Potential Korteweg-de Vries Equation Research Articles

Classifications of bosonic supersymmetric third and fifth order systems

This manuscript explores the extensions and classifications of the bosonic supersymmetric systems. For the third order bosonic superfield equations, four types of integrable supersymmetric extensions are identified, including the B-type (trivial) supersymmetric modified Korteweg–de Vries equation, the supersymmetric Sharma–Tasso–Olver equation, and an A-type (non-trivial) supersymmetric potential Korteweg–de Vries equation. In the case of the fifth order bosonic supersymmetric systems, nine kinds of extensions are discovered, with six being B-type and three being A-type. Notably, several equations such as the supersymmetric Sawada–Kotera equation, the supersymmetric Kaup–Kupershmidt equation and the supersymmetric Fordy–Gibbons equation are classified as B-type extensions. Despite this classification, these supersymmetric systems are shown to be connected to linear integrable couplings. The findings have implications for various fields including string theory and dark matter and highlight the importance of understanding bosonic supersymmetric systems. The obtained supersymmetric systems are solved via bosonization method. Applying the bosonization procedure to every one of supersymmetric systems, one can find various dark equation systems. These dark equation systems can be solved by means of the solutions of the classical equations and some graded linear couplings including homogeneous and nonhomogeneous symmetry equations.

Cauchy matrix approach for H1 a equation in the torqued Adler–Bobenko–Suris lattice list

As a torqued version of the lattice potential Korteweg–de Vries equation, the H1 a is an integrable nonsymmetric lattice equation with only one spacing parameter. In this paper, we present the Cauchy matrix scheme for this equation. Soliton solutions, Jordan-block solutions and soliton-Jordan-block mixed solutions are constructed by solving the determining equation set. All the obtained solutions have jumping property between constant values for fixed n and demonstrate periodic structure.

Numerical Simulation of Kink Collisions, Analytical Solutions and Conservation Laws of the Potential Korteweg–de Vries Equation

Numerical Simulation of Kink Collisions, Analytical Solutions and Conservation Laws of the Potential Korteweg–de Vries Equation

Integrability and solutions of a nonsymmetric discrete Korteweg-de Vries equation

In this paper, we present Lax pairs and solutions for a nonsymmetric lattice equation, which is a torqued version of the lattice potential Korteweg-de Vries equation. This nonsymmetric equation is special in the sense that it contains only one spacing parameter but consists of two consistent cubes with other integrable lattice equations. Using such a multidimensionally consistent property we are able to derive its two Lax pairs and also construct solutions using Bäcklund transformations.

Semi-discrete Lagrangian 2-forms and the Toda hierarchy

We present a variational theory of integrable differential-difference equations (semi-discrete integrable systems). This is an extension of the ideas known by the names ‘Lagrangian multiforms’ and ‘Pluri-Lagrangian systems’, which have previously been established in both the fully discrete and fully continuous cases. The main feature of these ideas is to capture a hierarchy of commuting equations in a single variational principle. Semi-discrete Lagrangian multiforms provide a new way to relate differential-difference equations and partial differential equations. We discuss this relation in the context of the Toda lattice, which is part of an integrable hierarchy of differential-difference equations, each of which involves a derivative with respect to a continuous variable and a number of lattice shifts. We use the theory of semi-discrete Lagrangian multiforms to derive PDEs in the continuous variables of the Toda hierarchy, which hold as a consequence of the differential-difference equations, but do not involve any lattice shifts. As a second example, we briefly discuss the semi-discrete potential Korteweg-de Vries equation, which is related to the Volterra lattice.

