Poultry Feed Research Articles

КОРМОВАЯ ДОБАВКА ИЗ ОТХОДОВ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ

Some new feed ingredient search and balancing feed additives development at these ingredients base are one of the main tasks for agricultural animals and poultry full value nutrition. Spent grain has been considered as perspective raw material for poultry feeding. Spent gray is by-product of beer production. This component has high biologic potential in accordance with the modern researches due to alimental fiber and beta glucan content. These matters contribute modulate balance and microbial populations activity in animal intestine. Spent grain usage is advisable in combination with mineral complex that stimulate poultry production. The results of complex feed addition usage have been given in the article for Texas white breed laying quail ration. This feed additive contains modified spent grain, mineral sorbent and probiotic microorganisms. Given data shows that such additive usage has helped to increase laying quails egg production by 12.9%, quail livability by 5.0%, eviscerated carcass yield by 3.0%, breast muscles mass in eviscerated carcass mass by 1.4% and also to reduce feed cost per 10 eggs by 9.3% and first egg age by 3 days. The additive feeding didn’t influence negatively on blood serum biochemical traits and poultry internal organs development. The quails had no structural and functional pathologies.

Impacts of caponization on growth performance, certain phenotypic trait, and carcass composition in Sonali chicken: A randomized prospective study

Aim: Sonali chicken serves as a dependable source of poultry meat, holding a prominent position alongside indigenous chicken. In this context, the caponized Sonali cockerels could be deemed pragmatic for meat production. This study investigated the effects of caponization on feed intake, growth performance, carcass yield, meat composition, and a certain phenotypic trait (comb height) in Sonali chicken cockerels. Methods: Thirty Sonali cockerels, appearing in good health, were chosen through block randomization and divided equally into three groups: group I (control), group II (sham), and group III (capon). All cockerels received formulated poultry feed and were reared with intensive care. The group III birds underwent caponization at 8 weeks of age, whereas sham operations were performed in group II birds at the same age, and group I birds were intact. Daily feed intake, weight gain, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and comb height were recorded in all cockerels from 8 to 13 weeks. After slaughtering at 13 weeks, the weights of dressed carcasses, leg (thigh+drumstick), breast, liver, heart, and spleen were documented, and proximate analysis of breast meats was performed. Results: The caponized birds (capons) exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher daily feed intake, weight gain, and live weight with an improved FCR, including heavier leg, breast, liver, and spleen, in comparison to their counterparts. However, a gradual and significant decrease (P<0.05) in the comb height was noted in the capons throughout the experiment. The capon meat showed significantly greater (P<0.05) percentages of fat, ash, and nitrogen-free extract than those of the sham and control, but minor variations were observed in meat protein and dry matter percentages among the groups. Conclusion: Caponization in Sonali cockerels remarkably enhances growth for meat production and certainly impacts the comb height and carcass characteristics.

The liquid mineral- and probiotic-containing feed additives for poultry

In this study, we assessed the biocompatibility of five probiotic lactobacilli strains and characterized sapropel, bentonite, and zeolite from the deposits of Tatarstan Republic in terms of their chemical and mineral compositions, cation exchange capacities, sorption activity, and the structure of the ion exchange and sorption complexes. We also constructed a synbiotic preparation with sapropel, bentonite, and zeolite as carrier matrixes for probiotic lactobacilli and determined their viability in the preparation for two weeks. High ion-exchange and sorption properties of sapropel, bentonite, and zeolite and suitable bacterial survival rate during storage are among the main benefits of the developed poultry feed. The obtained data have a great potential for practical use in the construction of multi-strain liquid probiotics, in which probiotic lactobacilli are immobilized on mixtures of various mineral matrix carriers.

