Pouteria Sapota Research Articles

Dielectric properties of Pouteria sapota compounds in terahertz frequency range

The analysis and a mathematical approximation of the dielectric properties of Pouteria sapota (Mamey) pulp compounds in the Terahertz (THz) range are presented. Since THz electromagnetic waves show a high sensitivity to detect water content when interacting with organic materials, this technique was used to determine the effective dielectric function (EDF) of a wet and a dry sample from the THz spectrum data. By fitting the EDF to the Landau-Lifshitz-Looyenga (LLL) dielectric mixture equation, the theoretical dielectric functions of each pulp compounds were approximated. The approach proposed here not only considered dry matter and water content in the Pouteria sapota pulp, as has been reported in the literature for organic samples, but also included the contribution of the volatile components (VC) that allowed a better adjustment to the experimental results. The water and VC content increase the value of the real and imaginary part of the calculated EDF of the wet sample. The use of the non-destructive THz spectroscopy technique allows determining the dielectric properties of fruits that have been dehydrated. Therefore, the methodology proposed here can be used as a method of in situ and ex situ quality control in the agri-food industry.

Agro-industrial residue of Pouteria sapota peels as a green heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel from soybean and sunflower oils

We report the use of ash from the agro-industrial waste of Pouteria sapota peels as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel from soybean and sunflower oils. The heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by activating raw Pouteria sapota peel powder at 500 °C for 2 h. The physicochemical and structural properties of the ash were evaluated by SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, BET analyses, and its basicity was determined through acid-base titration. The good activity of the ash-based catalyst was attributed mainly to the presence of potassium chloride (KCl), a specific surface area of 1.432 m2 g−1, and its high basicity of 9.069 mmol g−1. A maximum conversion yield of 92% was achieved for both the oils under optimized reaction conditions. For the soybean and sunflower oils, the optimum parameters were 3 wt% and 5 wt% of catalyst charge, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 9:1, and a reaction time of 240 min, respectively. The reactions were performed at 65 °C under stirring at 400 rpm. The physicochemical properties of soybean and sunflower biodiesel satisfactorily complied with the International Standard of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM-D6751) and the European Standardization (EN-14214).

Mathematical modeling of oil solid-liquid extraction from mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) seeds with hexane

Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) seeds oil has potential as human consumption oil due to its high content of oleic acid. In order to design a solid-liquid extraction sustainable process, (hexane)-(oil)-(Pouteria sapota seeds) extractive system was modeled for different extraction modes applying novel mathematical relations. One equilibrium stage solid-liquid extractions (SLE) and dynamic SLE with continuous solvent flow through a particles fixed bed were experimentally performed in order to estimate the extractive system thermodynamic properties. The results for thermodynamic distribution constant, specific retained solution and oil diffusivity in underflow (seeds-extract mixture) were 0.24 g/g, 1.58 g/g and 8.68 × 10−11 m2/s (at 30 °C) respectively. These properties, applied in the mathematical models of counter-current equilibrium multistage and dynamic SLE processes, reproduced experimental behavior with 4.53–16.7 average difference %.

Techno-Functional and Bioactive Properties and Chemical Composition of Guava, Mamey Sapote, and Passion Fruit Peels

Techno-Functional and Bioactive Properties and Chemical Composition of Guava, Mamey Sapote, and Passion Fruit Peels

Detection of moisture ratio and carotenoid compounds in mamey (Pouteria sapota) fruit during dehydration process using spectroscopic techniques.

