Poverty Reduction Policies Research Articles

Impact of Access to Electricity and Socio-Economic Environment on Poverty Reduction: An Empirical Study on Myanmar

Previous studies have identified the importance of access to electricity and the socio-economic environment for poverty reduction, but the comprehensive interplay and synergistic relationships between them remain unclear. Using data collected from Myanmar, this study establishes and tests conceptual models to explore the paths from access to electricity and socio-economic environment to capability and income poverty reduction. The results of structural equation modeling show that capability poverty reduction acts as a complete mediator between access to electricity and income poverty reduction, and plays a partial mediating role between socio-economic environment and income poverty reduction. Analysis of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis demonstrates that lack of electricity is a key barrier impeding poverty alleviation efforts. Moreover, five effective configurations of poverty reduction factors are identified for Myanmar by considering the heterogeneity of different regions. This indicates that individual factors could not ensure a highly effective poverty reduction and different factors need to be appropriately configured for achieving the synergistic effects. These findings contribute to practical insights into poverty reduction policy making and sustainable development for developing countries.

НАСТОЛНА КНИГА ПО СЪВРЕМЕННИ ПРОАКТИВНИ ПУБЛИЧНИ ПОЛИТИКИ ЗА НАМАЛЯВАНЕ НА БЕДНОСТТА В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Recently, the Publishing Complex - UNWE made available the interesting study of Dr. Ralitsa Veleva "Proactive Public Policies for Poverty Reduction". This monograph deserves attention mainly due to the still existing deficit in Bulgaria of complex analyses on the development and implementation of proactive public policies for poverty reduction. The work of the young author breaks the tradition in the Bulgarian social space to discuss extensively and in priority "welfare", and its antipode "poverty" - only as incidental touches and by the way. And it is brazenly "present on the table" of a significant part of the population, which lives this ingrained scarcity as its own social drama. What is clearly needed is, first, a professional identification of the level and trends of poverty in the country, and second, the development and implementation of credible radical instruments for its definite mitigation and containment.

The impact of rural health insurance on vulnerability to chronic poverty among rural residents in China: analysis using Probit and IVprobit models.

Poverty is a global problem, and combating it is a major governance issue worldwide. In China, poverty management efforts have shifted from eliminating absolute poverty to managing relative poverty. One of the most important tasks in managing relative poverty in the post-poverty reduction era is to prevent recurring poverty due to illness. Rural health insurance is an important method of preventing and mitigating disease risk and a key part of China's poverty reduction policy, including among rural residents. However, the mechanism by which basic health insurance alleviates vulnerability to poverty, the causal effect of rural health insurance on vulnerability to poverty, and differences based on having a second health insurance policy and by age and income have not been sufficiently explored. Therefore, this study examined the impact of rural health insurance on vulnerability to long-term poverty among rural residents in China. In addition, this study evaluated the impact of having a second health insurance policy and differences in the effects of rural health insurance by age and income. This study used data from the 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 China Family Panel Studies. Household-related characteristics, such as finance, education, and healthcare, were retrieved from the household database; while data on healthcare expenditures, healthcare insurance, and personal-related characteristics were retrieved from the adult database. Robustness tests were conducted with Probit models, and endogeneity tests were conducted with IVprobit models. Vulnerability to poverty was significantly lower among residents with rural health insurance than those without any health insurance coverage, and this difference was observed across age and income groups. These findings were consistently robust and significant after controlling for endogeneity, considering sample selectivity, and eliminating measurement bias in the core variables. The findings indicate that rural health insurance is an important tool for poverty alleviation. The current results could effectively reduce the economic vulnerability of rural households facing health risks, ensuring broader economic security. Moreover, these findings provide policy references for managing relative poverty in China.