Strategy of increasing protein production based on lupin and nano disintegrator technology

The article considers the problem of providing food to the population. To solve this problem, it is proposed to master the process of protein production from lupin. The cultivation of lupin will allow the development of the northern territories of the country and will make it possible to accelerate the development of the northern sea route. It has been established that of all leguminous crops, lupin has the most nitrogen-fixing ability, which will allow further use of arable land for sowing other crops and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizers used. It is noted that lupine feed is difficult to digest. To solve this problem, high-temperature grain processing has been developed. This technology improves the process of feeding poultry and animals, but has disadvantages such as: high-temperature processing of lupin grain contributes to the destruction of a number of amino acids and reduces the effect of the vitamin complex; significant additional costs are required for hydrothermal exposure. To eliminate these shortcomings, a new lupin processing process is proposed using a disentangulatory technology. To improve the disintegrator technology, a nanodesintegrator process is proposed by using microturbines instead of electric motors, which increases the effect of grinding the structure and activating biological systems by 19.2 times.

Economic Importance of Backyard Poultry in Taluka Jhando Mari, District Tando Allahyar, Sindh

Present study was carried out to observe the economic importance of backyard poultry birds in rural areas of Taluka Jhando Mari district Tando Allahyar during the 2022. Objective: To determine the profitability of backyard poultry production in rural areas of Tando Allahyar. Methods: Our study was divided into two different parts (i) primary and (ii) secondary part. Primary category was based on collection of data by interview from respondents by filling questionnaire. Results: The results revealed that 70% of household poultry kept by female and 30% were males. The cost function was estimated using the OLS method. The model of study suggested that price of egg and price of per bird were recorded statistically significant whereas per bird cost was observed non-significant statistically. It was concluded that high egg producing poultry breeds such RIR, Playmouth, White leghorn must be raised in order to increase the production of household backyard poultry birds. Conclusions: It is also concluded that improvement in rural poultry germplasm will be highly effective in rural poultry production system in future and will be major business for completing the food security and nutritional diet in middle class population of our country. Government of Sindh should also encourage private sector poultry by providing loan and poultry feed on cheapest prices to improve the production of backyard poultry farmers and their livelihood.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enteric Bacteria from Poultry Farms in Kano State, Nigeria

With poultry being the most abundant domestic animals worldwide, poultry farms have emerged as a prospective and widely distributed business industry in Nigeria. The outbreak of several deadly diseases that cause economic loss and discourage poultry keeping is a major challenge to poultry farming. The main goal of this study is to isolate and identify different enteric bacteria and to find the antimicrobial sensitivity profile against the pathogens isolated from specific poultry farms in Kano State. A total of 50 samples, including both poultry feed and droppings, were collected from five different poultry farms for analysis to detect the presence of enteric bacteria. The results revealed that all bacterial isolates displayed varying levels of resistance to the tested antibiotics, but they were completely susceptible to Sulfamethoxazole and Cephalexin. In general, the results of this study indicate that these samples serve as sources of E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Proteus mirabilis in poultry. These pathogenic bacteria pose a health threat, potentially leading to food poisoning and infections in both animals and humans. Consequently, efficient control measures such as proper management and handling of poultry birds, and sensitization of farmers on the abuse of antibiotics are crucial to prevent cross-contamination within poultry houses and ensure the provision of high quality poultry products.

Performance of laying hens fed diets incorporated with feather-based feed additive

