Potential Landslide Research Articles

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Applicability Analysis for Potential Landslide Identification in Steep Mountainous Areas with C/L Band Data

Landslides frequently occur in the mountainous area of southwest China, resulting in infrastructure damage, as well as a loss of life and property. The use of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology has become increasingly popular due to its wide coverage, high precision, and efficiency in identifying potential landslides in steep mountainous regions to mitigate risks. This study focused on the Mao County region in China and utilized a small baseline subset of InSAR (SBAS−InSAR) technology with Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data to identify the potential landslides and analyze their applicability. To ensure accuracy, the findings were verified using optical image and field surveys. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed on C-band and L-band SAR data to examine differences in the coherence, geometric distortion, and displacement results, revealing that the L-band has clear advantages in the coherence, suitable observation coverage, and displacement results, while C-band can detect relatively slight displacements. This study aimed to determine the applicability of different SAR satellites for early landslide identification in steep mountainous areas, which can serve as a technical reference for selecting appropriate SAR data and enhancing InSAR identification abilities for potential landslides in the future.

Mapping of Landslide Prone Areas in Huamual Sub-District, Seram Bangian Barat Regency, Indonesia

This research aims to map landslide-prone areas in Huamual Sub-district, West Seram Regency, Indonesia. Through the collection and analysis of geospatial data, including characteristics of slope, land elevation, geology, rainfall, land cover and distance from active faults, this study successfully identified areas with high potential landslide risk. The results showed that the area in low landslide class has an area of 5,076.67 ha, the area in medium class has an area of 20,979.79 ha and the area in high landslide prone class has an area of 7,430.88 ha. The results of this study provide an important contribution in landslide risk mitigation planning, through identification of zones that need special attention, safer spatial planning, and more effective early warning system. This research provides a strong scientific basis for the government and other stakeholders to take appropriate preventive measures, so as to improve public safety and protect important assets from potential landslide hazards in Huamual Sub-district area.

Early detection of potential landslides along high‐speed railway lines: A pressing issue

AbstractEarly detection of landslides is important for prevention and mitigation of landslide disasters. Especially, accurately identifying potential landslides along high‐speed railway is becoming a pressing issue for operation safety of high‐speed railway. Here, 161 Sentinel‐1A satellite images from March 2017 to September 2022 were acquired to detect potential landslides along the Lanzhou‐Urumqi high‐speed railway (LUHR) in Qinghai. Results show that rainfall is the main cause for the transition from secondary creep (steady state) to tertiary creep (accelerated) at the Jiujiawan landslide. The hot spot analysis method was used to cluster the average line‐of‐sight deformation velocity along the LUHR, effectively extracting five deformation zones that may pose a threat. Optical satellite image analysis revealed four potential landslides and one unstable slope. Furthermore, the rescaled range analysis documented that the Hurst exponent is greater than 0.8 for all four potential landslide instability points, implying that the identified potential landslide areas are still in motion and may pose a threat to the operation of the LUHR. On this basis, we propose a framework for early identification and monitoring of landslides along the high‐speed railway lines that supports landslide hazard managing with the goal to reduce landslide risk.

Spatial Analysis of Landslide Prone Areas in Tidore Island Indonesia

The topographic condition of Tidore Island, where 50% of the area is on a steep slope, makes Tidore Island prone to landslides during the rainy season. This research aims to spatially identify landslide prone areas in Tidore Island using slope morphology method. SMORPH method is conducted by identifying and classifying potential landslide areas based on slope shape and slope angle matrix. The result of this study shows that high landslide potential area is 2,569.42 ha, medium potential area is 3,296.99 ha, low potential area is 4,778.46 ha, and very low potential area is 1,126.55 ha. Among the sub-districts in Tidore Island, North Tidore has the largest presentation area of 892.48 ha. It can be concluded that areas with steep slopes and convex or concave slope shapes have higher landslide potential. The findings of this research are expected to help local government in future spatial planning efforts for landslide mitigation.