POVERTY AS A CONCERN FOR HUMAN SECURITY: VIETNAM’S POLICIES ON MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY

Although different countries may set various strategies for economic development, the problem of poverty continues to be a serious concern in both the developed and developing economies. In fact, many policy makers, administrators, academics, politicians, also see poverty as a fundamental threat to humanity. Some even consider it to be the root of practically all global issues. This is established due to the intimate relationship between poverty and human security- a paradigm that attaches security to human focus, rather than to the traditional understanding of security. This relationship is illustrated more thoroughly as attention is paid to multidimensional poverty. This approach to poverty is used more widely nowadays by governments due to its encompassing effects, and the Vietnamese government is not an exception. This study, via qualitative and secondary method, investigates different perspectives of poverty to reveal an intellectual history of how poverty has been defined and how poverty reduction orientation may have been influenced. A case study of Vietnam also examines how its government views multidimensional poverty and develops their poverty reduction policies accordingly. A constructivist approach is also sought to explain the link between poverty and human security.

Implementation Of Poverty Reduction Policies By The Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) in West Pasaman District

Implementation Of Poverty Reduction Policies By The Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) in West Pasaman District

The nexus between natural resource development, trade policy uncertainty, financial technology and poverty in China: Contributing to the realization of SDG 1

Population poverty inhibits China's economic growth. Reducing poverty in the face of risk and uncertainty has been a priority for the Chinese government in recent years. And it is an important part of realizing the Sustainable Development Goal 1. The paper first uses entropy method and TOPSIS to comprehensively evaluate the Financial Technology (Fintech) index. This paper uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test to measure the long-term relationship. This paper also uses a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to examine the asymmetric impact of trade policy uncertainty (TPU), natural resource development (NRD) and fintech on poverty reduction. For the robustness of the model, this paper uses three parametric methods FMOLS, DOLS and CCR. The findings of this paper are as follows. Increases or decreases in TPU can have a negative impact on poverty reduction. It brings greater impact when it increases. A reduction in the level of NRD and an increase in the fintech index will promote poverty reduction policies. An increase in the level of NRD and a decrease in the fintech index have opposite effects. The results of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR support these conclusions. The findings of this research provide effective suggestions for the formulation of future poverty eradication policies and the promotion of fintech development in China.

Escaping poverty: changing characteristics of China’s rural poverty reduction policy and future trends

Eliminating poverty is a shared aspiration of people worldwide. This article analyzes 762 rural poverty-related texts promulgated and implemented by the Chinese Government since 1984 using content analysis based on a three-dimensional framework encompassing the time of policy issuance, policy goals, and types of policy instruments. The study outlines the overall landscape and evolutionary context of the policy system. The results show that, during absolute poverty governance, China’s rural poverty governance can be broadly divided into three stages: regional development-oriented poverty alleviation, comprehensive poverty alleviation, and targeted poverty alleviation. Based on the production-oriented welfare model, economic development became the primary goal of poverty alleviation policies, while insufficient attention was given to service support and capacity-building goals. The alleviation of poverty mainly relied on the propulsive force generated by supply-side policy instruments led by the Government and the external driving force generated by environmental policy instruments, with a significant deficiency in the propulsive force produced by demand-side policy instruments. Entering the phase of relative poverty governance, optimizing poverty governance policy instruments requires breaking free from path dependence, following the evolutionary pattern of poverty governance. It involves ensuring that policy instruments support economic development while emphasizing addressing service support and capacity-building goals. It is crucial to increase the frequency of using demand-side policy instruments, stimulate their pulling force on poverty alleviation, and achieve a trend of evolutionary innovation and the collaborative governance of policy instruments.

Evaluating social protection mitigation effects on HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis through a mathematical modelling study