A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of modern industrial poultry production technology is a vital condition for the development of poultry enterprises. Among the factors that determine poultry farming's development, the state and development of the feed base are of paramount importance. One of the promising directions for organizing rational poultry feeding based on self-produced feed is the use of new feed sources in compound feeds that have a multifaceted positive impact on poultry health. This study aimed to determine whether feeding feather meal induces changes in the body weight of laying hens, feed consumption, and egg production. The experiment was conducted on laying hens of the Hy-Line Brown W-36 breed without beak trimming, aged from 21 to 34 weeks at an industrial poultry farm. The chickens were placed in standard cages arranged in 6 tiers (with eight chickens per cage) and were distributed into five randomized groups. Four diets were formulated with the inclusion of feather-based feed additives in the base diet at levels of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, or 3.5 kg per ton, while the control group was maintained on the standard diet. Research results using feather meal as part of the compound feed for laying hens have revealed that the inclusion of this additive had a positive impact on the live weight dynamics of Hy-Line Brown laying hens. Positive trends in absolute live weight gains were observed in the experimental groups compared to the control group, with EG1 showing an increase of 56.78 g (4.8%), EG2 with 43.66 g (3.7%), EG3 with 33.26 g (2.8%), and EG4 with 25.75 g (2.1%). The highest retention rate of laying hens was recorded in the first (EG 1) and second (EG 2) experimental groups: 98.9% and 97.9% respectively. The difference in retention between the first experimental group and the control group was 4.1%, while between the second experimental and control groups, it was 3.1%. The feather meal feed additive is an effective protein supplement, and research has revealed its positive influence on live weight gains and the survival of laying hens. The most effective level is 2 kg per ton of compound feed, which can be explained by the data observed in EG1.

Mushroom Supplementation in Promoting Health and Performance of Poultry: Review

This review paper aims to update and discuss the latest data available with respect to the effects of mushrooms in promoting the health and performance of broiler and layer chickens. Most studies proved that different preparations of mushrooms from diverse mushroom species improved feed utilization efficiency, growth rate, egg production, and quality traits. Mushroom supplementation decreased the count of pathogenic bacteria ( Clostridium spp., Coliforms, and E.coli and increased that of beneficial ones ( Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium) in both broiler and layer chickens. Inclusion of different preparations (powders, extracts, leftovers, etc.) of mushrooms resulted in lower cholesterol and other lipid metabolites in poultry meat and eggs. Some studies reported no significant effect of mushroom on the performance of broiler and layer chickens, however, it is concluded that mushrooms, in various forms, could be included in poultry diets without any harmful effect on their health. Further research works are also suggested to investigate the opportunities for making mushrooms part of the compound poultry feed ingredients in countries like Ethiopia.

Investigation of Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisin B1 in Poultry Feeds in ‎Nineveh Province

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most commonly ‎encountered mycotoxins, constitute serious human ‎and animal health threats as a result of their ‎toxigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic influences‎. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence ‎of these mycotoxins in poultry feeds and determine the ‎percentage of the samples that exceeded the legal limits approved by the European ‎Commission ‎‎(EC). Sixty poultry feed samples were collected from poultry feed plants and poultry farms in Nineveh ‎Province and analyzed for ‎detection mycotoxins‏ ‏using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent ‎Assay (ELISA). Results reported co-occurrence of AFB1 and FB1 in ‎all samples examined (100%), while AFB1, ‎OTA, and FB1 co-occurred in 53 samples (88.33%) at values ranging between 3.15–43.96, 0–‎‎168.24, ‎and 220.6–6935.12 ppb, respectively. Also, results showed that FB1 existed at a mean value (2164.01 ‎ppb) significantly higher ‎‎(P<0.05) than those reported for AFB1 and OTA (16.48 and 32.09 ppb, ‎respectively). Results revealed that 38.33% and 10% of feed samples ‎exceeded the maximum ‎permissible limits for AFB1 and OTA established by EC, whereas all feed samples were within the ‎EC limit for FB1. As ‎a result, strict procedures should be implemented to achieve legal limits concerning AFB1 and ‎OTA in poultry feeds to preserve public health.