An analysis of the potential Korteweg-DeVries equation through regular symmetries and topological manifolds

An analysis of the potential Korteweg-DeVries equation through regular symmetries and topological manifolds

Dynamics investigation of (1+1)-dimensional time-fractional potential Korteweg-de Vries equation

The potential Korteweg-de Vries equation arises in the study of water waves and is reported in the dynamics of tsunami waves. The fractional order potential Korteweg-de Vries equation is more flexible and generalized than its classical form. In this work, the modified auxiliary equation technique and residual power series method are utilized to build new exact and analytical approximate solutions of the time-fractional potential Korteweg-de Vries equation. The dynamics of the solutions obtained are explored by drawing them in two and three dimensions. Comparisons between the new results and the solutions available in literature show that the presented approaches of nonlinear problem resolution are highly effective and reliable. The obtained solutions will be helpful to understand the dynamical framework of many nonlinear physical phenomena.

Generating a chain of maps which preserve the same integral as a given map

We generalise the concept of duality to systems of ordinary difference equations (or maps). We propose a procedure to construct a chain of systems of equations which are dual, with respect to an integral H, to the given system, by exploiting the integral relation, defined by the upshifted version and the original version of H. When the numerator of the integral relation is biquadratic or multi-linear, we point out conditions where a dual fails to exists. The procedure is applied to several two-component systems obtained as periodic reductions of 2D lattice equations, including the nonlinear Schrödinger system, the two-component potential Korteweg–De Vries equation, the scalar modified Korteweg–De Vries equation, and a modified Boussinesq system.

Generalized (G'/G) - Expansion Method for Some Soliton Wave Solution of the Coupled Potential Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation

In this article, some soliton wave solutions of the coupled potential KdV equation have been found using the generalized (G '/ G) - expansion method. For this equation, hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions and rational function solutions have been obtained. It was seen that the solutions provided the equation using Mathematica 11.2 In addition, the graphic performances of some solutions are given

Some new exact wave solutions and conservation laws of potential Korteweg–de Vries equation

The potential Korteweg–de Vries equation is investigated by using the sine–cosine method and generalized Kudryashov method. A variety of exact wave solutions that contain shock solutions, periodic solutions and solitons solutions are formally derived. Also, conservation laws of the equation is determined by using the multiplier approach. In addition, the restrictions on the physical parameters of obtained solutions are presented.

The Sylvester equation and the elliptic Korteweg-de Vries system

The elliptic potential Korteweg-de Vries lattice system is a multi-component extension of the lattice potential Korteweg-de Vries equation, whose soliton solutions are associated with an elliptic Cauchy kernel (i.e., a Cauchy kernel on the torus). In this paper we generalize the class of solutions by allowing the spectral parameter to be a full matrix obeying a matrix version of the equation of the elliptic curve, and for the Cauchy matrix to be a solution of a Sylvester type matrix equation subject to this matrix elliptic curve equation. The construction involves solving the matrix elliptic curve equation by using Toeplitz matrix techniques, and analysing the solution of the Sylvester equation in terms of Jordan normal forms. Furthermore, we consider the continuum limit system associated with the elliptic potential Korteweg-de Vries system, and analyse the dynamics of the soliton solutions, which reveals some new features of the elliptic system in comparison to the non-elliptic case.

Spectrum transformation and conservation laws of lattice potential KdV equation

Many multi-dimensional consistent discrete systems have soliton solutions with nonzero backgrounds, which brings difficulty in the investigation of integrable characteristics. In this paper, we derive infinitely many conserved quantities for the lattice potential Korteweg-de Vries equation whose solutions have nonzero backgrounds. The derivation is based on the fact that the scattering data a(z) is independent of discrete space and time and the analytic property of Jost solutions of the discrete Schrodinger spectral problem. The obtained conserved densities are asymptotic to zero when |n| (or |m|) tends to infinity. To obtain these results, we reconstruct a discrete Riccati equation by using a conformal map which transforms the upper complex plane to the inside of unit circle. Series solution to the Riccati equation is constructed based on the analytic and asymptotic properties of Jost solutions.

