Poultry By-product Meal Research Articles

Comparative effect of advanced soy products or corn protein concentrate with porcine meal on growth, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diets containing advanced soy products (enzyme‐treated soy and fermented soy) or corn protein concentrate (CPC) in combination with porcine meal (PM) to completely replace poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, to contain 400 g/kg crude protein and 80 g/kg lipid. A reference diet (PBM diet [PBMD]) contained 150 g/kg PBM and 495 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), and three test diets were formulated replacing PBM with 15 g/kg of CPC (CPC diet [CPCD]) or replacing all SBM and PBM with 535 g/kg fermented soy (fermented soybean meal diet [FSBMD]) or 451.3 g/kg enzyme‐treated soy (enzyme‐treated soybean meal diet [ESBMD]). All three test diets were supplemented with 38 g/kg of PM. Diets were fed based on a percentage of bodyweight adjusted after sampling the fish every 2 weeks to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 8.06 ± 0.22 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed CPCD and ESBMD performed equally well in terms of final body weight, thermal growth coefficient, and percentage weight gain in comparison to fish fed PBMD. In all cases, feeding FSBMD resulted in poor feed conversion and lower feed intake compared to other treatments. Protein retention efficiency, whole‐body proximate composition, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc contents were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The results obtained in the present histological study showed no significant differences in the thickness of serous layer, muscular layer, and submucosal layer of the intestine among treatments. Fish fed CPCD showed a significant widening of the lamina propria with an increase of cellular infiltration and higher presence of goblet cells compared to other dietary treatment. Based on these results, 451 g/kg ESBM or combination of 150 g/kg of CPC and 495 g/kg SBM supplemented with 38 g/kg PM can be utilized to develop a practical diet for juvenile Florida pompano without impacting growth, nutritive parameters, and several distal intestine health parameters.

Processing traits and digestibility of extruded dog foods with soy protein concentrate.

Soya bean protein concentrate (SPC) with two particle sizes were evaluated on extrusion parameters, kibble formation, digestibility and palatability of dog foods. Eight diets were extruded: PBM-control diet based on poultry by-product meal (PBM); GM-a diet in which corn gluten meal (GM) replaced 45% of the diet protein; cSPC15%, cSPC30% and cSPC45%-diets in which SPC of coarse particle size (600μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein; and sSPC15%, sSPC30% and sSPC45%-diets in which SPC of small particle size (200μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein. The digestibility of nutrients was evaluated for the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, using six dogs per food. The PBM, GM and cSPC45% diets were compared for palatability. Data were submitted for analysis of variance, and the means were compared by polynomial contrasts or Tukey's test (p<.05). The cSPC increased the specific mechanical energy (SME) application, extrusion temperature and pressure linearly, resulting in lower kibble density and higher expansion and starch gelatinization (SG) (p<.01). When comparing the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, higher SME, extrusion temperature and pressure, SG and kibble expansion were verified for the cSPC45% diet (p<.05). The DM, fat and crude protein digestibility were similar among diets. Faecal pH, ammonia and lactate did not differ, demonstrating that the removal of oligosaccharides and soluble non-starch polysaccharides of SPC produces an ingredient with mostly non-fermentable fibre. Dogs preferred the PBM to the GM diet (p<.05), but consumed the PBM and cSPC45% foods equally. In conclusion, SPC exhibited good extrusion functionality, favouring kibble expansion and SG, with high digestibility, similar to that of PBM. The removal of soluble compounds from soya beans resulted in an ingredient with low fermentable fibre content, which did not alter faecal formation or characteristics.

Interactive effects of salinity and complete fishmeal replacement on growth, food consumption, and gene expression of hepatic IGF-I, IGF-II and growth hormone receptors in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted using Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) to evaluate the interactive effects of fishmeal replacement and salinity on growth, feed utilization efficiencies and relative expression of growth related genes. Two iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets were prepared (32% protein). The control diet included 15% fishmeal (FM diet) and fishmeal component in non-fishmeal diet (NFM) was eliminated by a mixture of poultry by-product meal, high protein distillers dried grains and distillers dried grains with soluble. The NFM diet was supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine. Duplicated group of fish with initial mean weight of 6 g, reared in four salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 g/L) were fed one of the two diets twice a day to near satiety. At the end of the experiment, growth, feed utilization efficiency and expression of growth related genes were compared. The specific growth rate (SGR), mean feed intake (MFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the diets while salinity effects were significant. The fish in the 4 g/L salinity showed the highest SGR and MFI while fish in the 0 g/L treatment showed the lowest FCR. Relative expression of hepatic IGF-I and IGF-II was regulated by salinity but not by the diet. Expression of growth hormone receptor gene was not affected by either diet or salinity. The present findings provide evidence for the possibility of total fishmeal replacement in saline waters (0–12 g/L) without compromising growth, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia.