The global economic downturn due to the COVID-19 pandemic, war in Ukraine, and worldwide inflation surge may have a profound impact on poverty-related infectious diseases, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this work, we developed mathematical models for HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil, one of the largest and most unequal LMICs, incorporating poverty rates and temporal dynamics to evaluate and forecast the impact of the increase in poverty due to the economic crisis, and estimate the mitigation effects of alternative poverty-reduction policies on the incidence and mortality from AIDS and TB up to 2030. Three main intervention scenarios were simulated—an economic crisis followed by the implementation of social protection policies with none, moderate, or strong coverage—evaluating the incidence and mortality from AIDS and TB. Without social protection policies to mitigate the impact of the economic crisis, the burden of HIV/AIDS and TB would be significantly larger over the next decade, being responsible in 2030 for an incidence 13% (95% CI 4–31%) and mortality 21% (95% CI 12–34%) higher for HIV/AIDS, and an incidence 16% (95% CI 10–25%) and mortality 22% (95% CI 15–31%) higher for TB, if compared with a scenario of moderate social protection. These differences would be significantly larger if compared with a scenario of strong social protection, resulting in more than 230,000 cases and 34,000 deaths from AIDS and TB averted over the next decade in Brazil. Using a comprehensive approach, that integrated economic forecasting with mathematical and epidemiological models, we were able to show the importance of implementing robust social protection policies to avert a significant increase in incidence and mortality from AIDS and TB during the current global economic downturn.

Tác động của tài chính toàn diện đến nghèo đa chiều ở cấp độ hộ gia đình tại Việt Nam năm 2020

The relationship between financial inclusion and poverty is of interest to governments and researchers worldwide, including Vietnam. The research focuses on assessing the current status of financial inclusion at the household level in Vietnam in 2020 and its impact on multidimensional poverty. The study employs principal component analysis and a logistic regression model. Based on data from the Household Living Standards Survey, the study shows that the assessment of the financial inclusion differs between ecological regions, with households living in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions having the highest level of financial inclusion. An increase in financial inclusion at the household level has a statistically significant impact on reducing multidimensional poverty (relative risk reduces by 0.5 times). Based on research results, sustainable multidimensional poverty reduction policies can be implemented in combination with comprehensive financial inclusion development strategies. Furthermore, factors such as region, education, and occupation of the household head need to be considered when addressing poverty reduction and promoting financial inclusion.

Does the county-based poverty reduction policy matter for children's human capital development?

We evaluate the effects of China's large-scale county-based poverty reduction policy on children's human capital development. Based on a difference-in-difference model and multiple years' household and county-level datasets with national coverage, we find that this nationwide county-based poverty reduction policy significantly facilitates children's human capital development in poverty counties. The effects are more pronounced for children experienced consecutive treatment and those in more impoverished households. Our heterogeneity analyses indicate that there are not notable differences across the subsamples by gender, number of children, parental education attainment and ability. In addition, in terms of the channels through which this program increases children's cognitive outcomes, the program significantly promotes internet access in low-income families, extends children's learning time, and improves children's mental health condition, thus enhancing their human capital accumulation.

Poverty, redistribution, and the middle class: redistribution via probability distributions vs. redistribution via the linear income tax system.

It has been known for a long time that (1) when graphs of income amount on income relative rank for two income distributions intersect twice, three "transfer groups" are generated, with the poorest and richest both gaining under the same alternative income distribution and the middle group losing; and (2) the linear income tax system satisfies three fundamental principles of tax justice, namely, that as pretax income increases, three quantities should also increase-posttax income, tax amount, and tax rate. This paper links those two ideas, suggesting that the linear income tax system may be the natural and most effective way to guard against poverty reduction policies which, while helping the poorest, as urged by Rawls, may harm the middle, contributing to the weakening of the middle class, thought at least since Aristotle to be the backbone of society. This paper illustrates the two approaches with one initial distribution and three alternative final distributions, contrasting their minimum, median, proportion below the mean, and inequality. It also shows how to guard the linear income tax system against violating the tax amount principle of tax fairness when there is an injection of resources (e.g., from deficit spending or oil revenues) and how to empirically estimate the parameters (e.g., the marginal tax rate) of the linear income system that the population will regard as fair.

Can technological innovations contribute to more overcome the issue of poverty reduction in africa?