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Ampang Jaya: Comparing Probabilistic Method and Weighted Overlay Method

When it came time to produce the map, the entire district of Ampang Jaya was chosen as the area for the research. These two approaches gave very different results in terms of accuracy. The results of the map were categorised using a range of different classification techniques, some of which include Natural Breaks and Equal Interval, respectively. Various landslide susceptibility hazard zoning results were found when the two different classification systems were applied to the data. These zoning areas need to go through an accuracy assessment process in order to be validated. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparing the findings about the historical locations of landslide occurrences with the findings regarding the susceptibility hazard locations of potential landslide areas. Because the accuracy of the Probabilistic technique was 66.67% for Equal Interval and 73.33% for Natural Breaks, respectively, this demonstrates that the Probabilistic method produces more dependable results than the Weighted Overlay method produces. Therefore, the accuracy assessment results indicate that the probabilistic method provides more reliable information for accuracy assessment than the Weighted Overlay method. This is due to the fact that the result of the accuracy assessment obtained from Weighted Overlay is significantly lower than that obtained from Probabilistic for each classification technique.

Acquisition of high-resolution topographic information in forest environments using integrated UAV-LiDAR system: System development and field demonstration

High-resolution topographic information of landslide-prone areas plays an important role in accurate prediction and characterization of potential landslides and mitigation of landslides-associated hazards. This study presents an advanced geomorphological surveying system that integrates the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a multi-rotor aerial vehicle in specific, for prediction, monitoring and forensic analysis of landslides, and for maintenance of debris-flow barriers. The test-flight over a vegetated area demonstrates that the integrated UAV-LiDAR system can provide high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) LiDAR point clouds below canopy and vegetation in forest environments, overcoming the limitation of aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR platforms. An algorithm is suggested to delineate the topographic information from the acquired 3D LiDAR point clouds, and the accuracy and performance of the developed UAV-LiDAR system are examined through field demonstration. Finally, two field demonstrations are presented: the forensic analysis of the recent Gokseong landslide event, and the sediment deposition monitoring for debris-flow barrier maintenance in South Korea. The developed surveying system is expected to contribute to geomorphological field surveys in vegetated, forest environments, particularly in a site that is not easily accessible.

Prediction on the influence scope of potential landslides in waste dumps using combined physical modeling and numerical simulating

Prediction on the influence scope of potential landslides in waste dumps using combined physical modeling and numerical simulating

A process-oriented approach for identifying potential landslides considering time-dependent behaviors beyond geomorphological features

Geomorphological features are commonly used to identify potential landslides. Nevertheless, overemphasis on these features could lead to misjudgment. This research proposes a process-oriented approach for potential landslide identification that considers time-dependent behaviors. The method integrates comprehensive remote sensing and geological analysis to qualitatively assess slope stability, and employs numerical analysis to quantitatively calculate aging stability. Specifically, a time-dependent stability calculation method for anticlinal slopes is developed and implemented in discrete element software, incorporating time-dependent mechanical and strength reduction calculations. By considering the time-dependent evolution of slopes, this method highlights the importance of both geomorphological features and time-dependent behaviors in landslide identification. This method has been applied to the Jiarishan slope (JRS) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study. The results show that the JRS, despite having landslide geomorphology, is a stable slope, highlighting the risk of misjudgment when relying solely on geomorphological features. This work provides insights into the geomorphological characterization and evolution history of the JRS and offers valuable guidance for studying slopes with similar landslide geomorphology. Furthermore, the process-oriented method incorporating time-dependent evolution provides a means to evaluate potential landslides, reducing misjudgment due to excessive reliance on geomorphological features.