Apparent Digestibility of Minerals from Several Ingredients for Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, Juveniles

AbstractBased on the importance of tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, for Latin American aquaculture and the digestibility of minerals for the production of sustainable aquafeeds, we designed a series of trials to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc from six protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal 60 (CGM60), cottonseed meal 40, fishmeal (FM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), and meat and bone meal (MBM); four cereal grain products: corn, wheat middlings, broken rice (BR), and rice bran (RB); and dicalcium phosphate (DCP). Considerable variation in the ADCs of minerals was observed among the feed ingredients. In general, CGM60, PBM, and RB tended to show the highest ADC values, while SBM, MBM, DCP, and BR showed the lowest ADC values. ADC‐P was markedly lower in animal protein sources and the phosphate source (DCP), while high P digestibility was observed for plant protein sources and cereal grain products. Interestingly, tambaqui seems to be able to digest and absorb minerals from plant ingredients more efficiently than animal proteins and DCP. In light of the correlation between nutrient levels and the ADCs of minerals, physiological mechanisms that regulate mineral uptake, and the nutritional ecology of the species, we hypothesize that tambaqui are able to digest minerals from plant proteins with high efficiency.

Exploring the contribution of dietary protein from poultry by product meal and fish meal to the growth of catfish Ictalurus punctatus by means of nitrogen stable isotopes

The natural nitrogen stable isotope signatures (δ 15N) found in poultry by-product meal (PBM) and fish meal (FM) were used to estimate the relative contribution of dietary nitrogen supplied by both ingredients to the somatic growth of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus . Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated using FM and PBM. Two of these diets consisted of isotopic controls having only one ingredient supplying dietary nitrogen, either FM or PBM. Four combined diets were formulated with varying proportions of these ingredients in order to supply high proportions of PBM (FM:PBM, 50:50, 35:65 20:80 and 5:95) on a nitrogen basis. There were significant differences in mean final weight of fish at the end of the trial. Lower growth was observed as the dietary level of PBM increased. In order to determine the relative contributions of the dietary nitrogen supplied by FM and PBM to catfish growth, an isotopic mixing model was applied. Results indicated that the incorporation of dietary nitrogen supplied by PBM was equivalent to the die tary proportions. The dietary nitrogen available in combined diets containing 50, 65 and 80% of PBM was incorporated in fish bodies as 50, 62 and 81%, respectively. However, high incorporation of dietary nitrogen from PBM was not always reflected in higher growth rates. Results demonstrate the viable use of stable isotopes to determine the allocation of dietary nitrogen and indicate that practical diets for catfish can be formulated with levels of PBM as high as 65% without affecting growth and survival.

Next generation sequencing for gut microbiome characterization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed animal by-product meals as an alternative to fishmeal protein sources.

Animal by-product meals from the rendering industry could provide a sustainable and commercially viable alternative to fishmeal (FM) in aquaculture, as they are rich in most essential amino acids and contain important amounts of water-soluble proteins that improve feed digestibility and palatability. Among them, poultry by-product meal (PBM) have given encouraging results in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, the introduction of new ingredients in the diet needs to be carefully evaluated since diet is one of the main factors affecting the gut microbiota, which is a complex community that contributes to host metabolism, nutrition, growth, and disease resistance. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of partial replacement of dietary FM with a mix of animal by-product meals and plant proteins on intestinal microbiota composition of rainbow trout in relation to growth and feeding efficiency parameters. We used 1540 trout with an initial mean body weight of 94.6 ± 14.2 g. Fish were fed for 12 weeks with 7 different feed formulations. The growth data showed that trout fed on diets rich in animal by-product meals grew as well as fish fed on control diet, which was rich in FM (37.3%) and PBM-free. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (MiSeq platform, Illumina) was utilised to study the gut microbial community profile. After discarding Cyanobacteria (class Chloroplast) and mitochondria reads a total of 2,701,274 of reads taxonomically classified, corresponding to a mean of 96,474 ± 68,056 reads per sample, were obtained. Five thousand three hundred ninety-nine operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, which predominantly mapped to the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The ratio between vegetable and animal proteins proved to play a central role in determining microbiome profiles and Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla were particularly discriminatory for diet type in trout. Plant ingredients favoured a higher Firmicutes:Proteobacteria ratio than animal proteins. Acceptable abundance of Firmicutes was guaranteed by including at least 25% of vegetable proteins in the diet regardless of animal protein source and percentage. In summary animal by-product meals, as replacements to FM, gave good results in terms of growth performances and did not induce significant changes in gut microbial richness, thus proving to be a suitable protein source for use in rainbow trout aqua feed.