Production and Applications of Keratinases in Industry

Keratin is an insoluble protein with fibrous structure. It is mainly found in hair,feathers,nail,wool and horn of various animals. These animal accessories can be utilized as animals feed, amino-acids and fertilizers. This insoluble protein is very difficult to degrade and has extreme stability because it has disulfide bonds, hydrogen and hydrophobic interaction present in it. But keratin can be easily digested by keratinase enzyme. Keratinase is an extracellular enzyme. It also degrades keratin in prokaryotic organisms. Microorganisms that produce keratinase are species of Bacillus, Actinobacteria and fungi. It can also be obtained from Streptomyces, Aspergillus, Fervidobacterium, Xanthomonas, Chryseobacteriumand Vibrio. Keratinases produced by microbes arevery diverse due to their chemical as well as physical properties. It is a vigorous enzyme that can survive broad pH and temperature. Their optimum pH range is neutral to alkaline and their optimum temperature reported is 40°C to 60°C. And thermophiles have also been reported for stable microbial activity. Microbial keratinases are cheaply available as compared to conventional producers for keratinases production. They have gained great significance in biotechnology by acting on strong, inflexible cross linked polypeptide structure of keratin instead of ordinary proteolytic enzyme papain, trypsin or pepsin. They are mostly extracted by degrading keratin as substrate. Keratin substrates include feather, hair, wool,horn and nails. This degradation process is helpful in converting keratinous wastes in to fertilizer and poultry feed. Other renowned biotechnological implementations include removing hair from leather by using keratinase, development of bio-polymer from keratinous fiber, delivering drug, hydrolysis of prion proteins and detergent industry. They are also used in converting biomass in to biofuel that significantly boosts power preservation and recycling. The main problem for producing enzymes on large scale is their costly production procedures. This hurdle is overcome by utilizing keratin waste eg feathers of chicken as fermentation substrate on industrial scale. The benefit of utilizing this left over is extremely cost effective fermentation process of keratinase and the effluents are environmental friendly. Keratinase enzyme has become popular and provided newly effective and efficient way for managing waste products by using them on industrial scales as substrates which gives rise to environmental friendly industries for nonstop development.

Growth Performances and Carcass of KUB Chicken Fed on A Diet Containing Different Levels of Fermented Mixture of Rice Bran and Protein from Slaughtered House

Rice bran is a common poultry feed ingredients. However, its use is limited due to its high fiber content and low phosphorus content. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding a fermented mixture of rice bran and PSW (RPSW) on the growth performances and carcass of KUB chicken. A mixture of two parts of rice bran and one part of PSH was fermented using rumen liquor for 5 days. Two hundred two-week-old KUB chickens were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with different levels of fermented RPSW i.e.; 0, 10, 20, and 30% for treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Feed was provided ad libitum for ten-week observation period, and drinking water was always available. At the end of the feeding trial, chickens were slaughtered to measure carcasses and their components. The results showed that there were no significant differences in feed consumption and carcass percentage between treatments, but the final body weight, body weight gain, carcass weight, and organ weight of chickens fed rations containing 20 and 30% fermented RPSH were lower than those fed rations containing 20 and 30% fermented RPSH. 30% fermented RPSH. The control or ration was fed a ration containing 10% fermented RPSH. The results indicate that a fermented blend of rice bran and protein from slaughtered house waste incubated with rumen liquor for 5 days can be included in the KUB chicken diet up to 10%.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Poultry Feed, Water, and Eggshell

Poultry is the most important source of proteins forconsumption. Egg shell and drinking water contributes significantly to the spread of viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections in poultry. A total of 150 samples from poultry feed (feeders n=25, feed bags n=25), water (water tanks n=25, drinkers n=25), and eggshell (n=50) were collected from ten layer farms of district Tando Allahyar. Overall results showed that higher 52% bacterial infection was recorded from the poultry feed, 42% was recorded from water samples while the lowest prevalence recorded from the eggshell 32%. The isolated bacterial species were E. coli, Salmonellatyphi, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In poultry feed, a higher prevalence percentage of E. coli(16%) was recorded, followed by S. sonnei (14%), S.typhi(8%), S. aureus (8%),P. mirabilis (6%), and K. pneumonia (4%). In water, a higher prevalence of E. coli(12%) was recorded, followed by S. aureus (14%),S.typhi(11%), S. sonnei (11%), P. mirabilis (4%), and K. pneumonia (2%). In eggshells, a higher prevalence of E. coli(10%) was recorded followed by S. typhi(6%), S. sonnei (6%), S. aureus (6%), K. pneumonia (2%), and P. mirabilis (2%). E. coli species were susceptible to Tetracycline and Streptomycin. Salmonella typhi was susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline. Shigella sonnei was susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, and Tetracycline.Klebsiella pneumonia was susceptible to Streptomycin and Gentamicin.Proteus mirabilis was susceptible to Streptomycin and Gentamicin.Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Gentamicin and Erythromycin. In conclusion higher (52%) bacterial infection was recorded from the poultry feed,(42%) was recorded from water samples and the lowest prevalence was recorded from the eggshell (32%). It is concluded from the present study that bacterial contamination of E. coli, S. typhi, S. sonnei, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, S. aureus is common in poultry feed, water, and eggshell.