Exact solutions for the family of third order Korteweg de-Vries equations

In this work we apply an extended hyperbolic function method to solve the nonlinear family of third order Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equations, namely, the KdV equation, the modified KdV (mKdV) equation, the potential KdV (pKdV) equation, the generalized KdV (gKdV) equation and gKdV with two power nonlinearities equation. New exact travelling wave solutions are obtained for the KdV, mKdV and pKdV equations. The solutions are expressed in terms of hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational functions. The method used is promising method to solve other nonlinear evaluation equations.

Solutions and Continuum Limits of Two Semi-Discrete Lattice Potential Korteweg-de Vries Equations* *Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11371241 and National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai under Grant No. 13ZR1416700

We derive bilinear forms and Casoratian solutions for two semi-discrete potential Korteweg-de Vries equations. Their continuum limits go to the counterparts of the continuous potential Korteweg-de Vries equation.

Invariant Subspace Method and Exact Solutions of Certain Nonlinear Time Fractional Partial Differential Equations

Abstract We show, using invariant subspace method, how to derive exact solutions to the time fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, potential KdV equation with absorption term, KdV-Burgers equation and a time fractional partial differential equation with quadratic nonlinearity. Also we extend the invariant subspace method to nonlinear time fractional differential-difference equations and derive exact solutions of the time fractional discrete KdV and Toda lattice equations.

Symmetries and Special Solutions of Reductions of the Lattice Potential KdV Equation

We identify a periodic reduction of the non-autonomous lattice potential Korteweg-de Vries equation with the additive discrete Painlev\'e equation with $E^{(1)}_6$ symmetry. We present a description of a set of symmetries of the reduced equations and their relations to the symmetries of the discrete Painlev\'e equation. Finally, we exploit the simple symmetric form of the reduced equations to find rational and hypergeometric solutions of this discrete Painlev\'e equation.

Singular solitons, shock waves, and other solutions to potential KdV equation

This paper addresses the potential Korteweg–de Vries equation. The singular 1-soliton solution is obtained by the aid of ansatz method. Subsequently, the \(G^{\prime }/G\)-expansion method and the exp-function approach also gives a few more interesting solutions. Finally, the Lie symmetry analysis leads to another plethora of solution to the equation. These results are going to be extremely useful and applicable in applied mathematics and theoretical physics.

A Method to Construct the Nonlocal Symmetries of Nonlinear Evolution Equations

A method is proposed to seek the nonlocal symmetries of nonlinear evolution equations. The validity and advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by the applications to the Boussinesq equation, the coupled Korteweg-de Vries system, the Kadomtsev—Petviashvili equation, the Ablowitz—Kaup—Newell—Segur equation and the potential Korteweg-de Vries equation. The facts show that this method can obtain not only the nonlocal symmetries but also the general Lie point symmetries of the given equations.

Integrability of reductions of the discrete Korteweg–de Vries and potential Korteweg–de Vries equations

We study the integrability of mappings obtained as reductions of the discrete Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation and of two copies of the discrete potential KdV (pKdV) equation. We show that the mappings corresponding to the discrete KdV equation, which can be derived from the latter, are completely integrable in the Liouville–Arnold sense. The mappings associated with two copies of the pKdV equation are also shown to be integrable.

An inverse scattering transform for the lattice potential KdV equation

The lattice potential Korteweg–de Vries equation (LKdV) is a partial difference equation in two independent variables, which possesses many properties that are analogous to those of the celebrated Korteweg–de Vries equation. These include discrete soliton solutions, Bäcklund transformations and an associated linear problem, called a Lax pair, for which it provides the compatibility condition. In this paper, we solve the initial value problem for the LKdV equation through a discrete implementation of the inverse scattering transform method applied to the Lax pair. The initial value used for the LKdV equation is assumed to be real and decaying to zero as the absolute value of the discrete spatial variable approaches large values. An interesting feature of our approach is the solution of a discrete Gel'fand–Levitan equation. Moreover, we provide a complete characterization of reflectionless potentials and show that this leads to the Cauchy matrix form of N-soliton solutions.