Identification of surface layer structure using seismic refraction for landslide mitigation in Tandikek region, West Sumatra Indonesia

The landslide in West Tandikek Nagari, Padang Pariaman Regency, in 2009 was triggered by an earthquake that claimed hundreds of lives and buried several villages. Losses caused by landslides in West Tandikek Nagari should be minimized by studying the causes and symptoms of landslides. Disaster mitigation efforts must be carried out to anticipate and mitigate losses due to landslides so that the impacts can be overcome. These disaster mitigation actions can be carried out by identifying areas with the potential for landslides based on the subsurface structure in West Tandikek Nagari. This type of research was descriptive. Data collection is carried out directly using the Sysmatrack-MAE Seismograph, 12 geophones, GPS, gauges, trigger cables, geophone cables, and sources in the form of a seismic hammer and iron plate with the seismic refraction method. Data processing to obtain velocity and depth values for each track below the surface with the seismic refraction method and for interpretation used the Time-Term Inversion. The results obtained for the first layer are dominated by sand and soil materials. The second layer is dominated by alluvium gravel sand and clay. The relatively hard layer of clay and alluvium makes it difficult to store and pass water. This will cause water from the top layer to accumulate in the rock, which makes the rock slippery. This slippery clay layer will act as a subsurface for the weathering material above it to move out of the hillside

Increasing Community Awareness of Natural Disasters in the Context of Disaster Mitigation in Kalinongko Hamlet, Pagerharjo, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo

Kalinongko Hamlet is a hamlet located in Pagerharjo, Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta. Kemesu Hamlet has a geographical location in the Pagerharjo area. Pagerharjo Village has boundaries with Magelang Regency in the north, Ngargosari Village in the south, Banjarsari Village in the east, and Purworejo Regency in the west. Kulon Progo Regency including Pagerharjo Village, especially Kemesu Hamlet, is one of the districts that has the potential for disasters such as floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, landslides, droughts, and volcanic eruptions. Based on data obtained from BNPB, the Pagerharjo area has a high potential for landslides and drought. On the other hand, also based on data obtained from BNPB, the capacity to deal with landslides was in the medium and low categories in dealing with drought hazards. Therefore, efforts need to be made to increase the capacity of the community in Pagerharjo Village, especially in Kalinongko Hamlet, in dealing with potential landslides and drought disasters. This PKM KKN PPM activity seeks to increase community capacity in dealing with disasters through socialization and Discussion Group Forums (FGD). Resource persons for this activity are planned from disaster actors either from the campus or from the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPPD). With this disaster socialization and FGD activity, it is hoped that it can increase the community's capacity to deal with potential disasters. The output of this PKM is published in the mass media, seminar forums, and activity videos.

Pemetaan Daerah Potensi Longsor Menggunakan Analisis Fault Fracture Density Pada Data DEMNAS Di Wilayah Cisarua, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat

The Cisarua area is located in the northern part of Bandung City and is one of the sub-districts in West Bandung Regency and has steep topography in several locations, giving rise to the potential for landslides. The eastern region is part of the Lembang Fault which is still active in the North Bandung area. The potential for landslides related to the geological structure in this area can be identified by looking at the lineament patterns of the valleys, the presence of lithological offsets and others. The geological structure that developed in the Cisarua area was identified based on the results of analysis of satellite imagery data and the National Digital Elevation Model (DEMNAS) to identify the presence of geological structures and determine the direction of the dominant force. This study aims to determine the distribution of potential landslides in the Cisarua area using the Fault Fracture Density (FFD) method. Linearity analysis is estimated using the Fault Fracture Density (FFD) method. This method produces an analysis based on the straightness of the ridges and valleys around Cisarua which is then processed using a rosette diagram and interpreted as the dominant lineament trending west-east and northeast- southwest, this dominant lineament corresponds to the direction of the Lembang Fault. The lineament density level value describes a weak zone in the rock which creates the potential for landslide hazard. The weak zone in red indicates that the study area has a high landslide hazard potential, which is red, and the light green color indicates that the study area has a low landslide hazard potential. The potential for landslides in the study area is spread more in areas close to regional geological structures such as faults when compared to other areas. This pattern indicates that the presence of geological structures has an influence on the occurrence of landslides in potential areas.