Improving the Quality and Nutritional Value of a Mixture of Sago Pith and Indigofera leaves Fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus

The nutritional value of sago pith is limited due to its low protein content, making it less suitable for poultry feed. To increase the benefit values of the sago pith, it is necessary to process it through fermentation. The current study aimed to determine the effects of substrate composition and fermentation time of fermented sago (Metroxylon sagu) pith (SP) and Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) leaves (IL) mixture using Rhizopus oligosporus as an inoculum on crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber content of fermented SP and IL, nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. The study was performed on 30 broiler chickens, average weighing ± 1.5 kg at 6 weeks of age, along with SP, IL, and R. oligosporus. This experiment was conducted using a randomized design in a 3×3 factorial with three replications. Substrate composition, or factor A, was made up of A1 (80% SP + 20% IL), A2 (60% SP + 40% IL), and A3 (50% SP + 50% IL). Fermentation time as Factor B entailed B1 (2 days), B2 (3 days), and B3 (4 days). The findings demonstrated a significant interaction between the time of fermentation and the composition of the substrate in relation to crude protein content, nitrogen retention, crude fat, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism. It can be concluded that the composition of substrate 50% SP and 50% IL with 3 days of fermentation yielded the best result, with crude protein at 25.45%, nitrogen retention at 59.72%, crude fat at 0.020%, crude fiber at 6.40%, crude fiber digestibility at 57.34%, and metabolic energy at 2658.44 kcal/kg.

Diet Supplementation with Prinsepiae Nux Extract in Broiler Chickens: Its Effect on Growth Performance and Expression of Antioxidant, Pro-Inflammatory, and Heat Shock Protein Genes.

Heat stress significantly undermines the poultry industry by escalating rates of morbidity and mortality and impairing growth performance. Our recent findings indicate that Prinsepiae Nux extract (PNE) effectively stimulates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a vital element in cellular antioxidant stress responses. This study further explores the prospective benefits of supplementing PNE into poultry feed to enhance broiler growth in heat-stressed conditions. An Nrf2-luciferase reporter assay was developed in a chicken fibroblast cell line, demonstrating that PNE induces Nrf2 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Real-time RT-PCR results showed that PNE intensifies the expression of Nrf2-responsive targets such as Ho1 and Nqo1 in chicken fibroblasts. A total of 160 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned into four groups, each receiving a basal diet supplemented with either 0% (control), 0.1% PNE, 1% PNE, or commercial electrolyte for 35 days. Broilers were raised in an environment where the ambient temperature exceeded 30 °C for approximately seven hours each day, fluctuating between 26 and 34 °C, which is known to induce mild heat stress. The findings reveal that a 1% PNE supplement led to a significant decrease in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. Moreover, chickens supplemented with 1% PNE exhibited a substantial increase in hepatic mRNA expression of antioxidant genes, such as Nqo1, Gclc, Sod2, Cat, and heat shock protein-related genes including Hsp90 and Hsf1, and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes Il-6 and Il-1β. Consequently, PNE holds potential as a feed supplement to strengthen the antioxidant defenses of broilers and build heat stress resilience in the poultry industry.

Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps into poultry feed: A systematic review

Abstract Food wastage represents the loss of both economic and resource investments. Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps, defined as the potentially edible organic matter left over from the preparation, sale, and consumption of food, into animal feed is a potential strategy to reduce food wastage and recover some of the embedded resources within the residual food material. There is a need to align recovered food and food scraps’ nutritional quality, chemical and biological safety with scalable and feasible processing requirements that dovetail with the nutritional requirements of food animals. This review examines the feasibility of incorporating treated post-consumer food scraps into poultry feed, which currently represent the most consumed animal protein on the planet. The review summarizes the broad nutritional composition of post-consumer food scraps, toxicological considerations associated with incorporating food scraps into poultry feed, food scrap pre-treatments related to feed applications and feeding studies that incorporated post-consumer food scraps into animal feed rations. Research appears to indicate that sterilization through heat treatment is sufficient to control pathogenic microorganism contamination in recovered food. Other contaminants such as mycotoxins, heavy metals, microplastics, biogenic amines, antinutritional factors cannot always be removed from recovered food and subsequently, infrastructure to survey levels of contamination in recovered food to be used in concert with developing technologies to better remove these contaminants is recommended. Subsequently, the review illustrates that pre-treatments in concert with surveillance of incoming recovered food and food scraps may be used to ensure the safety of incorporating such material into poultry feed. Studies show large variability in the nutritional composition of consumer food scraps, but on average, lipid and fiber levels are higher in recovered food scraps compared to maize and soybean meal, while protein levels are higher than in maize and lower than in soybean meal. Feeding studies suggest an incorporation level of up to approximately 20% is associated with positive or neutral impacts on growth performance indicators

EVALUATION OF THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT IN FEED AND BVD

The need for the content of vitamins in compound feed are decisive elements that significantly affect the development of the animal's body, their metabolism, reproduction and general condition. Taking into account the nature of vitamins and depending on the ability to dissolve, vitamins are divided into main groups, these are those that dissolve in fats (A, D, etc.), and those that dissolve in water, group B. Adding vitamins to compound feed during fattening animals is difficult to overestimate, because the body, with the exception of vitamins D and B1, does not have the ability to synthesize them, and the lack of vitamins is the cause of various complications and disorders of physiological indicators of animals. Cereal plants are the supplier of almost all representatives of B vitamins (except B12). The content of group B vitamins in cereal crops, which are widely used in feed production, depends on such factors as genotype, methods of processing before the production of compound feed, storage conditions, and others.The quantitative determination of vitamins and the use of modern methods for the formation of a balance of vitamins in compound feed and BVD is an urgent task of manufacturers engaged in the production of compound feed for animals and poultry.

The Effect of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn by Iraqi Rice Bran Treated with multi-enzymes on the Broiler Performance

Until recently, the central objective of poultry feed formulation was to supply common feedstuff such as corn. Today, the search for sustainable alternatives to traditional feed elements is a primary goal to reduce feed costs. This study was carried out to explore the production performance of the Rice bran in the feeding of broiler Ross 308 chicken. One hundred eighty chicks were fed with Rice bran diets treated with multi-enzyme as a partial replacement (10%) of Yellow Corn. Chicks were distributed into four treatment groups as follows: (L0) control (45% yellow corn), L1, L2 and L3 (10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn). Rice bran was treated with different amounts of multi-enzymes: 500, 750, and 1000mg of Labazyme\kg diet, respectively. The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the marketing live body weight and total weight gain for broilers fed with 10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn. The accumulative feed consumption and conversion ratio were unaffected (no significant difference at P≤0.05) when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg of Labazyme\kg diet. This present study concludes that a diet with 10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn hurts the growth performance of broiler chicken. However, the breeding cost of broiler Ross 308 chicken was reduced when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg/kg multi-enzymes (L3 group). There were no effects on the mortality rate of all experimental groups. Keyword: Broiler, Labazyme, Performance, Rice bran, Ross 308.