Inclusion of poultry by-product meal in the diet of Sparidentex hasta: Effects on production performance, digestibility and nutrient retention

A 60-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta). PBM replaced 0, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55% of dietary FM in the isoproteic (500 g kg−1) and isocaloric (21 kj g−1) experimental diets. Sobaity sea bream with an average initial weight of 29.27 ± 0.06 g were randomly assigned to 18 tanks (6 treatments with triplicates each) at an initial stocking density of 20 fish per tank. The final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen retention efficiency were higher in fish fed PBM15, 25 and 35 diets than in fish fed the control, PBM45 and 55 diets. Feed conversion ratio, nitrogen and phosphorus wastage did not show significant differences in PBM0, 35, 45 and 55. Increased retention of arginine, lysine, methionine, histidine and taurine was observed at lower dietary content of the respective amino acids. The morphometric indices, body proximate composition and amino acid profile were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, lipid and calcium in fish fed PBM diet did not show significant differences with PBM0. Protein ADC was significantly decreased with increased PBM level from 35%. Our results indicated that using fish meal and PBM in combination lead to improved growth and feed utilization of sobaity sea bream when compared to treatments using FM alone as the dietary protein source. Fish meal protein could be replaced up to 55% by PBM in the formulated diets of S. hasta juveniles without any negative effects on growth performance, feed utilization and whole body amino acid profile.

De novo transcriptome assembly for the rose spotted snapperLutjanus guttatusand expression analysis of growth/atrophy-related genes

The rose spotted snapper is an important fishery resource with potential for farming in several Latin American countries. Since transcriptomic information was not available for this species, we generated a reference transcriptome from eleven tissues (brain, heart, gonad, liver, gut, muscle, white skin, dark skin, and visceral fat) using Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. Transcriptome assembly and annotation were performed with Trinity and Trinotate respectively; 267,601 contigs were assembled, average contig length was 845 bp; 85,677 putative protein sequences were identified. Sixty-six per cent of them showed a significant match to the SwissProt Database. From this assembly, we selected growth/atrophy-related genes to investigate the effect of dietary protein source on gene expression. Pacap expression was measured in the brain; igf1, igf2 and ghr were measured in liver; and mtor, igf1, igf2, myod1, myod2, myogenin, foxo3a, foxo3b, murf1, mafbx, mstn1 and mstn2 were measured in muscle. A feeding trial with juveniles was performed, in which three diets were formulated, a fishmeal-based diet (FM), a terrestrial animal protein diet (PPM) with porcine meat meal and poultry by-products meal, and a vegetable diet (VEG) with a blend of soybean protein concentrate and corn gluten. A reduced expression of somatotropic and myogenic genes in fish fed the VEG diet was observed; however, expression of atrophy genes did not increase with this diet suggesting that atrophy mechanisms were not involved. These results indicate that protein from a vegetable source does not provide proper amino acid requirements to juvenile fish, decreasing expression of myogenic and other growth-related genes.

Measurement of the true ileal calcium digestibility of some feed ingredients for broiler chickens

