Poverty Alleviation Projects Research Articles

Effect of Health Poverty Alleviation Project on the Economic Burden of Disease Among Poor Households: Empirical Evidence from Sichuan Province

To evaluate the effect of Health Poverty Alleviation Project on the economic burden of disease among poor families and to provide references for further improvement of the Health Poverty Alleviation Project. The difference-in-differences with propensity score matching method was used to analyze 48 counties in Sichuan Province. Propensity score matching was first carried out with data from the Sichuan Provincial Information System for Medical Care for Low-Income Population and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance data to identify the non-poor population closest to the poor population. Then, difference-in-difference method was used to determine the effect of the Health Poverty Alleviation Project. Health Poverty Alleviation Project reduced the total annual out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by 13.1% on average, the outpatient OOP payments by an average 2.4%, inpatient OOP payments by an average 19.5%, and the probability of incurring catastrophic health care expenditures by an average of 3.9% for low-income households. In addition, the program had a more significant effect in poverty-stricken counties than it did in non-poverty-stricken counties. Despite the significant effectiveness of the project, 12.1% of the low-income families still incurred catastrophic health expenditures after the program was implemented. Health Poverty Alleviation Project reduces the economic burden of disease for poor households, and it has a better effect on reducing the economic burden of poor households in poverty-stricken counties. However, a certain number of households still incurred catastrophic health expenditures. When consolidating and expanding the effects of Health Poverty Alleviation Project and monitoring medical expenses for poverty prevention, policymakers should focus on the households with catastrophic medical expenditures to prevent them from sinking back into poverty.

Determining the optimal operation and maintenance contract period of PV poverty alleviation projects based on real options and cooperative game: Evidence from rural China

China's photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations (PPAPS) properly combine poverty alleviation and renewable power generation while also meeting rural energy demands. The fundamental problem is how to optimize the benefits of PPAPS during its limited lifetime. Using the post-operation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation power plants as a starting point, this paper proposes a model combining real option theory and cooperative game to determine the ideal contract period of service committed by the government to the operation and maintenance (O&M) company, thus providing a reference for both parties. The model's validity and applicability are verified by incorporating a PPAPS from Henan Province in China as an example; ultimately, the factors influencing the O&M contract period are ranked using the Sobol global sensitivity analysis. The results show that when the solar industry's environment is positive, the government is more inclined to sign long-term contracts with O&M companies. In contrast, the more the government invests in the facilities, the more likely both parties will sign short-term contracts. Furthermore, the O&M company's capital investment in the power station has a direct impact on the contract period. Finally, corresponding policy recommendations are proposed for future O&M contracts.

Cognition process and influencing factors of rural residents' adoption willingness for solar PV poverty alleviation projects: Evidence from a mixed methodology in rural China

The photovoltaic poverty alleviation project (PV-PAP) is an innovative policy for renewable energy diffusion and sustainable development achievement in China. However, there is a lack of research on the public support and cognitive process of PV-PAPs, and motivations and influencing mechanisms of rural residents' willingness to adopt PV-PAPs still need to be further explored. Based on coding technique of grounded theory, principal component analysis, and stepwise multiple linear regression methods, this research explored rural residents' cognition of PV-PAPs as well as quantitatively verified the relationship between the key factors and their adoption willingness. Results show that rural residents have different cognitions of PV-PAPs, the composition of the cognitive element collection is the fundamental reason for the difference of individual degree of knowledge. Their cognitive process of PV-PAPs consists of three stages, namely information acquisition, perceived acceptance, and cognitive processing, during which the cognitive elements will change up to twice. Significant peer effects are found in promoting PV-PAPs. Perceived cost-benefit, degree of knowledge, external environmental influence, interpersonal interaction, and demonstration of others have highly significant positive impacts on residents' willingness to adopt PV-PAPs. Finally, recommendations are proposed to facilitate the promotion of PV-PAPs in rural areas.

