Poultry Wastewater Research Articles

Effect of addition of one carbon source on the operation of sequencing batch reactor in order to remove nitrogen and COD from poultry wastewater

The effect of carbon source addition on the operation of a sequencing batch reactor in order to remove nitrogen and COD of poultry wastewater was studied. The reactor was constructed with a glass tube having a volume of 7 l and a jacket for temperature control. The reactor bottom consisted of a conical porous stone in order to promote liquor aeration and agitation. Initial conditions and operation strategies were adjusted to improve the final effluent quality. According to the attained experimental results, it was verified that nitrification and denitrification can occur simultaneously in aerated culture, contrary the observation of some authors.

Degradation of Antibiotics (Tetracycline, Sulfathiazole, Ampicillin) Using Enzymes of Glutathion S-Transferase

ABSTRACT Swine wastewater is not easily treated in biological wastewater treatment plants. One reason is that some antibiotics are not easily degradable in a normal treatment system and inhibit the biological organisms in the treatment system. Specifically, tetracycline, sulfathiazole, and ampicillin are representative antibiotics found in poultry wastewater. To degrade these refractory and impediment antibiotics more easily, a special method is needed, such as an enzyme method. This research used a special enzyme in an experiment that tested feasibility with an enzyme assay of biological treatment in vitro. The Glutathion S-Transferases (GSTs) are a family of proteins that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione with a variety of hydrophobic chemicals containing electrophilic centers. Using GSTs, these major antibiotics were transformed into components that were non-toxic to the microorganisms that treat manure wastewater. The initial concentration of tetracycline, sulfathiazole, and ampicillin were 100 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively, and the concentration of pig feed was the same as usual. The GSTs have made the effect of biotransformation of antibiotics as their mode. They were 60–70% transformed by GSTs at the end of the degradation reaction. This lowered their inhibitory strength against microorganisms.

Characterization of the Effluent Wastewater from Abattoirs for Land Application

Meat plant wastewater quality depends on water usage, the type of animal slaughtered, and the amount of rendering or processing that is done on site. In Ontario and Quebec, abattoir wastewater total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) ranged from 2333 to 8627 mg/L, and suspended solids (SS) from 736 to 2099 mg/L, volatile suspended solids (VSS) represented 80% of SS, and protein content varied from 444 to 2775 mg/L. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (P) averaged 6.0 and 2.3 g/100 g of TCOD, respectively. Ammonia and sulfide levels were well below the 3000 and 100 mg/L toxicity level, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of fresh blood is high at 375,000 mg/L compared to the COD of liquid manure at 15,000–30,000 mg/L. The concentration of the wastewater can be greatly affected by the efficiency of blood recovery in the blood pit. Abattoir wastewater contains several million colony forming units (cfu) /100 mL of total coliform, fecal coliform, and Streptococcus groups of bacteria. The presence of these nonpathogenic microbes indicates the possible presence of pathogens of enteric origin such as Salmonella ssp. and Campylobacter jejuni and of gastrointestinal parasites such as Ascaris sp., Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and enteric viruses. Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are not a concern in poultry wastewater. Pathogens might threaten public health by migrating into groundwater or through traveling off-site by surface water, wind, or vectors (i.e., animals, birds) etc. Once the treated abattoir wastewater is applied to land, the potential for spread of any pathogens that might remain in the water or sludge varies with the type of crop and soil to which it is applied.

Use of an Aged-Refuse Biofilter for the Treatment of Feedlot Wastewaters

Refuse in the landfills and dumping sites becomes stabilized or aged over time. The aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and large quantity of micro-organisms, which can effectively decompose refractory organic matter present in some wastewaters, such as MSW landfill leachate. In this study, a biofiltration reactor consisted of the aged refuse excavated from a 10-year-old closed landfill compartment in the Shanghai Refuse Landfill (SRL) was used for biofiltration of livestock and poultry waste water sampled from a farm. Two hundred kilograms of screened aged refuse (diameter less than 15 mm) was used as biofiltration material in a cylindrical biofilter with a 40-cm inner diameter and a 150-cm height. Around 50 L/day (at a hydraulic load of 250 L/m3 refuse/day) of the preliminary-treated influent livestock wastewaters with initial CODCr, BOD5, NH3-N, total phosphorus concentrations of 197-2,419, 102-459, 260-1,140, and 24-102 mg/L, was intermittently sprayed over the refuse surface once a day with 3 h per interval. The pollutant concentrations were reduced to below 185 mg/L CODCr, 15 mg/L BOD5, 27 mg/L NH3-N, and 0.5 mg/L total phosphorus, with a removal of 64, 54, 75, 88, 94, and 99%, respectively. However, the removal of the total N is quite low, only around 20-30%. The NH3-N is mainly converted to nitrate N. The removal of the total P is high, possibly because of the strong chemical absorption capacity of the aged refuse in the biofiltration reactor used. The effluent looks clear, in contrast to the brownish color of the influent. The treatment process developed is cost-effective and easily operated.