Results from three experiments relating to the measurement of ileal calcium (Ca) digestibility in feed ingredients for broiler chickens are presented herein. The first experiment was conducted to determine the true ileal Ca digestibility of dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), poultry by-product meal (PBPM), fish meal (FM) and canola meal (CM). Five semi-purified diets containing DCP, MCP, PBPM and FM with a dietary Ca concentration of 9 g/kg, and CM with a dietary Ca concentration of 5.71 g/kg were generated. A Ca- and phosphorus (P)-free diet was used to determine the basal ileal endogenous Ca losses. Titanium dioxide was incorporated in all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was randomly allotted to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) and fed from 21 to 24 days post-hatch. True Ca digestibility coefficients of DCP, MCP, PBPM, FM and CM were determined to be 0.28, 0.33, 0.29, 0.24 and 0.31, respectively. These lower digestibility coefficients were unexpected and it was speculated that this finding may be due to the length of adaptation to assay diets and/or assay methodology. To investigate these possibilities, two more experiments were conducted. In the second experiment, the influence of dietary adaptation length was examined with DCP and MCP. The assay diets with DCP and MCP, and the Ca- and P-free diet were similar to those used in Experiment 1. Each diet was randomly allocated to four replicate cages (15 birds per cage) and fed from 21 to 24 days post-hatch. Digesta samples of five birds from each replicate were collected after 24, 48 and 72 h of feeding. Dietary adaptation length had no influence (P > 0.05) on the true Ca digestibility of MCP, but increased that of DCP at 24 h. True ileal Ca digestibility of DCP and MCP after 24, 48 and 72 h of adaptation were 0.45, 0.36, and 0.35, and 0.30, 0.32 and 0.34, respectively. The third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of assay methodology (direct, regression and difference methods) and Ca:non-phytate P ratio (2:1 and 1.16:1) on the Ca digestibility of DCP. The true Ca digestibility coefficients of DCP determined by the direct, difference and regression methods with Ca:non-phytate P ratio of 1.16:1 were 0.34, 0.21 and 0.13, respectively. The true Ca digestibility of DCP determined by the direct method was higher (P < 0.05) than those determined by difference and regression methods The true Ca digestibility coefficient of DCP with Ca:non-phytate P ratios of 2:1 and 1.16:1 were 0.25 and 0.21, respectively, and was not influenced (P > 0.05) by the Ca to non-phytate P ratio.

Poultry By-Product Meals as Partial Fish Meal Replacement Yielded Higher Somatic Growth in Alsatian Charr (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Salvelinus alpinus X fontinalis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) than Pork or Vegetable-Based Fish Meals

Freshwater salmonids gain increasing popularity as diet fish and are an important dietary source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for humans. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of alternative feeds from domestic sources on fish growth and lipid composition of the sparctic Alsatian charr (Salvelinus alpinus X fontinalis), commonly used in freshwater aquaculture in Europe. In this fish feeding experiment, we used a control feed (32% fish meal; feed F1) and experimental diets containing generally only half the amount of fish meal, which was replaced in equal parts by poultry (F2), two different pork by-product meals (F3 and F4), plant-based feeds (F5), or by a feed containing 25% fish and 15% poultry meal (F6) that had a similar caloric value compared to the other feeds. Six hundred charrs of similar initial weight (ca. 90 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks (50/tank) of 1.4 m3, supplied with subalpine spring water, and fed one of the feeds. Fish biomass development was the highest in fish fed diet F6, followed by F1, F2, and F5. Pork by-product meals as partial replacement of fish meal resulted on average in a 25% lower biomass gain compared to charr feeding on poultry by-product meal (F6). The use of poultry or pork by-product meals as partial fish meal replacements did not significantly change the total lipids or fatty acids retained in these fish. This study shows that these alternative feeds, with similar lipid sources, had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition in Alsatian charr, however, poultry by-product meal as partial replacement of marine fish meal clearly enhanced charr biomass by 15% relative to conventional fish meals.

Utilization of poultry by-product meal supplemented with L-lysine as fish meal replacer in the diet of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary L-lysine supplementation on growth performance and feed utilization of African catfish fingerlings fed diet containing high levels of slaughterhouse poultry by-product meal (SPB). Control diet (CD) without amino acid supplementation or SPB inclusion contained 40% of fish meal (FM) and 20% of soybean meal (SBM), four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated to represent two levels of SPB (50% and 75%) with two levels of L-lysine supplementation (0.0 and 1.0%), SPB50%0.0, SPB50%1.0, SPB75%0.0 and SPB75%1.0, where the subscripts and superscripts refer to the replacement level of FM with SPB and L-lysine supplementation level respectively. Growth performance and feed utilization in terms of final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and specific growth rate (SGR) tended to decrease as SPB levels increased from 50% to 75% with or without L-lysine supplementation. Protein retention (PR) was not significantly different between fish fed CD and those fed SPB50%0.0. Energy retention (ER) was not significantly different between fish fed CD and those fed SPB50%0.0 and SPB75%1.0. Lipid, protein, moisture, and ash of fish fed the experimental diets were not statistically significantly different than the control diet. The partial replacement of FM at the rate 50% and 75% with SPB is possible in diets for African catfish, especially with 1% L-lysine supplementation, and could match growth performance of FM diets, as well as minimize feed cost and improve profitability.