RESEARCH ON TOURISM POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND PROMOTING RURAL REVITALIZATION –AN EMPIRICAL TEST BASED ON THE DEA MODEL

From the process of poverty alleviation to rural revitalization, there are many important factors restricting rural revitalization. As the main line of rural industrial revitalization, poverty alleviation through tourism creates different value for rural revitalization, which will affect the efficiency of rural revitalization. Tourism poverty alleviation projects as targeted poverty alleviation projects are common in various poverty-stricken counties, but the effect of tourism poverty alleviation is obviously different. In this regard, this paper uses the principal component analysis, the Delphi method and the DEA model to discuss the relationship between tourism poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. Firstly, the quantitative characteristics of various factors promoting rural revitalization are analyzed to identify the key factors of the efficiency of tourism poverty alleviation; secondly, it determines the evaluation index of rural revitalization by the Delphi method and scores the rural revitalization level by questionnaire; cluster the poor counties from input and output, and the DEA model is used to analyze the relationship between tourism poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, so as to further grasp the efficiency of tourism poverty alleviation promoting rural revitalization.

How do photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects relieve household energy poverty? Evidence from China

Energy poverty is a serious problem worldwide and has attracted the attention of policymakers. As a type of social welfare project, photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects (PPAPs) are expected to achieve high-quality poverty alleviation and an energy transformation in China. By the end of 2019, in China, the task of PPAP construction had been fully completed, with 26.36 million kWh of (PV) photovoltaic power plants having been built and 4.15 million households benefitting. This paper aims to explore the effect of PPAPs on energy poverty alleviation in poor areas. Based on 2010–2018 panel data from a tracking survey, this paper adopts a high-dimensional fixed effect model and finds that PPAPs reduced household energy poverty by 6.32%. Specifically, the mechanism included promoting the diversification of household energy sources and improving the disposable income of residents. Furthermore, the policy effect was more significant in regions with greater sunlight resource endowments. The findings of this paper provide implications for developing countries facing similar difficulties in improving people's livelihoods and in promoting sustainable development.

The Effect of Non-agriculture Employment on The Rural Household Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from a Deeply Impoverished County in Southwest China

Encouraging rural households from deeply impoverished areas to participate in non-agricultural employment has been regarded as an effective way to alleviate rural poverty. China’s targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) project has made significant achievements, with its policy to encourage rural households to participate in non-agricultural employments playing an important TPA role. Taking a deeply impoverished county in Southwest China as an example, this paper used an endogenous switching regression (ESR) model under a counterfactual inference framework to evaluate the effects of nonagricultural employment on alleviating household poverty, with the simplified “Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) equivalent scale” formula used to adjust the income to measure household welfare. It was found that non-agricultural employment had reduced participant poverty and greatly improved the welfare of the participating households. However, for the non-participants, the non-agricultural employment income would be lower than the agricultural income, and the transfer of the household labor force to non-agricultural employment would deepen household poverty. This paper concluded with a discussion of the policy options to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation in deeply impoverished areas.

Relative acquisition evaluation of health poverty alleviation project: a quantitative study of data from different regions of China

BackgroundPoverty is the greatest obstacle to the realization of human rights, among which illness is the leading cause in China. In 2015, China began to implement the health poverty alleviation project (HPAP). By 2020, all rural households living below the current poverty level (2300 yuan per person per year) have been lifted out of poverty.MethodsThis study introduces the concept of relative acquisition and constructs a scale based on the capability approach to measure the relative acquisition and compares its fairness of HPAP.ResultsThe findings show that the values of the relative acquisition of HPAP in survey areas are all reached middle level (0.4–0.6), with 0 indicating the worst level and 1 indicating the best level. Specifically, the values of the functional activities of "health care", "health ability", "equal treatment opportunities" and "social support" are all above 0.4, while the values of "economic conditions" and "health education" are below 0.4.ConclusionsThe HPAP plays a significant role in reducing the economic burden of disease on patients. However, due to insufficient social support and health education, the HPAP objects lack endogenous motivation to fight against poverty, and the fairness also needs to be improved.