Although recent years have shown that innovation can also thrive in economies where the challenges of absolute poverty and inequality remain long-standing problems, the effects of innovation on poverty reduction has remained a largely unexplored field of investigation. . So this study assesses the effect of technological innovations on poverty reduction using a panel of 36 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2008 to 2019. More specifically, the study examines the influence of technological innovation on poverty reduction. Using the principal component analysis (PCA) we constructed an indicator of the use, adoption and adaptation of technological innovations and that of multidimensional poverty. After applying several estimation techniques for panel data such as fixed effects, Driscoll and Kraay, kiviet (2020), Lewbel two stage least square (Lewbel 2SLS), mediating effects, the results shows that technological innovations significantly reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Our results survive several robustness checks. Taking into account the level of urbanization, it appears that technological innovations reduce poverty in countries with low urbanisation rates and increase it in countries with high urbanization rates. Finally, the analysis of mediation effects suggests that almost 30 % of the total effect of the use, adoption and adaptation of technological innovations on multidimensional poverty reduction is through the improvement of productivity in the industrial sector while 62.5 % is through the productivity of the agricultural sector. These results imply that poverty reduction policies in sub-Saharan Africa need to refocus on capacity building in the use, adoption and adaptation of technological innovations, particularly in the agricultural and industrial sectors.

Exploring the Impact of Rural Development Programs on Poverty Reduction in Chinese Counties: A Panel Data Analysis

In the backdrop of Chinas monumental challenge in poverty eradication, this study provides a critical evaluation of the rural development programs, particularly the targeted poverty reduction policy of 2013 which aimed at specialized interventions for 832 national poverty-stricken counties. Utilizing the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, the paper analyzes panel data from the China Statistical Yearbook (Township) between 2010 to 2019, contrasting the advancements in these designated counties against those not specifically targeted. Our findings reveal that, while the 2013 policy has made positive strides in enhancing the disposable incomes of residents in these counties, disparities persist. City-specific determinants emerged as key influencers, necessitating a tailored approach to future poverty alleviation strategies. The research underlines the success of Chinas poverty reduction efforts, whilst stressing the need for sustained, adaptive, and region-specific initiatives for more holistic and comprehensive poverty eradication in the future. Policymakers are thus advised to engage in continual policy introspection and refinement, acknowledging the intricate challenges and diversities within the nation.

Government Policy Communication in Poverty Alleviation in the City of Makassar

One of the economic development policies in a country is based on the accelerated pace of poverty alleviation in society, which is increasingly becoming a problem for the government The poverty rate in Makassar City is relatively high, so it is very important for the government to optimize policy communication by the government in poverty alleviation. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of communication on government policies in poverty alleviation in Makassar City. This research uses a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach. The study focuses on policy communication on the aspects of transmission, clarity, and transparency of information using data analysis techniques of qualitative interactive models. The results of this study indicate that the communication of Makassar city government policies in reducing community poverty is considered less effective; this is indicated by one of the poverty reduction policies through the Productive Economic Enterprises (UEP) assistance program and the Joint Business Group assistance program (KUBE) whose distribution is not well targeted to the community due to the lack of information provided by the Makassar city government to the sub-district government to assign the sub-district party the task of identifying and collecting data on poor citizens. Apart from that, the Makassar city government also, according to the program policy, did not provide clear and transparent information on the amount of the budget allocated to each community group and the budget allocation for the development needs of the program, because of the UEP and KUBE policies. The findings of this study also assessed that the communication process for poverty alleviation policies did not work according to community expectations because of the sectoral ego of the city government which was politicized by seeking benefits to be obtained by several parties who were not responsible for the implementation of the UEP and KUBE programs.
 Keywords: policy communications, government, poverty

A szegénység csökkentésére irányuló szakpolitikák konceptuális megközelítései

The Outlook paper presents Panica's 2023 study on the changing relationship between conceptual approaches to development and poverty reduction policies. In contemporary social policy discourses, the legitimacy of the institution of the 'state' is increasingly subject to critique. Although the state, including welfare systems, played a significant role in the modern civilisation process in Western Europe, the cultural-civilisational 'development' of society in Central and Eastern Europe was different from that in the West. Daniela Panica's study, presented below, was conceived with the intention of understanding the ideologies that aspired to welfare statehood in Romania. She argues that to model these processes, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the eras of social policy, which can be best captured through chronological changes in the poverty reduction methods used.