Tsunami Wave Characteristics from the 1674 Ambon Earthquake Event Based on Landslide Scenarios

This study focuses on understanding the historical tsunami events in Eastern Indonesia, specifically the Banda Sea region, by extracting information from the limited and challenging-to-interpret historical records. The oldest detailed account of a tsunami in Indonesia dates back to 1674, documented in the book Waerachtigh Verhael Van de Schlickelijcke Aerdbebinge by Rumphius. The study aims to comprehend the primary source of the tsunami and analyze its characteristics to facilitate future tsunami risk reduction. The methodology includes collecting topography and bathymetry data, conducting landslide scenario analysis, employing a two-layer wave propagation model, and performing spectral analysis. The study utilizes comprehensive datasets, investigates potential landslide scenarios, simulates tsunami propagation, and analyzes frequency characteristics using the fast Fourier transform. The 1674 event yielded a runup height of approximately 50–100 m, whereas this study underestimated the actual runup. To illustrate the tsunami wave along the bay’s coastline, a Hovmöller diagram was employed. By analyzing the Hovmöller diagram, the power spectral density was computed, revealing five prominent period bands: 6.96, 5.16, 4.1, 3.75, and 3.36 min. The integration of these components provides a rigorous approach to understanding tsunami dynamics and enhancing risk assessment and mitigation in the study area.

Case study of an active landslide at the flank of a water reservoir and its response during earthquakes

Slow-moving active landslides are a widespread phenomenon and often cause major damage to infrastructure. Normally, such slow slides do not cause fatalities, but this can change during extreme events such as a heavy rain or a strong earthquake. In particular their response to earthquakes is only partially understood, while documented field observation of such cases are rare. Considering their mobile pre-seismic state, one would expect active slides to be highly susceptible to an acceleration during earthquakes. When such a landslide affects a flank of a water reservoir, the consequences of its collapse can be devastating due to subsequent tsunami waves overtopping the dam. In this article, a case study of a deep-seated slow-moving landslide with a volume of about 5 million m3 at the flank of a water reservoir in the Swiss Alps is presented. Extensive field investigations and monitoring allow a profound understanding of the kinematics of the landslides and its dependency on the hydrological conditions. Together with laboratory ring shear tests, this forms the basis for quantifying rate effects in the shear zone over a very wide velocity range and allows formulating and calibrating an accurate mechanical landslide model. The material point method is used to investigate potential landslide scenarios during different earthquakes. The simulations show rather small co-seismic displacements and even for pessimistic scenarios, a threat from tsunami waves seems unlikely. This implies that slow-moving active landslides can be less susceptible to co-seismic acceleration than stable slopes due to their ductile behaviour.

Sensor Based Flood & Landslide Pre-Alert System

The proposed system is an advanced early warning system designed to mitigate disasters such as landslides and floods by providing crucial minutes of warning. It consists of a wireless sensor network deployed on the slopes of landslide and flood-prone mountainsides. The network utilizes a Node MCU topology, and for demonstration purposes, a two-node system is suggested. The nodes in this system are equipped with various sensors to gather essential data. They utilize a tipping rain sensor to measure precipitation and an accelerator to detect potential landslides by monitoring module position changes. Additionally, there's a humidity sensor continuously monitoring surface temperature changes. These sensor nodes transmit their data to a central base station, which acts as a receiver. Both the public and the base station are equipped with Node MCU microcontrollers to facilitate communication. The base unit, positioned at a strategic location, such as the district collector's office, utilizes a long-range transmitter to communicate with the master unit. When the sensor nodes detect significant landslide or flood activity within a specific time frame, indicating a potential flash flood, this critical information is transmitted to the master unit. The master unit responds by activating an alarm and promptly sending messages to relevant officials and the general public through Node MCU microcontrollers connected to it. This swift communication allows for timely evacuation and response measures to minimize the impact of the disasters.