This work presents the study of the moisture ratio and carotenoid compounds in dried mamey (Pouteria sapota) using non-invasive spectroscopic techniques. The drying behavior of mamey at 64°C by a homemade solar dryer is analyzed by fitting the experimental data to four different mathematical drying models. In addition, this result is compared with other drying techniques, namely by heat chamber with natural convection at temperatures of 50°C and 60°C. The results show that the Lewis model is the one that best fits the experimental moisture ratio curve of mamey. On the other hand, Near-Infrared and Terahertz spectroscopic techniques are used to estimate the moisture ratio, since water absorption is most sensitive at these frequencies. Fourier Transform Infrared-attenuated total reflectance and Raman spectroscopy are performed to detect the carotenoid compounds in dried mamey. This compound has important applications in the food industry and health benefits. To our knowledge, there are few studies on the dehydration of Pouteria sapota as well as its characterization using spectroscopic techniques for the detection of moisture ratio and carotenoid content; therefore, this study can be useful in agriculture and food sectors when detailed information about the cited parameters is needed.

Effects of the Inclusion of Ground Pouteria sapota Kernel on Intake, Digestibility, and Growth Performance in Lambs.

This study determined the effect of replacing ground corn and soybean meal with ground Pouteria sapota kernel (PSSM) in lamb diets on nutrient intake and digestibility, performance, and carcass traits. Twenty-one male hair sheep lambs with an average body weight of 22 ± 3.5 kg were randomly assigned to three treatment diets containing PSSM at 0, 10, and 20% of the total dry matter (DM) inclusion. The study lasted 60 days, which included 15 days for adaption and 45 days for sample collection. The PSSM inclusion did not affect intake or performance (p > 0.05). However, ether extract (EE) digestibility linearly increased (p < 0.0001), while crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) linearly decreased. Final body weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, feeding efficiency, and carcass traits were not affected by PSSM inclusion. In conclusion, these results suggest that PSSM can replace up to 200 g/kg DM of ground corn and soybean meal without affecting intake or animal performance.

Mineral fertilization in tropical reforestation: seedling growth and survival of ten native tree species in Tabasco, Mexico

A reforestation trial was carried out with ten native tree species under four different doses of mineral fertilizer in the lowland tropics in Tabasco, Mexico. In six one-hectare plots, 2415 seedlings of Brosimum alicastrum, Calophyllum brasiliense, Ceiba pentandra, Colubrina arborescens, Diphysa americana, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Handroanthus chrysanthus, Pimenta dioica, Pouteria sapota, and Tabebuia rosea were planted in a randomized design. The mineral fertilizer consisted of a single initial dose of 0 g, 150 g, 375 g or 750 g nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), as well as micronutrients (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, S). First-year survival and median height increment of transplanted seedlings were analyzed with statistical confidence intervals. Whereas overall first-year survival for Ceiba pentandra for all fertilization doses combined was 66%, it was only 12% for Brosimum alicastrum. On the other hand, median height increment was 102 cm for Enterolobium cyclocarpum, whereas it was only 7 cm for Pimenta dioica. The survival of six of the planted species was apparently affected by the salinity effect caused by mineral fertilization. The only species that benefited from mineral fertilization in a statistically significant way was C. pentandra. In conclusion, mineral fertilization in tropical reforestation is not recommended in general. Appropriate species selection is far more important for favorable survivorship and height increment.

Preparation of optically active cyanohydrins from 2-substituted benzaldehydes using a hydroxynitrile lyase from Pouteria sapota seeds immobilized on celite

The HNL from the defatted meal of the seeds of Pouteria sapota (PsHNL) was extracted with water, and the aqueous extract was immobilized over celite or lyophilized and used as semi-purified PsHNL. The aqueous extract was mixed with celite, ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4, and lyophilized. The immobilized PsHNLdir-celite catalysed the addition of HCN to 1b in buffer saturated-DIPE (microaqueous system) with high enantioselectivity in the first cycle but diminished in the next two cycles, best results were obtained with the ratio 1:4. The reaction with PsHNLdir-celite in biphasic medium (5% citrates buffer) improved the conversion compared with the microaqueous system, but it was still lower to that obtained with the PsHNL. Other way of immobilization studied was the precipitation of the enzyme with acetone and immobilization on celite, the PsHNLpp-celite catalysed the enantioselective addition of HCN to 2-fluoro (1a), 2-chloro (1b), 2-bromo (1c), 2-methyl (1d) and 2-nitro (1e) benzaldehydes, in the biphasic medium (1:4 ratio, 5% citrates buffer). The enantiomeric excess (ee) of (R)-2a, (R)-2b, (R)-2c and (R)-2d were >98% and remained during the three cycles. The ee of 2-nitromandelonitrile was 82% and was raised to 95% in the third cycle. Compared with the PsHNL, the conversion of 1a and 1b diminished 6% and 40%, respectively, after third cycle; for 2c, conversion was almost 10% higher in the first two cycles and diminished 19% in the third; for 2d and 2e the conversion was between 18–13% and 31–18% higher, respectively.