A Rapid Most-Probable-Number–Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection and Enumeration of Salmonella Typhimurium in Poultry Wastewater

The rapid and accurate detection and enumeration of low levels of Salmonella Typhimurium in food processing facilities are critical components of an effective hazard analysis critical control point program. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid (8 h) most probable number (MPN)–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and enumeration of Salmonella Typhimurium in wastewater. The specific objectives were to (i) characterize poly- and monoclonal Salmonella Typhimurium–specific antibodies in order to select the most specific and sensitive antibody for Salmonella Typhimurium detection, and (ii) validate the MPN assay through a correlation between the 8-h MPN-ELISA and the traditional 48-h Salmonella Typhimurium MPN method in poultry scald water. Poultry scald water samples were spiked with 10 and 50 CFU/ml of Salmonella Typhimurium. The traditional MPN method used a 48-h enrichment period followed by an analysis, while the MPN-ELISA used a 5-h enrichment period followed by a 3-h ELISA analysis. No differences (P < 0.05) were found between the traditional MPN and the MPN-ELISA, indicating the promise of the MPN-ELISA for the rapid detection and enumeration of Salmonella Typhimurium within an 8-h shift. This abbreviated assay will permit increased product sampling and more rapid movement of food between production and processing, resulting in reduced spoilage and quality losses.

Mesophilic biomethanation and treatment of poultry waste-water using pilot scale UASB reactor.

The feasibility of applying the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treatment for poultry waste (faeces) water was examined. A continuous-flow UASB pilot scale reactor of 3.50 L capacity using mixed culture was operated for 95 days to assess the treatability of poultry waste-water and its methane production. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed was found to be 78% when organic loading rate (OLR) was 2.9 kg COD m(-3) day(-1) at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 13.2 hr. The average biogas recovery was 0.26 m3 CH4 kg COD with an average methane content of 57% at mean temperature of 30 degrees C. Data indicate more rapid methanogenesis with higher loading rates and shorter hydraulic retention times. At feed concentration of 4.8 kg COD m(-3) day(-1), anaerobic digestion was severely retarded at all hydraulic retention time tested. This complication in the reactor operations may be linked to build-up of colloidal solids often associated with poultry waste water and ammonia toxicity. Isolates from granular sludge and effluent were found to be facultative anaerobes most of which were Pseudomonas genera.

THE IMPACT OF THE TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY ON THE POULTRY INDUSTRY

THE IMPACT OF THE TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY ON THE POULTRY INDUSTRYThe poultry industry is subject to the reporting requirements of the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) for a number of chemicals that are both otherwise used and manufactured at processing, rendering, and feed mill facilities. These chemicals include ammonia, nitrate compounds, chlorine, and metal compounds and may include the PBT, PAC, and mercury compounds reportable for calendar year 2000. The...Author(s)James L. WalshSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 41 - Industrial Issues and Treatment Technology Symposium: Egg and Poultry Wastewater Treatment IssuesDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2001ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20010101)2001:12L.63;1-DOI10.2175/193864701790864791Volume / Issue2001 / 12Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)63 - 71Copyright2001Word count130

Growth kinetics of the filamentous microorganism Sphaerotilus natans in a model system of a food industry wastewater