Replacing fish meal with a blend of poultry by-product meal and feather meal in diets for giant croaker (Nibea japonica)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) and feather meal (FEM) in giant croaker (Nibea japonica) diet. The control diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by a blend of PBM and FEM (PBM: FEM = 7:3) in diets B20, B40, B60 and B80, respectively. The weight gain and feed intake of fish fed diet C did not differ from those of fish fed diets B20 and B40 (p > .05), but were higher than those of fish fed diets B60 and B80 (p .05). Ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production linearly declined with the decrease in dietary fish meal level. This study indicates that dietary fish meal for giant croaker could be reduced to 240 g/kg by inclusion of the blend of PBM and FEM.

Efficacy of a Synthetic Antioxidant Treatment in Stabilizing Poultry Byproduct Meal and Subsequent Impact of the Treated Meal on Selected Growth Parameters of Broilers

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a commercial antioxidant (CAO; Rendox Plus®) treatment in stabilizing the poultry byproduct meal (PBPM) and then the subsequent effect of the treated PBPM on growth of broilers. Five batches A, B, C, D and E of PBPM were treated with CAO at 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mL/ton, respectively and stored for 42 days. Oxidative stability of PBPM was estimated on day 0 and then weekly using Peroxide Value and Thiobarbituric Acid tests. PBPMs treated with 750 &1000 mL/ton presented the least oxidation and were selected to be included in broiler diets. A total of 240 one-day-old non-sexed Hubbard broilers were randomly divided into two flocks of 120 birds each. Each flock was further divided into four groups with three replicates of 10 birds each. The selected PBPMs (D and E) were added at 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% in the starter and grower diets. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The PBPM treated with 1000 mLCAO/ton exhibited the lowest (p 0.05) broiler feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, carcass traits, or mortality rate. It was concluded that CAO was effective in stabilizing PBPM, and up to 7% (70 g/kg) of CAO-treated PBPM can be safely included in broiler diets without any harmful effect on their performance.

Effects of various levels of squid hydrolysate and squid meal supplementation with enzyme-treated soy on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemistry and histology of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of plant-based diets supplemented with various levels of enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) and squid products on the growth, proximate composition, serum biochemistry, and liver and intestinal histological alterations in pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). A 15% poultry by-product meal (PBM) based practical diet was used as a reference and basal diet was produced by replacing PBM with ESBM. Basal diet was then modified to contain varying levels of squid products. Squid hydrolysate (SH) and squid meal (SM) were added to basal diets, to produce diets containing 1, 2 and 4% of the squid products. A total of eight experimental diets were each fed to quadruplicate groups of 20 pompanos (mean initial wt=7.68±0.1g) in a recirculating rearing system for 56d. Results from the growth trial indicate that fish fed with basal diet exhibited significantly lower growth performance and feed utilization as compared to fish fed with PBM. The addition of 4% SH improved the response of basal diet and did not show any significant difference in terms of growth performance as compared to PBM. Whole body proximate and amino acids composition of fish were not significantly different among fish reared on any of the diets. Data on mineral composition of fish showed that the content of phosphorus and calcium were significantly higher in fish fed with basal diet compared to other treatments. Total protein and cholesterol level of fish fed PBM were significantly lower compared to basal diet. Total albumin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and bile acids were similar among the dietary treatments. Fish fed with basal diet showed disordered vacuolization in the liver and decreased the lamina propria thickness in the intestine. The inclusion of 4% SH partly prevented the alteration of liver and distal intestine of Florida pompano and findings were similar to fish fed with PBM. Based on these results, combination of ESBM and 4% SH has the potential to serve as an alternative protein source and attractant to improve the efficacy of plant-based diet for pompano.

Effect of dietary amino acid composition from proteins alternative to fishmeal on the growth of juveniles of the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of dietary amino acid composition from proteins alternative to fishmeal on the growth performance of the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis. Fish of 10.79±0.71 g (n = 150) were stocked in 15 shaded outdoor tanks of 1 m3. The basal diet contained 643.4 g kg−1 salmon byproduct meal (SML) and 200.0 g kg−1 soy protein concentrate (SPC). Two other diets replaced 39 and 29% of the SML with poultry byproduct meal (PBM, 170.1 g kg−1) [...]