Permanent displacement characteristics of landslides taking into consideration the frequency and energy behaviour of historical seismic ground motions

Landslides often occur along motorways in earthquake-prone areas, leading to casualties and the loss of property. Most previous studies have applied the simplified Newmark method to assess landslide susceptibility at a regional scale, ignoring the characteristics of local ground motions. In this study, we investigated permanent displacement characteristics of three potential landslide areas along the Dayong Expressway using the rigorous Newmark method that considers the frequency and energy characteristics of historical seismic waves. First, the frequency characteristics of historical earthquakes in the study areas were analysed using the fast Fourier transform method and were adopted as input ground motions in calculating the Newmark displacement. Next, the critical accelerations of the three study areas were computed. Parameters such as the elevation, soil layer thickness and soil strength that are required for critical acceleration calculations were obtained using high-precision ( c. 3 cm) unmanned aerial vehicle mapping technology, drilling operations and laboratory tests. Finally, the Newmark displacement was calculated and the landslide susceptibility of the study areas was evaluated. The results showed that the predominant frequency of historical seismic waves in the study areas was 0.38–3.36 Hz, indicating low-frequency characteristics. The results also indicated that the frequency and energy characteristics of the seismic ground motions significantly influenced the Newmark displacement. The maximum Newmark displacement under different waveforms at Damieju ranged from 2 to 18 cm. Under the most dangerous conditions, all three areas showed a potential for landslides. The maximum Newmark displacement positively correlated with the energy of the predominant frequency. The large-energy and low-frequency characteristics of the seismic wave correspond to a large displacement. The simplified Newmark method when used in regional landslide susceptibility analysis did not reflect this effect and may be unsuitable to determine the size of landslides.

A Case Study Integrating Numerical Simulation and InSAR Monitoring to Analyze Bedding-Controlled Landslide in Nanfen Open-Pit Mine

Bedding-controlled landslides are a common geological hazard for open-pit metal mines and occur on layered rock slopes. It can spread spatially over the final boundary of the dip slope and persist throughout the entire life cycle of the mine, substantially compromising the safety of mining operations. Identifying potential landslide areas and determining the landslide mechanism is crucial for the safety production and slope management of mines. This study proposes a combination of satellite radar interferometry measurement and numerical simulation to determine the landslide mechanism of the bedding-controlled slope in open-pit mines. First, the multidimensional small baseline subset (MSBAS) technique of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is used to capture deformation information in the vertical and east–west directions of the slope, locate large-scale and long-term movements, and preliminarily determine the trend of landslides. Then, a layered slope damage constitutive model is established, and a three-dimensional stability calculation of the layered slope is performed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 software based on the strength reduction method to study the development and evolution process of landslides. The effectiveness of the method is validated by a large-scale bedding-controlled slope failure in the Nanfen open-pit mine in Liaoning, China, revealing the failure mechanism of the slope under excavation conditions. The study shows that the eastern slope bedding-controlled landslide in the Nanfen open-pit mine is a multizone composite-mode landslide caused by excavation, which belongs to the shear–slip–tension deformation failure mechanism as a whole. This study provides a new method for analyzing the mechanism of layered rock slope landslides under mining activities in open-pit mines, which can be used to assess and predict similar landslides.

Potensi Tanah Longsor Berdasarkan Karakteristik Batuan dan Geometri Lereng di Jalan Lingkar Barat Kota Palopo

The Palopo City West Ring Road is included in the Malili Sheet which is in Salobulo Village, Wara Utara District, South Sulawesi Province with coordinates 2º59'32.10” - 2º58'41.10”S and 120º10'34.51” - 120º10'40 .49” East. This study aims to determine the potential for landslides based on rock characteristics and slope geometry using the exploratory method, namely conducting research directly in the field and laboratory testing. Data acquisition was carried out at 5 observation stations which indicated the potential for landslides to occur. The data obtained are rock characteristic data including, rock type, fresh color and weathered rock color, rock texture and rock structure, as well as sampling, while the slope geometry data collection includes, height and slope of the slope, as well as observing other supporting factors namely, the degree of weathering, the presence of joints, surface runoff and the condition of the land vegetation.The results of data analysis show that the Palopo City West Ring Road has the potential for landslides which are influenced by several causal factors, namely, the steep slope of the slope, dominated by basalt rock which has undergone a weathering process with a high level of weathering at stations 2, 4 and 5 and the level of weathering moderate at stations 1 and 3. In addition, the presence of joints at stations 1 and 2 is a supporting factor for the potential for landslides to occur at the study site.