Does the Photovoltaic poverty alleviation project promote county economic development? : Evidence from 852 counties in China

Photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects (PVPA), an innovative and unique policy introduced by China to promote green development and poverty alleviation, has attracted growing attention from both the public and the government. However, there is no consistent conclusion in the existing literature on the question of whether the establishment of PVPA has promoted county economic development. Based on the panel data of 852 counties from 12 provinces in China, this study employs the quasi-experimental method of Difference in Difference with Propensity Score Matching (PSM-DID) to examine the effects of the establishment of PVPA on county economy. It is found that: (1) The introduction of PVPA can significantly and sustainably promote the county economy; the longer the PVPA is introduced, the greater the boost to economic development. These results have been verified by robustness testing. (2) The policy effects of PVPA show heterogeneity in different types of counties. Specifically, the policy effects are stronger in non-national-level poor counties than in national-level poor counties, while the positive policy effects are more prominent in western counties than in non-western counties. (3) The policy effects of PVPA have positive but weak spillover effects on the neighboring areas. Based on the above findings, suggestions are proposed, such as sustainable operation of PVPA through multiple channels and enhanced cooperation of photovoltaic projects between neighboring regions are proposed.

Do the photovoltaic poverty alleviation programs alleviate local energy poverty? —Empirical evidence of 9 counties in rural China

As an innovation of the Chinese government energy policy, solar photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects (PPAPs) play a positive role in solving energy shortages and poverty reduction. However, there is limited research on energy poverty in China's PPAP areas. This study has proposed a three-dimensional theoretical model for energy poverty, evaluated the energy poverty in the PPAP areas and analyzed its influencing path. The results show that: (1) The implementation of PPAPs has improved energy poverty to various degrees in all three types of solar resource areas; (2) The availability of energy services is the most prominent problem in energy poverty, and the PPAPs improve the availability of energy services the most; (3) Farmers' economic status and education have the greatest impact on alleviating energy poverty, and (4) The PPAPs directly improve the availability of energy services by increasing power generation and stability of the grid, and indirectly affect the cleanliness of energy consumption and energy affordability through farmers per se, thus affecting local energy poverty. Thus, public policies for promoting clean energy and energy utilization technologies (such as solar PV, etc) would help alleviate energy poverty in the rural areas.

Assessing the efficiency level of the “poverty alleviation through agriculture project”: A case study of fixed observation points in China

In the modern era, development organizations and governments worldwide are undertaking various policies and projects to eradicate poverty. However, there is a lack of evidence that can trigger the efficiency level of those. Based on the survey data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, which was acquired at rural fixed observation points across 31 provinces of China from 2012 to 2016, the study evaluates the overall efficiency, stage-specific efficiency, and indicator-based efficiency of “Poverty alleviation through agriculture projects of China”. First of all, the entire process of agricultural poverty relief is divided into two stages: (i) agricultural production and (ii) social governance. Accordingly, the study proposes a two-stage theoretical analysis framework for agricultural poverty relief and decomposes the mechanisms; it also discusses the potential for improved efficiency levels in both agricultural production efficiency and social governance efficiency. Therefore, we utilize the two-stage dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to outline the findings. The outcomes showed the efficiency level of the projects can play an important role in addressing rural poverty in China. This study's major findings are summarized as follows: (i) the overall efficiency of the projects tends to be stable undauntedly. While agricultural production efficiency is the major cause and social governance efficiency in the second stage has been a minor cause for maintaining a relatively lower level of overall efficiency. (ii) There is significant room for improving the efficiency of certain input indicators (including total labor force, productive fixed assets, and education attainment of rural labor) and intermediate variables (i.e., income gap of village households). However, limited room has been found for certain output indicators (including the total output of grain, the poverty elimination index, and an aggregate index of social harmony). Thus, in China, poverty alleviation projects should be revitalized and targeted instead of concentrated. It is required to advance a long-term structure for rural poverty and promote the smooth transition of poverty alleviation projects and working criteria. Moreover, the government should strengthen the top-level design for addressing the relative poverty problem and incorporate it into the rural revitalization strategy.