Impact of microbial efficiency to predict MP supply when estimating protein requirements of growing beef cattle from performance.

Data from 16 trials were compiled to calculate microbial CP (MCP) production and MP requirements of growing cattle on high-forage diets. All cattle were individually fed diets with 28% to 72% corn cobs in addition to either alfalfa, corn silage, or sorghum silage at 18% to 60% of the diet (DM basis). The remainder of the diet consisted of protein supplement. Source of protein within the supplement varied and included urea, blood meal, corn gluten meal, dry distillers grains, feather meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, soybean meal, and wet distillers grains. All trials included a urea-only treatment. Intake of all cattle within an experiment was held constant, as a percentage of BW, established by the urea-supplemented group. In each trial the base diet (forage and urea supplement) was MP deficient. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of test protein replacing the urea supplement. As protein in the diet increased, ADG plateaued. Among experiments, ADG ranged from 0.11 to 0.73 kg. Three methods of calculating microbial efficiency were used to determine MP supply. Gain was then regressed against calculated MP supply to determine MP requirement for maintenance and gain. Method 1 (based on a constant 13% microbial efficiency as used by the beef NRC model) predicted an MP maintenance requirement of 3.8 g/kg BW and 385 g MP/kg gain. Method 2 calculated microbial efficiency using low-quality forage diets and predicted MP requirements of 3.2 g/kg BW for maintenance and 448 g/kg for gain. Method 3 (based on an equation predicting MCP yield from TDN intake, proposed by the Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model [BCNRM]) predicted MP requirements of 3.1 g/kg BW for maintenance and 342 g/kg for gain. The factorial method of calculating MP maintenance requirements accounts for scurf, endogenous urinary, and metabolic fecal protein losses and averaged 4.2 g/kg BW. Cattle performance data demonstrate formulating diets to meet the beef NRC model recommended MP maintenance requirement (3.8 g/kg S) works well when using 13% microbial efficiency. Therefore, a change in how microbial efficiency is calculated necessitates a change in the proposed MP maintenance requirement to not oversupply or undersupply RUP. Using the 2016 BCNRM to predict MCP production and formulate diets to meet MP requirements also requires changing the MP maintenance requirement to 3.1 g/kg BW.

Growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of advanced nursing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal

A 32-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects on the performance, feed utilization efficiency and body composition of a strategic inclusion of Black Soldier Fly larvae meal (MM) in a commercially formulated diet for advance nursing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were commercially formulated and manufactured as a control and three test diets with strategic inclusions of MM inclusions (0, 30, 50 and 80 g/kg) and poultry by-product meal substituting gradually three conventional expensive feedstuffs: fish meal, fish oil and soybean meal. Fish (5.7 ± 0.5 g/fish) were nursed in a cage-in-lake system (Volta Lake, Ghana), under conditions similar to commercial farming practices. Control and experimental diets were fed to triplicate cages by hand to visual satiety, six times per day. Growth performance (final weight; weight gain and SGR), feed utilization efficiency indices (FCR and PER) and feed intake were not significantly different (p ≥ .05) between treatments. Survival was significantly different (p < .05) but more likely explained by the stress related to frequent handling on the smaller fish. Fish whole body composition (dry matter, crude protein, lipid, ash and fibre) was unaffected by the treatment (p ≥ .05), except for the fatty acid compositions which mirrored that of the diets.

Tench (Tincatinca) high-throughput transcriptomics reveal feed dependent gut profiles