Pouteria sapota as green CO2-corrosion inhibition of carbon steel

Imidazoline obtained from the essential oil contained in Pouteria sapota seed was tested as an environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitor of 1018 carbon steel in CO2 saturated 3.5 % NaCl solution using electrochemical techniques. This imidazoline contains fatty acids with the presence of long hydrophobic chains, with 52.73 % of unsaturated (oleic and linolenic acids) and 40 % of saturated (palmitic and myristic acids) compounds. Polarization curves revealed that this inhibitor is highly efficient mixed-type of inhibitor with the inhibitor efficiency of 99.9 % reached at 25 ppm. Also, the lowest pitting potential value was observed at 25 ppm of inhibitor, making the carbon steel highly susceptible to the pitting type of corrosion. Corrosion current density value decreased by nearly four orders of magnitude, and a passive film formation was induced for inhibitor concen­tra­tions higher than 5 ppm. Accordingly, polarization resistance values were increased from 100 W cm2 up to about 106 W cm2 at 25 ppm of inhibitor. The inhibitor forms a protective film of corrosion products adsorbed on the metal surface in a very strong chemical way, following a Langmuir type of adsorption isotherm. This was supported by electrochemical impedance spectra that showed two relaxation processes ascribed to electrode interface and film regions. In agre­ement with polarization resistance data, the total electrode resistance determined by inter­facial charge transfer and film resistance, increased up to 8.2 ´ 105 W cm2 in presence of 25 ppm of inhibitor. SEM images additionally showed that type of corrosion was fully changed from uniform to a localized type when 25 ppm of inhibitor was added into the solution.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressures on microorganisms, totalphenolic content and enzyme activity of mamey (Pouteria sapota) nectar.

Mamey (Pouteria sapota) is a Mexican native fruit ofsweet flavor and high content of antioxidants.Some of these antioxidants are sensitive to high temperatures. Nonthermal technologies such as high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) could be an adequate alternative to traditional thermal pasteurization. Mamey nectars were treated under different HHP conditions and the effects on native microorganisms (mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeast), pectinmethylesterase (PME) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities as well as on total phenolic content (TPC), were evaluated. Most HHP treatments conditions were equally effective to inactive native microorganisms. The application of HHP improved the extraction of TPC showing increments of 24% (400MPa/2min) to 64% (500MPa/2min) compared with the control samples. At 500MPa/5 and 10min maximum inactivation levels of PPO of about 40% were obtained, while PME activity showed decrements up to 70% at 400MPa/5min. HHP showed to be a potential technology to preserve mamey nectar, but more conditions should be tested to reach higher enzyme inactivation.

Aqueous Extraction of Seed Oil from Mamey Sapote (Pouteria sapota) after Viscozyme L Treatment

In this study, aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) was evaluated during the process of obtaining oil from mamey sapote seed (OMSS). Viscozyme L enzyme complex was used at pH 4 and 50 °C during the optimization of the extraction process by central composite design and response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were: 3.5% (w/w) of enzyme (regarding the seed weight), 5.5 h of incubation time, 235 rpm of agitation rate, and 1:3.5 of solid-to-liquid ratio. These conditions enabled us to obtain an OMSS yield of 66%. No statistically significant differences were found in the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties, such as the acid and iodine values and the percentage of free fatty acids, between the oil obtained by AEE or by the conventional solvent extraction (SE). However, the oxidative stability of the oil obtained by AEE (11 h) was higher than that obtained by SE (9.33 h), therefore, AEE, in addition to being an environmentally friendly method, produces a superior quality oil in terms of oxidative stability. Finally, the high oil content in mamey sapote seed, and the high percentage of oleic acid (around 50% of the total fatty acid) found in this oil, make it a useful edible vegetable oil.