Evaluation of culture media for growth of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and their potential use in poultry feeding

En Colombia la industria avícola ha mostrado un crecimiento constante en los últimos años, sin embargo, conforme con este aumento el uso de antibióticos para mantener la salud animal también ha ido en incremento ocasionando la aparición de cepas resistentes tales como Escherichia coli, Salmonella y Campylobacter generando un problema de salud pública. Múltiples estudios han demostrado que el uso de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) con capacidad antimicrobiana puede ser empleadas en alimentación animal, disminuyendo el uso de antibióticos. Para el uso industrial de BAL es necesario encontrar medios de cultivos económicos y adecuados para la recuperación y crecimiento de las cepas. Por lo cual, durante el presente estudio se buscará la concentración adecuada de los sustratos leche de soya, suero de leche, azúcar y salvado de trigo que permitan el crecimiento de BAL aisladas de intestino de gallinas para su posterior uso en alimentación animal. Para esto, se realizaron cinéticas de fermentación a 24 h, tomando la viabilidad de las BAL cada 6 h durante 24 h. Se encontró que la mejor concentración de los sustratos donde se alcanzó una viabilidad similar al medio de cultivo comercial fue 15,76 g/L azúcar, 14,24 g/L suero de leche y 10,00 g/L de leche de soya, lo cual muestra que el uso de sustratos alternativos para la elaboración de medios de cultivo puede ser factible en la producción de BAL.

Heavy Metals in Poultry Chicken and Human Health Threat: A Mini Review

It has been shown that the most hazardous heavy metals that are constantly emitted into the environment are arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). These metals can be found in both naturally occurring and artificially produced fertilizers, industrial processes, and waste disposal. Due to ongoing exposure to heavy metals, bioaccumulation of As, Pb, Cd, and Hg takes place in a variety of organs in chickens, primarily the kidneys, liver, reproductive organs, and lungs. Chemical, biological, or physical risks can be connected to animal feed. Poultry feed contamination can come from negligent or intentional handling, storage, and transportation practices. Because of the increased concentration of these heavy metals in these tissues—primarily the brain, liver, kidneys, and reproductive organs—chronic exposure to low doses of As, Pb, Cd, and Hg can alter the microscopic structure of these tissues. This puts human health at risk when consuming chicken or poultry. Risks to food safety should be carefully considered in order to reduce unfavorable side effects in both people and animals. Governments should therefore implement stringent measures to prevent any harmful contamination that could endanger public health. This review presents a discussion of bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in poultry with the associated problem of consumption of poultry and human health.

Perspectives of the use of macro- and micro elements in poultry feeding

Poultry breeding is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including Ukraine. Currently, Ukraine ranks 8th in terms of production of eggs and broilers in the world. A sufficient amount of minerals and vitamins in the diet is the key to good production of poultry products. Feeding feed deficient in vitamins and minerals can cause numerous health problems in chickens, including death in some cases. The poultry farmer must monitor the health of the chickens every day. Therefore, the development of the practice of feeding a balanced diet with the necessary amount of minerals to prevent premature disease of poultry caused by nutrient deficiency is relevant today. In poultry farming, mineral substances are used as one of the ways to increase metabolism in birds. Mineral substances are part of the molecules of complex organic structures that participate in metabolic processes, including digestion, thereby improving the assimilation and use of feed nutrients. The lack of microelements in feed causes diseases of the joints of the limbs of poultry, a decrease in its productivity, and a deterioration in the quality of eggshells. Zinc, copper, manganese, iron, iodine, selenium, cobalt are important trace elements in the feed of broiler chickens. Therefore, the effectiveness of the use of trace elements is an actual topic of modern poultry feeding. Mineral substances are useful in poultry farming, as they provide prevention of various diseases. Organic minerals in small amounts can be added to the diet of birds, because minerals are better absorbed by the bird than mineral salts. Demand for alternative natural feed additives with mineral content is important, especially as an alternative to antibiotics. They can have a preventive effect against various diseases, participate in numerous physical and biochemical mechanisms and basic processes of growth and development. However, further large-scale research is needed for the further use of macro- and micronutrients in commercial poultry farming.