Tench, Tincatinca is a freshwater species which receives increasing attention as marine resources are overexploited and alternative feed components must be implemented to enable sustainable development of aquaculture. The aim of the study was to provide scientists and fish farmers with first high quality annotated tench transcriptome and open a new chapter in tench research, especially when practical diets are tested. Therefore, the second aim was to identify differentially expressed contigs (DECs) in tench gut after 86-day trial where adult tench females were fed with 0% and 100% replacement of fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM). De novo assembling using de novo RNA-Seq Assembly Pipeline (DRAP) produced 64070 contigs where these exceeding 1kbp were mostly annotated. Microsatellite search identified 23668 SSRs and SNPs were distributed in 118002 transitions and 83577 transversions. High quality of the assembly and annotation completeness of the tench transcriptome was confirmed using BUSCO and by mapping contigs against common carp, Cyprinuscarpio and zebrafish, Daniorerio data sets. Analysis of gene expression differences between gut samples tench fed with FM and PBM diets revealed 721 and 69 DECs using edgeR and DESeq2, respectively. Venn diagram for these results filtered out 57 DECs which were common for both analysis. Due to a low number of annotated DECs enrichment analysis provided a low number of useful contigs for pathway or functional analysis. Nevertheless, each contig in the set was analysed through BLASTn and BLASTx and eighteen DECs were characterised and identified as mainly involved in response to different immune stimuli and disease states (e.g. clusterofdifferentiation48, F-typelectin), cell adhesion (e.g. paracingulin), digestion (e.g. serine proteases) and signal transduction (e.g. neurexophilin3, complexin2). Moreover, study has shown that most of the identified in our study DECs (70.2%) were down regulated in gut samples of tench fed with PBM comparing to these with FM-based feed. This observation might indicate on disorganization of inter-epithelial junctions in ongoing inflammation process. Our de novo tench gut transcriptome assembly (online NGS Pipeline) provide a guide for further diverse studies because, understanding feed-gut interactions and intestinal homeostasis in farmed tench is important to maximise performance of this species and to ensure that freshwater aquaculture continues to be a sustainable source of food for a growing world population.

In Vitro and In Vivo Feedstuff Digestibility for Snook, Centropomus undecimalis, Juveniles

AbstractThe degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the ingredients was evaluated for Centropomus undecimalis juveniles. The in vitro experiment included wheat gluten (WG), corn gluten (CG), soybean meal (SBM) and pretreated phytase (SBM + phytase), soy protein concentrate (SPC), canola meal (CAN) and pretreated phytase (CAN + phytase), poultry byproduct meal (PBPM), chicken meal (CHKM), dried whey (DW), Pota meal (PM: mix of giant squid, fish soluble protein concentrate, crustacean meal, and fish oil), and Protiblend (PTB: aquatic and render mix). The highest acidic DH occurred with PTB (0.38 ± 0.06), CHKM (0.33 ± 0.3), and PBPM (0.25 ± 0.03). In the alkaline condition, PTB (1.6 ± 0.17 and 0.98 ± 0.05 for pyloric caeca and intestine, respectively) and CG (1.04 ± 0.4 and 0.75 ± 0.2 for caeca and intestine, respectively) provided the highest DH values. In vitro digestibility demonstrated that PTB was the highest (85.3%) followed by PBPM (51.4%), CAN + phytase (47.6%), CG (45.1%), and CHKM (46.5%). The in vivo experiment concerned the WG, CHKM, PBPM, PM, and PTB diets plus a reference diet with fishmeal (Ref diet). The total %DH was different (P &lt; 0.05) with the lowest values for the WG diet (0.34 ± 0.09%) and Ref diet (0.34 ± 0.15). Free amino acid released during digestion was displayed for these diets and a bifactorial analysis produced no difference (P &gt; 0.05). The apparent digestive coefficients ranged from 89.8 to 92.9% for protein and from 68 to 71.4% for energy.

Exogenous protease supplementation of poultry by-product meal-based diets for broilers: Effects on growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three levels (0%, 3% and 6%) of poultry by-product meal (PBM) with or without protease on broiler growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 35days. Two hundred and forty birds (n=240) were fed equi-caloric and equi-nitrogenous (ME 2850kcal/kg; CP 20%) diets throughout the experiment. The enzyme supplementation increased feed intake (p<.01) and body weight gain (p<.01), but feed:gain remained unaffected (p>.05) from 1 to 21days. Increasing level of PBM decreased feed intake (p<.05), but body weight gain was improved (p<.05) at 3% PBM level during 1 to 21 days. The feed:gain was improved (p<.05) in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM. The feed:gain was also improved in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM from 1 to 35days. However, feed intake and body weight gain in birds fed diets containing PBM remained unaffected. An interaction (p<.01) on feed intake between enzyme and PBM was noticed during 1 to 21 days. However, no interaction was recorded for body weight gain and feed:gain. The per cent carcass yield improved (p<.01) in birds fed diets supplemented with enzyme. The per cent breast meat yield was depressed (p<.005) in birds fed diets containing PBM. Apparent metabolizable energy (p<.001), nitrogen retention (p<.01), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (p<.001), and apparent digestibility coefficient for nitrogen (p<.01) improved in birds fed diets containing enzyme; however, a reverse was noticed in those fed diets containing only PBM. In conclusion, inclusion of 3% PBM along with supplementation of exogenous protease improved performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers.