Turkey's Potential Research Articles

ALİAĞA DA ENERJİ KULLANIMI VE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ POTANSİYELİ

Turkey has entered a rapid process of industrialization after the proclamation of the republic in order to enter the category of developed countries. However, the continuous increase in population with industrialization has also caused an increase in the demand for energy. Trying to meet the increasing energy demand for imported fossil fuels for many years brought with it some problems. At the forefront of these problems are energy supply security and external dependence on energy. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources with a rich potential in Turkey and a policy have begun to be implemented for the use of renewable energy resources in recent years. The energy atlases that show the solar, wind and biomass energy potentials prepared in this direction are a result of this policy. But there is a need to determine renewable energy potentials at the local level as well as country-wide energy atlases in order to make the most of the current potential. This study aimed to reveal the renewable energy potential and current use of Aliaga that an industry and port city. It’s found out that Aliaga has a high potential in wind and geothermal but it has low energy potential in terms of the solar, water and biomass in the results of this study.

Determination of Solar Energy Potential in Gazi̇antep Province by Analytical Hierarchy Process Method (AHP)

The use of renewable energy sources is rapidly increasing as a natural and long-lasting alternative along with the growing demand for energy supply today. One of the most inexpensive and environmentally-friendly resources is solar energy. Turkey is a country in which solar energy potential is quite high and where the share of solar energy in energy production has increased recently. The region with the highest solar energy potential in Turkey is the Southeastern Anatolian Region. The region has a potential above the average in Turkey in terms of annual sunshine duration and the total amount of annual solar radiation. As the sixth largest Turkish city, Gaziantep has a leading role in trade both within the province and with the Middle East, and so its energy need is significantly greater than those of the neighboring provinces. For this reason, Gaziantep was selected for the field of study and the solar energy efficiency map of Gaziantep province was drawn using parameters such as land use, distance to transformers, average temperature, global sunbathing condition, average sunbathing time, slope, aspect and distance to main transportation routes. In order to create this map, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used, which is a multi-criteria decision-making method. According to the results of the study, approximately 8% of the physical land of Gaziantep is classed as definitely ideal whereas 44% of the land is classed as ideal for solar energy efficiency. 

The potential of Turkey's province-based livestock sector to mitigate GHG emissions through biogas production

Methane and nitrous oxide are the two leading greenhouse gases (GHG) that are released to the atmosphere due to livestock enteric fermentation and manure management. This study examines Turkey's province-based GHG emissions released by its livestock sector due to these processes. Besides, this study focusses on biogas production through anaerobic digestion, which is one of the most effective GHG mitigation options from manure management. This study aims to show the importance of the livestock sector in regards to GHG emissions in Turkey based on estimations made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines. As a result of these estimations, for the year 2015, 33.85 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) were produced from enteric fermentation and manure management system.The study also aims to evaluate Turkey's province-based biogas production potential from animal manure through the anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. Two different biogas potential scenarios with varying manure recovery rates were developed. Scenario 1 was developed based on the assumption of that total amount of produced animal manure would be used in AD for biogas production, and scenario 2 was developed based on the realistic manure recovery rates that vary with the type of livestock. Biogas potentials for scenario 1 and scenario 2 were determined as 8.41 billion m3 and 4.18 billion m3 in 2015, respectively. These values can meet Turkey's total electricity demand at a rate of 5.25% for scenario 1, and the rate of 2.3% for scenario 2. In addition, according to Turkey's GHG Inventory, submitted annually to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), GHG emissions from manure management can be reduced by 1.13% through biogas production.

Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential

Abstract The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023.