Influence of Nature Reserves on the Energy Consumption Structure of Local Farmers.

The energy consumption of farmers residing around nature reserves is an important factor that affects the coordinated development of nature reserves and the surrounding communities. The optimization of the energy consumption structure of farmers around nature reserves is important for maintaining the resources and environment of nature reserves and saving natural resources. Based on the microscopic survey data for the energy consumption structure of 956 rural households around six nature reserves in Liaoning province, a multiple linear regression model was used in this study to match tendency scores and empirically examine the impacts of regulatory policies of nature reserves on the energy consumption of rural households in Liaoning province. In addition, the influence of the income and environmental cognition of farmers on the energy consumption of rural households around nature reserves was examined. The results showed that the regulatory policies of the nature reserves were conducive to reducing the traditional biomass energy consumption of the farmers. The nature reserves indirectly affect the energy consumption of the farmers by influencing their income, and cognition plays an important role in reducing the traditional biomass energy consumption of farmers in nature reserves. Compared with provincial nature reserves, national nature reserves have a more evident impact on the energy consumption of farmers. Based on the empirical results, farmers should be encouraged to reduce their high-pollution and high-emission energy consumption activities and should be provided with technical support and financial subsidies for clean energy, such as solar energy and biogas. The following measures should be taken to maintain the ecological environment of the nature reserves and to reduce the contradiction between the nature reserves and farmers: supervise the coal quality in the surrounding areas of nature reserves, improve the non-agricultural employment ability of farmers around nature reserves and the photovoltaic poverty alleviation project in Liaoning province, increase the income of farmers and promote the energy consumption of farmers around nature reserves, strengthen the management of provincial nature reserves, promptly change the traditional idea of ‘depend on the mountain and water’ adopted by farmers, improve the environmental awareness of farmers residing around nature reserves, and advocate green energy consumption.

A Risk Assessment Framework of Photovoltaic Poverty Alleviation Projects under EPC Mode in China

Due to the characteristics of poverty alleviation and cleanness, the photovoltaic poverty alleviation project (PPAP) plays an important role in consolidating the link between poverty alleviation and “rural revitalization” in China, which has attracted the attention of all sectors of society. In practice, EPC (engineering, procurement, and construction) mode is widely used in PPAP, which brings considerable benefits, but also has many risks. To ensure the successful development of the project, it is necessary to carry out risk assessment when selecting the scheme. However, this complex multi-attribute decision-making problem can be improved. First, the risk of PPAP is lack of targeted research; second, the uncertainty in the evaluation process has not been fully solved; third, the method of sorting is unreasonable. To solve these problems, this study establishes the risk assessment framework of PPAP. Firstly, a comprehensive index system suitable for PPAP risk assessment is established, including 5 first-level indexes and 22 second-level indexes. Then, the ANP method based on fuzzy environment is used to determine the weight. Finally, the cloud model and PROMETHEE are combined to select a higher priority solution. Case study and sensitivity analysis prove the robustness and feasibility of the framework. This study puts forward the corresponding risk response measures, to provide reference for the future practice of risk prevention and control.

