family groups, calculate welfare, education and main occupation and determine their relationship with the income level of poor family groups in coastal communities of Makassar city. It is well known that current poverty reduction programs do not fully address the root causes of poverty. In hypothetical research, three key variables account for poverty: human poverty, social and natural poverty, and additional poverty. The research methodology was conducted using a survey method that focused on poor communities living in the coastal areas of Makassar city, with a unit of analysis for poor households. The number of samples tested was 273 people. To identify the characteristics of poor family groups, a descriptive study was conducted and the relationship between social characteristics and income level was used using the chi-square test. Research results using chi-square methods confirmed that education, education and economics have a significant relationship with family income. Therefore, in poor coastal communities, high-quality production, education and entrepreneurship are important elements to achieve higher family income and better social distance. The results of this study provide concrete suggestions for policymakers and experts seeking to reduce poverty in coastal communities. Family elements such as children, education and work can lead to some actions including providing free education and encouraging volunteerism in traditional activities. It also provides important data on the characteristics of low levels of family reunification in coastal communities of Makassar city and their relationship to the level of implementation

Bamboo research and development in Nepal

Bamboos are important sources of income for rural households in Nepal and elsewhere. This paper highlights bamboo research and development activities that have so far been carried out in Nepal and the prospects for future research and development. Bamboos, the perennial woody grasses, are one of the very important non-timber forest products of Nepal. They are an important component of rural farming system. These play a critical role in rural economy and helps sustain livelihoods of many rural households, in particular social and economically disadvantaged groups. Bamboo culms and its various products are readily sold and bought in the market (Poudyal, 1992; Das, 1999). It is in this context that Bamboo is increasingly identified as potential species for poverty reduction programs in many countries including Nepal. Box 1 indicates the importance of Bamboo for domestic as well as commercial purposes. Despite its importance, management and commercial utilization aspects are not yet fully explored to its potential in Nepal.

Malnutrition in children under five years in a squatter settlement of Karachi: a case-control study

BackgroundMultidimensional factors such as socioeconomic or environmental factors influence malnutrition. Several studies have strongly linked malnutrition to poverty. Some international studies point to the worse nutritional status of urban slum children than rural children. Limited data is available regarding the nutritional status of slum children in Karachi. This study aimed to determine characteristics of malnourished children in an urban squatter settlement in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsA case- control study was carried out at the primary healthcare center of a squatter settlement in Karachi, Pakistan. All children under five years of age visiting the primary healthcare center were recruited consecutively. Cases were defined as children with z scores < -2 SD of WHO reference measurements of WFA, HFA, WFH and OFC. The controls were similar in terms of age group but had z scores between − 2SD and + 2SD. A self- structured risk factor questionnaire that included information about sociodemographic, economic and environmental factors as well as child- related characteristics was researcher administered via face-to-face interviews with the mothers of children. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence interval.ResultsA total of 280 participants including 140 cases and 140 controls participated in the study. A larger proportion of the sample originated from individuals with low household income. After adjusting for the confounders, childhood malnutrition was significantly associated with a low education level of father (aOR 4.86, 95% CI 2.23–10.60), a monthly income less than 25,000 PKR (89 USD) per month (aOR 7.13, 95% CI 1.67–30.54), pour pit latrine type of toilet (aOR 4.41, 95% CI 2.67–7.3), less than six months of exclusive breast feeding (aOR 3.578, CI 1.58–8.08), inappropriate weaning age (aOR 3.71, 95% CI 1.53-9).ConclusionMalnutrition in children under five years of age in the community is associated with low family income, low paternal education, poor toilet facilities, lack of exclusive breastfeeding and inappropriate weaning age. The implementation of poverty reduction programs, sanitation provision at affordable rates, community-based breast feeding and weaning education intervention are urgently required to efficiently improve children’s nutritional status.

Women MSME’s and Proverty

Women participation in economic activities is often limited by social norms, especially in Indonesians majority societies. Nevertheless, the burden of poverty is forced many women to work in several jobs. This paper aims to investigate and discuss discuss female entrepreneur challenge in poverty reduction This research is using qualitative method to collect and analyze the data through interview, FGD, and direct observation. Respondents were chosen by purposive sampling, while key informants were chosen by snowball technique. The results show that the main challaneg of Mataram’s women to reduce their poverty are not gender but mostly lack of financial control and access funding, lack of market information and a scarcity of talented employees. Furthermore, Women participation in poverty reduction program is considered to be the key of success in many poverty alleviation, one of them is being female entrepreneur or managing MSMEs

The Socioeconomic Impact: Assessing the Risk and Burden of Malaria on Vulnerable Populations in Kenya

This paper seeks to explore the significance and impact of malaria on Kenya’s economic growth. This will help to understand the impact that malaria has or have had on household economic status especially for the vulnerable population in Kenya and how it has been unfolding slowly over time. This will also seek to understand the coping strategies adopted by the said population and the negative implications that have influenced these household’s abilities to withstand malaria and other eventualities that may happen in the future.&#x0D; The risk and burden of malaria on vulnerable population together with its economic effects have been presented. Search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed as well as related economics and medical journals were instrumental for this study. To protect the poor and vulnerable population against these adverse effects of malaria and from malaria itself, there is a great need to draft and enact policies that will be able control the effects as well as integration development and poverty reduction programs. The future work and focus for government and all stakeholders should be to focus more energy and work on achievable health services that will eliminate the burden of health especially malaria and its effects on Kenyan economic activities undertaken by the vulnerable population and to address the burden and risk of malaria on the productive under privileged within their environment, as well as study the epidemiological and socio-economic geographical dissimilarities of the vulnerable population and the normal population.