Seasonal changes of water quality of Murat River (Bingol, Turkey) in terms of physicochemical and biological parameters

Murat River is the most important tributary of the Euphrates River, which has the highest water potential in Turkey. The seasonal variation of water quality parameters and water quality status of Murat River were determined according to the “Regulation on Surface Water Quality Management” criteria. 19 different parameters were measured in water samples taken from four different stations during the research. These parameters were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), total phosphorus, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). According to “Regulation on Surface Water Quality Management”, physical and chemical analysis data showed that Murat River waters had "first-class water quality" in terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen, BOD, total phosphorus, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, "third-class water quality" for sodium, pH and “fourth class water quality” for nitrite. The electrical conductivity and alkalinity values were within normal limits and as "medium-hard" water. Considering all the results, it has been evaluated that there is no significant pollution problem in the Murat River.

The effect of conventional and organic fertilization on yield and fruit quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. ‘Hicaznar’)

In this study, conventional and organic production systems for 'Hicaznar' pomegranate, which is widely cultivated with a good export potential in Turkey, were compared. This study was conducted in the West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute in 2004 and 2008 by allowing a distance between conventional and organic parcels with three replications and each replication consisted of four trees. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on quality and the response of 'Hicaznar' to diseases and insects. Fertilizer programs for conventional and organic production were optimized and applied after analysing leaves and soil characteristics for each parcel. Green manure crop, green manure crop supplemented with organic fertilizer and green manure crop supplemented with turf have been used in organic pomegranate production. Effects of different treatments on quality attributes of fruit and average yield tree‑1 were determined. According to our results, the highest yield rate and quality were obtained with conventional and green manure crop plus organic fertilizer applications, respectively.

Wind speed variability and wind power potential over Turkey: Case studies for Çanakkale and İstanbul

In this study, variability of wind speed and its effects on power generation for the 1980–2013 period over Turkey was studied. Hourly wind speed data of 335 stations was obtained from Turkish State Meteorological Service and subjected to quality control. 77 station data was found reliable and used in this work. For the 1980–2013 period, highest hourly average wind speed values equal or larger than 3.80 m/s were found in Gökçeada, Çanakkale and Mardin stations located at Aegean, Marmara and Southeastern regions of Turkey. Monthly average wind speed is observed to be the highest in July with a value of 2.22 m/s. As an Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS), highest average wind speed for the 2007–2013 period was found in Çatalca-Radar, İstanbul with a value of 7.08 m/s. Wind power was analyzed by Weibull distribution and seasonal power density analysis of Çanakkale reveals spring, summer and autumn seasonal average power densities as 49.11 W/m2, 51.12 W/m2 and 50.16 W/m2, together with a winter maximum of 81.68 W/m2. According to results, Çatalca was found as the largest wind energy potential in Turkey, not just having the largest wind speed but also having large rural districts for possible wind farm installment.

Determination of Metal Content of Waste Mobile Phones and Estimation of Their Recovery Potential in Turkey.

Waste mobile phones constitute one of the fastest growing Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) types all over the world due to technological innovations and shortening of their life span. They contain a complex mix of various materials, such as basic metals, precious metals and rare earth elements and represent an important secondary raw metal source. The main objectives of this study were to characterize the metal concentration of waste mobile phones by optimizing the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) operation parameters and estimate the metal recovery potential of waste mobile phones in Turkey. Therefore, selected mobile phone samples collected from a recycling center in Turkey were analyzed to determine their metal concentrations. Then, the theoretical recovery potentials of precious and rare earth metals from waste mobile phones were estimated for Turkey. The analytical methods optimized in this study can help further research activities to obtain comprehensive data for determination of the critical metals (precious metals and rare earth elements) in WEEE samples so that proper recycling and recovery strategies can be selected and implemented.

General situation of wind energy source in Turkey and wind turbine technologies

The increasing need for new energy sources is a result of the rapidly increasing global population and consumption of fossil fuels. In order to achieve more efficient use of wind energy in Turkey, the establishment of more efficient wind turbines with new technologies and the widespread use of wind-generating systems are inevitable. The regional distribution of the wind energy potential of Turkey, the regional and general usage rates and the policies followed in wind energy subjects are worth investigating. Besides, it is very important to discover new wind fields, to calculate the capacities of these areas by technical analysis methods and finally to use them. Recently, wind power capacity has increased dramatically in Turkey and accompanying that, the wind turbines that produce it have become more affordable and more efficient for wind energy producers. Wind turbine technologies have been mentioned in general and generator models used in wind turbines have been examined. Consequently, wind energy resource is not efficiently used in Turkey and how the using of wind energy potential is improved is generally discussed.