Genetic variability in mamey (Pouteria Sapota (Jaq.) H.E. Moore &amp; Stearn) based on molecular markers and fruit morphology

The mamey (Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore &amp; Stearn) has been an important food source in Mexico and Central America from where it originates, as well as in other tropical areas of the world where it has been introduced. Despite the importance of this phytogenetic resource and the variability that has been previously reported, parameters of genetic variability and diversity have not been established that allow for sustainable development and commercial exploitation plans to be carried out. The objective of this work was to determine the genetic variability in a population of mamey from the state of Colima, based on molecular markers and characteristics of the fruit. A sample of plants from the state of Yucatán was used as reference germplasm with the origin. It was found that there is a high level of intrapopulation genetic variability and a considerable degree of differentiation in terms of allelic frequencies between the samples from Colima and Yucatán, the ISTR and ISSR markers proved to be useful in the segregation of the samples based on their origin.

Carotenoids from mamey (Pouteria sapota) and carrot (Daucus carota) increase the oxidative stress resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans

Carotenoids are natural pigments and antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables such as carrot, tomato, orange, mango, yellow corn, pumpkin, and mamey. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of mamey (Pouteria sapota) carotenoids and compared them to carrot (Daucus carota) carotenoids. The carotenoids were extracted from mamey and carrot, and their antioxidant capacity were determined via in vitro (ABTS method) and in vivo assays (resistance against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans). The carotenoid contents in mamey and carrot were 4.42 ± 0.12 and 5.47 ± 0.04 mg β-carotene/100 g, respectively. Despite the differences between the carotenoid contents in both products (p < 0.05), the in vitro antioxidant capacity results showed no significant differences between the extracts (p > 0.05). The mamey and carrot carotenoid extracts decreased the oxidative damage in C. elegans by 20–30% and 30–40%, respectively. Both extracts increased the resistance and enhanced the survival of the nematodes, and showed better effects than pure β-carotene, probably owing to the complex mixture in the carotenoid extracts. These results suggest that mamey is a good alternative source of carotenoids and that it protects against oxidative stress in C. elegans. The protective effect of mamey carotenoids was similar to the effect of carrot carotenoids.

Antioxidant activities of spray-dried carotenoids using maltodextrin-Arabic gum as wall materials

BackgroundCarotenoids are natural pigments that are highly sensitive to light, heat, acids, oxygen, metals, and free radicals, which degrade the antioxidant activities of carotenoids. Microencapsulation techniques have been used to prevent carotenoid degradation and preserve their antioxidant activities. In this work, we aimed to encapsulate mamey (Pouteria sapota) and carrot (Daucus carota) carotenoids in mixtures of maltodextrin (10% w/v) and Arabic gum (5 or 10% w/v) by spray-drying. The obtained powders were stored at different temperatures (4 and 25 °C) with or without access to daylight, and changes in color, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity were analyzed monthly for three months. Moreover, the in vivo antioxidant activities of spray-dried carotenoids were evaluated in Caenorhabditis elegans.ResultsThe carotenoid and antioxidant activity losses of stored carotenoids were found in the following order: 25 °C in daylight > 25 °C without access to daylight > 4 °C without access to daylight. Moreover, the combination of maltodextrin and Arabic gum (10%) was more effective to prevent carotenoid loss compared to maltodextrin and Arabic gum (5%). In vivo antioxidant activity results showed that spray-dried carotenoids reduced approximately 30% of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nematodes, even after three months of storage.ConclusionsMamey and carrot carotenoids were successfully encapsulated by the spray-drying technique. The spray-dried carotenoids effectively reduced the intracellular ROS levels and neutralized the oxidative stress damage in C. elegans, even after three months of storage. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of mamey carotenoids were equally effective as those of carrot carotenoids, meaning that mamey carotenoids could be seen as an alternative source of carotenoids.