Spatial distribution of landslide potentials and landslide vulnerability in Sukawana and Awan Villages, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali Province

Landslide is one of the disasters that often occurs in Indonesia. Bangli is one of the areas in Bali with a high potential for landslides, especially in Kintamani. This study aimed to identify the potential and vulnerability of landslides in Sukawana and Awan Villages, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency. This study used survey and scoring methods according to the Natural Disaster Center at Gadjah Mada University for the parameters that cause landslides, namely, landform, rainfall, slope, geological structure, land use, and soil type. The landslide potential in Sukawana Village is low landslide potential with an area of 71.97 ha (1.81%) in Banjar Kubusalya, a medium potential with an area of 2,198.07 ha (55.30%) in Banjar Kubusalya, Banjar Sukawana and Banjar Paketan and high potential with an area of 932.81 ha (23.47%) located in Banjar Kuum and Banjar Sukawana. Awan Village has medium potential with an area of 772.20 ha (19.43%). For areas with high vulnerability, settlements are 110.96 ha (69.97%) in Sukawana Village, and the road network is dominated by local roads along 28.82 km (34.81%), which are in Sukawana Village.

Spatio-temporal of landslide potential in upstream areas, Bali tourism destinations: remote sensing and geographic information approach

Upstream Bali has tourist destinations with beautiful natural panoramas such as mountains, forest areas, and lakes. Characteristics of the area with steep slopes, high rainfall, and altitude above 1,500 masl. The area is inseparable from the threat of disasters, such as landslides, especially in the Baturiti District. This area often experiences landslides but has not been mapped spatially. Mitigation efforts are needed to minimize the impact of landslides. This study aimed to determine the potential for landslides and their distribution in different periods, namely 2000, 2010, and 2020. The scoring method considers four parameters: rainfall, slope, soil type, and vegetation density, using ArcGIS 10.8 Apps. Parameters extracted from remote sensing data include Landsat with ETM+ and OLI sensors, rainfall from the CHIRPS satellite, and slopes from DEMNAS. Geographic Information System (GIS) data includes soil types. Another role of GIS is to quantify raster data to build a landslide potential prediction model. Baturiti Subdistrict has a low to high potential for landslides, which are administratively distributed in Candikuning, Baturiti, Antapan, Batunya, and Bangli villages. The landslide potential in the high category in 2000, 2010, and 2020 respectively, is 70.12 ha (1%), 597.05 ha (5%), and 39.12 ha (1%). Based on the findings of this study, the leading cause of landslides is high rainfall followed by reduced vegetation density. Other factors include steep slopes (>45%) and soil types of Andosol and Regosol.

Pemetaan Daerah Potensi Longsor di Kecamatan Leihitu Barat, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, Menggunakan Metode Slope Morphology (SMORPH)

Landslide prone area mapping is an important step in mitigation and natural disaster management efforts in West Leihitu Sub-district, Central Maluku Regency. This research aims to map landslide prone areas in West Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, using Slope Morphology (SMORPH) method. This research uses DEMNAS data. The Slope Morphology (SMORPH) method was used in this research to overlay the slope map and slope shape to produce a map of landslide prone areas in West Leihitu Sub-district. The results showed that very low landslide potential class has an area of 465.40 ha (4.47%), low landslide potential class has an area of 4,232.96 ha or 40.63%, medium landslide potential class has an area of 2,524.30 ha or 24.23% and high landslide potential class has an area of 3196.19 ha or 30.68%. The results of this research are expected to be useful for the government and community in West Leihitu Sub-district, Central Maluku Regency in mitigating landslides in the future.