Chronology of Events: April 2022 to June 2022

Chronology of Events:April 2022 to June 2022 Chen Juan (bio) Resources for China–ASEAN Relations As a research institute based in Singapore, the EAI monitors developments in relations and interactions between China and the individual countries of Southeast Asia as well as the ASEAN grouping as a whole. This material is presented in the form of (i) a chronology of events and (ii) important documents. —the Editors CHINA–ASEAN RELATIONS APRIL 2022 TO JUNE 2022: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS APRIL 2022 1st Myanmar's Foreign Minister U Wunna Maung Lwin upon invitation visits Tunxi in ChinaJs Anhui province and meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. The Myanmar side has expressed concerns over domestic economic difficulties. Wang suggests advancing poverty alleviation projects, starting with a batch of "small yet smart" livelihood projects. Both sides jointly inaugurate the Consulate General of Myanmar in Chongqing and exchange cooperation documents in areas such as economics, technology and agriculture. Both sides also exchange views on the South China Sea issue and the Rakhine State issue. 2nd Thai Foreign Minister Don Pramudwinai visits Tunxi and holds talks with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. The former expresses hope to expand cooperation in agricultural trade and connectivity, industrial and supply chains security, and sustainable development. Wang proposes that both sides explore conducting pilot and demonstration projects on industrial parks in Thailand. Both foreign ministers also exchange their views on the Ukraine issue. Wang briefly summarises for Pramudwinai Chinese President Xi Jinping's opinions delivered to European Union leaders on the Ukraine crisis. 3rd Philippine Foreign Minister Teodoro Locsin visits and meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Tunxi. They discuss the South China Sea issue, and Wang emphasises the need to eliminate interference and to properly manage differences between the Philippines and China. The Philippines side has agreed to strengthen communications. Both sides have also exchanged views on issues in Myanmar and Ukraine. 5th The 23rd ASEAN–China Joint Cooperation Committee Meeting, held online, reaffirms ASEAN's and China's commitment to further strengthen their partnership and cooperation in line with the ASEAN–China Comprehensive Strategic Partnership established in 2021. Both sides discuss the follow-up to the implementation of the comprehensive strategic partnership, such as enhancing cooperation in trade and investment through the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement. They also update the substantive progress of the ASEAN–China Plan of Action 2021–25 in cooperation in these areas such as trade and investment, digital economy, connectivity including air connectivity, clean energy and environmental protection. 8th Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Chinese President Xi Jinping have a telephone conversation and they officially inaugurate the Binondo–Intramuros Bridge, which is the second bridge funded by China under Duterte's "Build, Build, Build" infrastructure programme. Built at a cost of US$105.6 million, the bridge connects two busy districts in Manila city across the Pasig River and it aims to ease daily traffic congestion, catering for a daily traffic volume of 30,000 motorists. Both sides have also agreed to further enhance bilateral trade and investments, jointly address the impact of climate change and promote collaboration in the pandemic response. 14th Vietnamese Foreign Minister Bui Thanh Son and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi speak over the telephone. Both foreign ministers share their views on the South China Sea and the consultations of the three maritime working groups of both sides. They have expressed hope to see substantive progress and advancement of maritime delimitation in the sea area outside the mouth of Gulf of Tonkin (or Beibu Gulf). They also exchange views on the Ukraine issue. 26th Malaysia's Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the People's government of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China jointly organise an inaugural online investment forum. The objective of the forum is to promote investment and business opportunities in the Malaysia–China Kuantan Industrial Park (MCKIP) and the China–Malaysia Qinzhou Industrial Park (CMQIP). The forum is also part of a series of events to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the CMQIP. Companies from both sides have signed 11 memoranda of understanding for future projects...

A hybrid decision-making framework for photovoltaic poverty alleviation project site selection under intuitionistic fuzzy environment

The photovoltaic poverty alleviation project (PPAP), with functions of clean generation and poverty assistance, is regarded as an effective way to promote energy structure transformation and social coordinated development. Improper site selection poses a threat to stable profits, which hinders PPAP development. However, existing index systems fail to reflect PPAPs’ characteristics, and traditional decision-making techniques are faced with some problems such as information loss and evaluation bias. Therefore, a hybrid decision-making framework for PPAP site selection is proposed: First, based on 4-dimension searching loop, a comprehensive index system which includes veto indexes and sorting indexes is established; Second, a combined weight determining method is adopted to balance logic importance and decision-making contribution; Third, an extended ranking method is proposed for optimal alternative determination with consideration of intuitionistic fuzzy environment and bounded rationality; Finally, a case of Anhui, China is employed to verify the practicability and the robustness of the proposed framework. Results show that number of households assisted, initial capital and local villager support play a vital role in PPAP site selection. Judging from contributions, this paper can not only provide effective decision-making guidance for project investors, but also enriches the theoretical system of multi-criteria decision-making methods.