Anastrepha, Ceratitis capitata, distribución, fluctuación poblacional, trampas caseras

El sistema Carrizal-Chone representa el proyecto hídrico más importante de Manabí, Ecuador donde existen huertos, compuestos por frutales, que son afectados por “moscas de la fruta” (Diptera: Tephritidae), reportadas como las principales plagas de cultivos hortofrutícolas en el mundo. La investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las especies de moscas de la fruta, sus hospederos y su distribución geográfica en el área de influencia del sistema de riego Carrizal-Chone (Bolívar, Chone, Tosagua y Junín). Se implementaron dos rutas de monitoreo en el área de estudio, evaluando 24 trampas caseras, utilizando como atrayente extracto fermentado de maracuyá. Las trampas fueron recolectadas cada 15 días, recuperando las “moscas de la fruta” en frascos con alcohol y reponiendo en cada fecha el atrayente. Paralelamente, fueron recolectados frutos con evidencia de la plaga. Las muestras fueron procesadas en los laboratorios de Entomología de la Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí y del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. A partir de los datos, se obtuvo la identificación de especies, hospederos, distribución, dinámica poblacional e índice Mosca por Trampa por Día (MTD). Se identificaron seis especies, de las cuales Anastrepha fraterculus y Anastrepha obliqua son las de más amplia distribución. Los frutos más frecuentes fueron: guayaba, ovo, mango, arazá, zapote, fruta china, y mamey colorado. Se determinó que la disponibilidad y abundancia de frutas hospederas y especies nativas, son factores importantes que influyen sobre la fluctuación y temporalidad de las poblaciones de las “moscas de la fruta”.

Pouteria sapota hydroxynitrile lyase catalyzed synthesis of optically active cyanohydrins from ortho-substituted benzaldehydes

Chiral cyanohydrins are important building blocks in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The synthesis of optically active o-substituted mandelonitriles was carried out in a biphasic system, using the defatted meal of Pouteria sapota seeds as (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase (PsHNL) source to biocatalyze the enantioselective addition of HCN to the sterically hindered o-chloro, o-bromo, o-fluoro, o-nitro, o-methyl, and 2,4-dichlobenzaldehydes, that are poor substrates for other HNLs. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the cyanohydrins obtained was from 98 to 100 %, except in the case of o-nitromandelonitrile (82 % ee), the conversion was from 56 % to 100 %, at the optimum conditions of 2 mL diisopropyl ether (i-pr2O), 37.5 %, of aqueous phase and ratio 60 mg/0.5 mmol of PsHNL meal/aldehyde. The relationship between molecular descriptors and bioconversion of the o-substituted benzaldehydes was analyzed using Person´s correlation (r ≤ 0.8) and path analysis, the molecular descriptors that had a highest influence over the conversion were Total size indexes (T) weighted by atomic van der Waals volume (Tv), atomic polarizability (Tp), atomic Sanderson electronegativity (Te) and unweighted (Tu). The P. sapota seed is an inexpensive source of HNL, that was able to biocatalyze the conversion of sterically hindered benzaldehydes to the corresponding enantiopure cyanohydrins.