An Analytical Study of Multidimensional Poverty in Urban and Rural Areas of Iran

This study aims to measure and analyze multidimensional poverty in Iran using the Alkire-Foster (AF) index across five dimensions: education, employment, living standards, health, and housing. The study period covers the years 2017 to 2019. The results indicate that approximately 28% of individuals in rural areas and 25% in urban areas are poor. Additionally, about 51% of the poor live in rural areas, while 49% reside in urban areas. The highest deprivation in both regions pertains to employment, accounting for around 40%. In other dimensions, deprivation rates are 16% in education, 4% in living standards, 24.5% in health, and 15.5% in housing. The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) is calculated to be 10% for urban areas and 11.5% for rural areas. The findings show that women, particularly in the education dimension, experience higher levels of deprivation in both urban and rural areas. This study demonstrates that poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, and effective policies for poverty reduction must address all its dimensions. Based on the results, improving employment conditions and enhancing living standards are primary priorities for reducing poverty. Additionally, special attention to improving health and education services, especially for women, is essential. The research indicates that targeted and precise policies can significantly reduce poverty and social inequalities.

Impact of Poverty Reduction Policies on Economic Development of Ethnic Minority Groups In Dong Van District, Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

Impact of Poverty Reduction Policies on Economic Development of Ethnic Minority Groups In Dong Van District, Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

Food prices and income poverty in Mexico: regional estimates

Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fisher y products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Policy for Eliminating Extreme Poverty with an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A Poverty Reduction Policy Design

Eliminating extreme poverty is the mandate of the Indonesian constitution. This study's methodology is qualitative, specializing in designing poverty eradication policy analysis as an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Indonesia's extreme poverty condition will be at 1.74% in 2023. The government has created a program to eliminate extreme poverty, which can meet needs from the health aspect in the form of a Healthy Indonesia card, the food aspect in the form of rice for low-income families, and the education aspect in the form of an intelligent Indonesia card. Of these three aspects, there needs to be an aspect so that low-income families continue to get income to meet their living needs and avoid falling into extreme poverty with an entrepreneurial ecosystem in the form of social entrepreneurship. According to the findings of this study, the government may use a Penta-helix partnership model with other stakeholders to tackle the issue of eradicating poverty by 2024 and meet the target of 0%-1% severe poverty elimination.

The Reality of Hunger and Poverty Among Khmer People in The Mekong Delta Region

Today, hunger and poverty are not only national problems but also global problems. In Vietnam, our party regards eradicating hunger and reducing poverty as goals throughout the country’s economic and social development process. Poverty eradication is a fundamental factor in ensuring social justice, enhancing sustainability, creating material strength, and providing opportunities to support poor people in getting out of poverty. This is clearly reflected in the principles and policies of the Party Congress on eradicating hunger and reducing poverty. Recently, at the 13th National Congress, our party declared: “Focus on the development of hunger eradication and poverty reduction in remote areas and extremely poor areas. Diversification of resources and means of poverty reduction, linked to agricultural and rural development, educational development, vocational training and job creation, to eradicate hunger and reduce poverty sustainably." In the Ten-Year Socio-Economic Development Strategy (2011-2020) , the task of "implementing poverty reduction policies more effectively" is determined, poverty alleviation is adapted to different periods, diversifying resources and methods, ensuring sustainable poverty reduction, especially in the poorest areas and extremely poor areas, encouraging the enrichment of the people and the government in accordance with the law, and narrowing the Policies and solutions to the wealth gap. The Mekong Delta is an area with a large Khmer population, with approximately 1,201,691 people, accounting for 6.93% of the region's population. The provinces with the largest Khmer population are Soc Trang (397,014 people), Tra Vinh (318,288 people), Kien Giang (213,310 people), and An Giang (91,018 people). There are approximately 400,000 poor households in the region, of which more than 72,000 are Khmer poor households (ranking the highest proportion of ethnic minority poor households in the region). Faced with this situation, it is very important to study and understand the hunger and poverty problems of the Khmer people, and is of great significance to the country's overall development strategy, especially the development strategy of the Mekong Delta region