Analysis on the Path of Local Universities’ Intervention in the Sustainable Development of Poor Rural Areas in the Era of Post-Poverty Alleviation: Taking Sichuan University of Science and Engineering as an Example

China has entered the era of post-poverty alleviation, which effectively links poverty alleviation achievements with rural revitalization strategies. In the era of post-poverty alleviation, in order to effectively promote the sustainable development of poor rural areas, local colleges and universities should actively nurture the self-development skills of the needy. Local colleges and universities should guide the transformation of ideas and concepts, scientifically optimize the allocation of poverty alleviation resources, improve the interest linkage mechanism between colleges and universities, strengthen the investigation and analysis of poverty alleviation projects, improve the convergence of assistance and practice, actively create a good spiritual and cultural environment, uphold the mission of helping cadres, attach importance to the support for the development of characteristic industries, and lastly, promote the convergence of rural revitalization strategies.

Investigation and Analysis on the Effectiveness of Targeted Poverty Alleviation in China — Based on Some Counties and Cities in Guizhou and Anhui Provinces

In 2020, China has achieved the goal of comprehensive poverty alleviation and ushered in a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The research of this paper is conducted based on research and comparison to truly understand the different methods adopted in targeted poverty alleviation in different places. Field research was conducted in 22 villages in Lingbi County of Anhui Province and Wuchuan County of Guizhou Province, and primary data were obtained by household visits and surveys, which was adopted as the research basis. Through comparison, it is found that education based poverty alleviation and industrial poverty alleviation were adopted as the main methods in Lingbi County with development of characteristic planting industry, rural tourism based poverty alleviation and agricultural product processing industry at the agricultural level. Meanwhile, photovoltaic based poverty alleviation and e-commerce poverty alleviation projects were vigorously developed. The way of poverty alleviation by relocation and industry was mainly adopted in Wuchuan County, centering on agricultural development, relocation based poverty alleviation, demolition of old houses, reclamation and eco-friendly measures. To some extent, the different paths of the two counties reflect the different concepts in targeted poverty alleviation in the two provinces and even the two regions, providing a valuable reference for further research on targeted poverty alleviation.

Performance evaluation of China's photovoltaic poverty alleviation project using machine learning and satellite images

Photovoltaic poverty alleviation project (PPAP) is one of China's essential targeted poverty alleviation projects. This study proposes a machine learning model and uses satellite images to evaluate the performance of PPAP in China. The trained deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) with transfer learning was first used to identify the scale of photovoltaic (PV) power stations. Then the PV power capacity for poverty alleviation and carbon emission mitigation were estimated. The results identified 38 large-scale centralized and approximately 5,063,293 m2PV power stations built in Jinzhai County, Anhui province, China, by November 2020. The main findings are as follows. (1) The power generation and carbon mitigation of PPAP in Jinzhai County is about 1.8×103 MWh and 1.389 Mt per year. (2) The PPAP in Jinzhai County can recover the total costs and get benefits within three years, at least after completion. (3) Dynamic subsidy policy is needed to prevent over-scale or excessive government investment in PPAP. (4) The utilization of PPAP needs to be strengthened to transform the current “blood transfusion type” of poverty alleviation that relies more on government subsidies into more sustainable “hematopoietic style” poverty alleviation. This study is of significance to more accurately and comprehensively evaluate the performance of PPAP and give better utilize the role of renewable energy in promoting energy conservation, carbon emission reduction, and economic development.