Bulking by Sphaerotilus natans has been attributed to several factors such as low dissolved oxygen in the aeration basin, wastes with high C:N ratios and phosphorus limitation; however, the occurrence of bulking has been reported in fruit, vegetable, meat and poultry wastewaters in which the ratio C:N is variable. Growth of S. natans was analyzed in a model system of a food industry wastewater (potato processing waste) that was characterized by HPLC determining that citric acid was the most important identified component. The effect of several carbon sources on S. natans growth was also studied; different C:N ratios were tested in a continuous culture system (chemostat). This strain grew in a mineral medium with citric acid as a sole carbon source, in spite of the contradictory results found in literature. Chemostat studies showed that the medium was carbon-limited when C:N ratios <19 mgCOD (mgN-NH 3) −1. Monod kinetic growth coefficients, determined for this strain in chemostat were: maximum specific growth rate, μ max=0.301 h −1; Monod constant, K S=4.6 mgCOD l −1; true biomass growth yield, Y T X/S=0.490 mgVSS (mgCOD) −1; endogenous decay rate, k d=0.011 h −1 and maintenance coefficient, m S=0.022 mgCOD (mgVSS) −1 h −1. The obtained parameters were compared with literature data and the effect of glucose and citric acid as carbon sources was discussed; these parameters are useful in modeling the growth of S. natans in potato processing wastewaters (or in other effluents under carbon-limiting conditions) especially when citrate is the main component and can be used to control filamentous bulking by metabolic or kinetic selection.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON TREATMENT EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

An existing free-water-surface constructed wetland system at the Auburn University Poultry Science Unit wasused to evaluate the effects of water temperature on the treatment of poultry lagoon effluent. Each wetland consisted of twocells in series. One series was planted with an approximate 10% fill of Sagittaria lancifolia. A second series containedPhragmites australis and Scirpus spp. with an approximate 5% fill of plants. A third series was unvegetated and acted as acontrol. Wastewater samples were collected approximately every 12 days at the influent and effluent of each cell andanalyzed for TKN, ammonia, nitrate, BOD5, COD, total phosphorus, orthophosphorus, and potassium. Water temperaturewas measured using thermographs placed at the midpoint of each cell with temperature readings being taken each hour fromJuly 1995 until June 1996. The percent removal of each wastewater pollutant from each series was compared to the averagewater temperature over the sampling period (every 12 days) to determine what effect, if any, temperature had on treatment.For most cases, temperature was not found to significantly affect treatment of poultry wastewater. Treatment efficiency(percent removal) was significantly correlated to temperature in one series for ammonia, one series for nitrate, one series fortotal phosphorus and one series for orthophosphorus. Mass removal was not correlated to temperature in any of the casesstudied.

Treatment of Dilute Manure Wastewaters by Chemical Coagulation

Results from laboratory coagulation-settling experiments using five coagulants (one inorganic salt and four organic polymers) on four dilute wastewaters (fresh manure from swine, poultry, and cattle and effluent from a swine anaerobic digester) are presented to provide chemical coagulation data for designing treatment facilities for livestock and poultry. Adjustment of pH alone was generally ineffective in promoting coagulation on all wastewaters. Values of pH above nine were effective for swine wastewater. Ferric chloride removed 60 to 70% of the volatile solids (VS) for cattle and swine at concentrations of 300 to 450 mg/L, but was less effective on poultry wastewater. Addition of organic polymers with iron salt did not improve coagulation from swine wastewater. Synthetic polymers and chitosan were excellent coagulants for all manure wastewaters but not for digester effluent. Based upon the effective concentrations to remove suspended solids from the flush waters of a 1,000-head swine finishing unit, synthetic polymers are the most cost-effective chemical coagulant, while chitosan is the least cost-effective.

Use of EDTA for chelating toxic metals inhibiting BOD measurements

The trans-isomer of sodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to chelate metal ions known to inhibit accurate determination of BOD of wastewater. The results showed that as much as 5 mg Cu(II) and 6 mg Zn present in a litre of poultry wastewater were effectively chelated by 1 ml of 0·1 m EDTA so that the metals had no suppressive effect on the BOD values.

The effect of metallic toxicants on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements

Samples of poultry wastewater were analysed to examine the effect of some metallic toxicants on their BOD values. Results showed that 1 mg Cu (II) or Zn ions per litre of the wastewater caused as much as 33% and 16·9% BOD suppression, respectively. This was due to the toxic effect of the metals on the bacteria responsible for the biochemical oxidation of the organic wastes in the wastewater. The metals did not show any appreciable effect on the COD measurements of the wastewater.