Law, political economy and war reparation: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina

AbstractWhat are the after‐effects of the Bosnia and Herzegovinian (BH) transition from a post‐socialist, post‐genocide, and post‐ethno‐nationalist state into a European liberal democracy? This article makes a case for war reparation and argues that while poverty reduction has not been among the stated aims of transitional justice mechanisms, it is of critical importance to study war victims' deprivation in the context of historical patterns of structural injustice and examine liberal reconstruction policies that failed to provide compensation and legal redress for gross violations of human rights and serious violations of humanitarian law. The article uses the historical sociology approach as a method of analysis to investigate how moving away from a socialist to a capitalist economic model, from war to peace, and from one party political system to liberal democracy has resulted in structural injustice and growing levels of poverty that adversely impact most vulnerable Bosnians. The article presents an argument that the lack of post‐war reparation programs, coupled with an inadequate emphasis on political regime change, poverty reduction programs and social and economic rights such as access to welfare, cash assistance, food, transportation, education, pension, and disability benefits to ensure the quality of living is detrimental to everyday lives of war victims and people who live at the bottom of the society.

Ambiguity in NGOs Poverty Reduction Programmes

Purpose: This article analyses why Non-Governmental Organisations in the selected regions of Cameroon continue to participate in poverty reduction programmes when their programmes are not decreasing the number or percentage of people living in poverty.&#x0D; Methodology: Sustainable Livelihood Approaches was used in the study as an efficient means of understanding poverty from the perspective of the underprivileged. A qualitative case study was used to understand Plan International and Summer Institute of Linguistics stakeholder’s perception of poverty and poverty reduction. &#x0D; Findings: Based on the findings, results show that poverty and poverty reduction strategies mean different things to different people, hence programmes aimed at poverty reduction should be examined using a diverse measure. The studied Non-Governmental Organisations programmes are not reducing poverty because there are extraneous variables which account for the ineffectiveness in their determination to fight poverty. For example, lack of beneficiaries’ voices in Non-Governmental Organisations programmes during planning, implementation, monitoring and evolution. Gender role and power relation issues in these regions prevent beneficiaries from active participation in decision making. These factors account for poor prioritization of programmes. Additionally, attributing poverty reduction to Non-Governmental Organisations activities is something which the Non-Governmental Organisations themselves are conscious they can’t fully achieve. &#x0D; Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The paper recommends that Non-Governmental Organisations as well as the government should start their poverty reduction programmes by assessing the needs of each community in which they operate by applying the Sustainable Livelihood Approaches since poverty is diverse and means different things to different people.

Assessing corporate social responsibility and poverty reduction programmes in the emerging markets

According to Frynas et al. (2000), poverty is a global challenge which has attracted the concerns of the government and non-government organisations. The paper aims to examine corporate social responsibility (CSR) and poverty reduction programmes in the emerging market. The scope of the paper is limited to the activities of Lafarge Africa Plc in Cross River State. It adopts a survey research method. Data was obtained through unstructured interviews and questionnaires, administered to a sample of 400 respondents: staff of the company and resident in Mfamosing village, in Akamkpa Local Government Area. Data obtained were analysed using independent t-test analysis to test the hypotheses. The main findings of that study show that the provision of educational support programmes by Lafarge Africa Plc significantly contributes to poverty reduction in Cross River State, also that the maintenance of rural roads by Lafarge Africa Plc significantly contributes to poverty reduction in Cross River State. The study concludes and recommends the need for inclusiveness and community participation, in the initiation, design, and implementation of CSR in Cross River State and developing economies at large.

МАТЕРИАЛЬНОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ РОССИЙСКИХ ДОМОХОЗЯЙСТВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРИВОЛЖСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА)

The article considers theoretical, methodological and methodological approaches to the definition and measurement of poverty, taking into account international and Russian experience. The connection between the specific socio-economic circumstances of different regions in Russia and poverty levels is highlighted. The aim of the research is to investigate the characteristics of regional poverty and public administration strategies aimed at reducing it. Research methods include the dialectical method of inquiry, a systematic approach, structural analysis, a comparative perspective, methods for processing statistical information, and general scientific methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction, and specification, etc.). Research results: during the examination of regional poverty reduction programs in the subjects of the Russian Federation, the main indicators of socio-economic and demographic development were analyzed.

Exploring Career-related Strategies for Strengthening Poverty Reduction Programmes in Nigerian Communities: A Qualitative Study

This study was designed to explore career-related strategies for strengthening poverty reduction programmes in Nigerian communities. Using a phenomenological framework and interpretive paradigm, the study used a qualitative research design. The participants of this study consisted of five key officers working in the Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Alleviation (FMHAPA) in Nigeria and five counsellors working in Nigerian secondary schools. The participants were selected through a purposeful sampling process. Data collection measures include interviews, focus group discussion, and document analysis. All participants were interviewed to collect data, which was analyzed using thematic analysis. To identify themes and patterns in the responses provided by the participants, the interviews were recorded and transcribed. In accordance with the findings of this study, career-related strategies for strengthening poverty reduction programmes in Nigerian communities include employability skills development, access to quality education, job creation and entrepreneurship, supportive networks, social justice and corporate responsibilities, and appropriate work policy. A major contribution of this study is the identification of career-related strategies to help strengthen poverty reduction programmes in Nigerian communities. Another contribution is the implications that can be drawn for career counselling.