Producción y comercialización del mamey Alpoyeca, Guerrero: opinión de productores

México es el principal productor de mamey (Pouteria sapota) en el mundo; sin embargo, se percibe que la producción y comercialización del fruto es afectado por diversos factores biológicos, técnicos y socioeconómicos que impactan negativamente en el desarrollo de la cadena productiva. Para tener evidencia directa del caso, en 2017 se entrevistó a productores de mamey del municipio de Alpoyeca, Guerrero, planteando como objetivo conocer y analizar su opinión de la problemática para la producción y comercialización. Se entrevistaron 50 productores de mamey que mediante un cuestionario se captó la información. Los factores que afectan la producción y comercialización del mamey se agruparon en biológicos, técnicos y socioeconómicos. Los biológicos están relacionados con la presencia de plagas y enfermedades que afectan drásticamente la vida útil de las plantas y el fruto. Los problemas técnicos declarados fueron plantas avejentadas, manejo deficiente de la huerta que afecta la producción, sanidad y calidad del fruto. Los socioeconómicos tienen que ver con la falta de recursos económicos, bajo precio del producto, falta de apoyo institucional e intermediarismo. De esta manera, la producción y comercialización es afectada por manejo deficiente de la huerta debido a desconocimiento técnico de los productores, por la escasa solvencia económica, falta de mercado seguro y el no haber apoyo institucional, lo cual es agravado por la escasa organización de productores.

Isolation and identification of sapotexanthin 5,6-epoxide and 5,8-epoxide from red mamey (Pouteria sapota).

Two new carotenoids, sapotexanthin 5,6-epoxide and sapotexanthin 5,8-epoxide, have been isolated from the ripe fruits of red mamey (Pouteria sapota). Sapotexanthin 5,6-epoxide was also prepared by partial synthesis via epoxidation of sapotexanthin, and the (5R,6S) and (5S,6R) stereoisomers were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electronic circular dichroism (HPLC-ECD) analysis. Spectroscopic data of the natural and semisynthetic derivatives obtained by acid-catalyzed rearrangement of cryptocapsin 5,8-epoxide stereoisomers were compared for structural elucidation.

Erratum.

Journal of DiabetesVolume 12, Issue 1 p. 95-95 ERRATUMFree Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Retracted: Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Pouteria sapota in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Sathya Prabhu, Shanmugam Vinodhini, Chakravarthy Elanchezhiyan, Devi Rajeswari, Volume 10Issue 1Journal of Diabetes pages: 28-42 First Published online: May 29, 2017 First published: 19 December 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13002AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL In 1, an error in Figure 7 was introduced. Panels C and D have the same figure. The correct image should be: Figure 7Open in figure viewerPowerPoint The author apologizes for this error and regret any inconvenience it may have caused. REFERENCE 1Prabhu S, Vinodhini S, Elanchezhiyan C, Rajeswari D. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Pouteria sapota in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes. 2018; 10(1): 28- 42. Volume12, Issue1January 2020Pages 95-95 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation

Activity patterns of terrestrial frugivorous mammals in a Mexican Neotropical forest

Fruits reaching the floor of tropical forests constitute an attractive resource for a variety of mammals. Study of the characteristics of the frugivory interaction can help to advance in the understanding of the mechanisms favoring animal’s coexistence. However, there are few studies focused on analyzing patterns of activity of mammals feeding on fruits in the forest floor. Camera traps were used to record consumption of Licania platypus and Pouteria sapota fruits by Cuniculus paca, Dasyprocta punctata, Nasua narica, Dycotiles crassus and Tapirella bairdii. Patterns of mammal activity were characterized based on the day, time and tree in which they were recorded. Overlap in daily (delta coefficient) and spatial occurrence (same tree and day, Jaccard, Ochiai indices and V ratio) was assessed. High segregation in the activity of frugivores occurred during the day (mean 0.291 and 0.191 for L. platypus and P. sapota, respectively) and among trees/days (max. Jaccard = 0.14 and 0.19 for L. platypus and P. sapota, respectively). Our results suggest that activity overlap among mammalian frugivores feeding in the forest floor is lower than expected. This likely relates to the fact we conducted our analysis at a finer detail than previous studies (for example those focusing exclusively on dietary overlap). Thus, our study increases our understanding of the possible factor that can favor coexistence of tropical frugivorous mammals.