A Study on Socio-Economic Upliftment of Women JEEViKA Beneficiaries and to Analyse the Constraints Faced by Them in Begusarai District of Bihar

Majority of the population in Bihar are residing in rural areas and have low source of income which leads to poverty. Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP) or JEEViKA project, 2006 is a poverty alleviation project supported by World Bank, which aims to enhance the socio-economic status of rural women. JEEViKA project brought a whole new platform for women empowerment. The present study aims to analyse the significant increase in the level of women’s empowerment through JEEViKA project and also to find out the major constraints faced by women beneficiaries. The study was conducted in the Begusarai district of Bihar which was selected purposively as JEEViKA livelihood training programme is currently running in the district. Teghra block was selected by purposive sampling for the study as the block has the largest number of trained beneficiaries. Total six villages were selected for the study by purposively considering the fact that these villages have a greater number of JEEViKA beneficiaries A total number of 120 respondents were taken for the study out of which sixty benrficiaries and sixty non-beneficiaries were there. The data were collected by personnel interview method by using pre structured interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful results. The present study revealed that the there is considerable increase in the socio-economic empowerment of women JEEViKA beneficiaries after going through livelihood trainings. The study further found the major constraints faced by the beneficiaries in various income generating activities such as lack of proper marketing, lower price etc. It is recommended that to enhance the socio-economic condition of rural women government should organize more such income generating livelihood training under JEEViKA project.

A Novel Approach for Monitoring the Ecoenvironment of Alpine Wetlands using Big Geospatial Data and Cloud Computing

Alpine wetlands in western Sichuan plateau (WSCP) are located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), where the ecological environment is very sensitive to global climate change. Being naturally driven coupled with unreasonable human development activities, alpine wetlands have experienced serious ecological and environmental issues such as drought, inversion, and desertification. However, due to the limitations of data sources and calculation models, it is impossible for us to deeply understand the change mechanism and spatial difference of the ecological environment of the alpine wetland (EEAW) in previous studies. In view of this, an innovative approach for monitoring the EEAW change has been proposed in this paper. We employ the approach to perform the EEAW change trend analysis, and some meaningful characteristics were founded. Specifically, it includes the fol1owing aspects. The air temperature increase is relatively significant, while the precipitation change has obvious spatial differentiation, and even some region’s precipitation experienced a decrease especially in plot1. In Haizishan, Lugu Lake, and Bari Lake, we explored an interesting phenomenon that the precipitation increases first and then decrease, and the turning point occurred around 1999. Increases in air temperature and evaporation have aggravated the drought in high-latitude areas. The drought situation has been alleviated in high-altitude areas due to the acceleration of snow melt water. Wetland vegetation and biomass presented an overall increasing trend, but the degradation also occurs in some area, including Zoige and Lugu Lake area. The human activity disturbances of wetland degradation mainly include the settlements expansion, agricultural development, and the ecotourism prosperity. Among them, targeted poverty alleviation projects have accelerated the urbanization in WSCP, and the development of agriculture and tourism has increased the interference of wetlands. Additionally, we have used Landsat images and national wetland survey data (1999, 2013, and 2020 year) from the past two decades to verify the EEAW trend and confirm the reliability of the analysis results using this approach.

Poverty control policy may affect the transition of geological disaster risk in China

The Chinese government has implemented measures to reduce poverty in the country. Specifically, the Targeted Poverty Alleviation (2013–2020) policy is a set of unique, large-scale and precise poverty control measures undertaken by China in an effort to eliminate absolute poverty. Deeply impoverished areas in the mountainous regions of Southwest China are also particularly prone to geological disasters. A poverty control policy might reduce risk from natural disasters in this region by changing human behaviour. However, it is unclear how the risk might change under the government’s poverty control measures. This paper uses power-law relations and negative binomial regression to analyse primary economic losses from geological disasters in Yunnan Province between 2009 and 2017. The results of the analysis show that the relation between the level of economic development and disaster losses in Yunnan Province changed from an inverted-U shape to a U shape in this period. While direct economic losses from geological disasters are falling, we find that losses in wealthy counties Yunnan Province have not decreased significantly and might even be increasing. In impoverished areas, poverty alleviation policies reduce the economic losses of geological disasters by reducing the vulnerability and exposure, and increasing the resilience. On the contrary, poverty reduction measures promote a concentration of population and wealth in non-poor areas, increasing the vulnerability and exposure, which in turn lead to an increase in direct economic losses from geological disasters. Therefore, in order to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation projects, the government needs to pay attention to the transfer of geological disaster risk caused by the policy-driven transformation of human social behaviour.