Çok Ölçütlü Karar Verme Yöntemleri ile Kağıt Fabrikası Kuruluş Yeri Seçimi

Küreselleşen dünya ve artan rekabet şartları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, işletmelerin başarıları açısından kuruluş yerinin belirlenmesi kritik öneme sahiptir. Türkiye’de ekonomik potansiyeli olan kağıt endüstrisinde kuruluş yeri tespit edilmesi sektör yatırımları açısından önem arz etmektedir. Sektörde özellikle son yıllarda tersine lojistiğin en önemli uygulama alanlarından olan atık kâğıtların geri dönüşümü ile büyük oranda hammadde kaynağı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kağıt fabrikası kuruluş yeri tespiti için beş aday şehir arasından en uygun yerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir karar destek modeli önerilmiştir. Bu maksatla, kuruluş yeri alternatiflerinin çeşitli olması ve kriterlerinin karmaşık olması nedeniyle sıkça kullanılan matematiksel ve mantıksal model temelli çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kuruluş yeri değerlendirme kriterleri olarak; pazar, işgücü, hammadde, ulaşım, teşvikler, atıklar, enerji ve arazi olarak belirlenmiştir. Uygulamada AHP, TOPSIS ve PROMETHEE yöntemleri ile çözümler yapılmış ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılmış etkin karar verilmiştir. Bu uygulamanın diğer endüstrilerde yapılacak kuruluş yeri seçim problemleri için bir öngörü oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir. 

ENERGY POTENTIAL OF ANIMAL BIOMASS IN TURKEY

In this study, animal biomass energy potential of Turkey was presented in detail based on the countrywide livestock. Animal biomass resources were examined under three major groups: bovine, small ruminant, and poultry. Bovine animals were described in terms of three different cattle species, buffalo and other species (horse, donkey, camel, mule and pig). Sheep and goat were considered as two subspecies of small ruminant. Poultry consisted of two different chicken species, turkey, goose and duck. The status of animal biomass in Turkey and its exploitation by use of anaerobic digestion and consequent combustion of methane produced for energy production were presented. A detailed analysis was made to determine which animal species has high energy potential of biomass. The potential of energy, waste and the production depending on every single subspecies were indicated in the analyses. The waste coefficients for species were obtained from the biomass energy potential atlas of Turkey and the animal production data reported by the Turkish Statistical Institute. Additionally, energy potential changes in recent years for every single species were calculated. According to the results, bovine animals possess 67.1% of total energy potential, and among bovine animals, cattle has the highest energy potential with 61%. Results indicated that 1.36 million tons of oil equivalent would be exploited by the animal biomass potential of Turkey according to the 2016 data.

The role of hydropower installations for sustainable energy development in Turkey and the world

Abstract Hydropower has the largest share among renewable energy sources in the world, supplying more than 16.6% of total global electricity to over 160 countries around the world. Global hydropower capacity increased to approximately 1096 GW with the addition of 25 GW of new hydropower capacity in 2016. With a 216 TWh per year generation capacity, Turkey’s hydropower potential is the largest in Europe. The increased rate of installed capacity in Turkey was ranked 7th in the world in 2016 with an annual installed hydroelectric capacity of 0.8 GW. The main objective of this paper is to review the developments of hydropower installations around the world and in Turkey with an emphasis on the potential of small scale hydropower systems such as waterwheels in utilizing low head water flow for household electricity usage. In the first part of this study, the growth of worldwide hydropower capacity is reviewed and the countries with the largest installed and new built hydropower capacities are reported. In the second part of this study, the current status of Turkey’s hydropower plants is discussed in detail with respect to annual regional rainfall, gross water mass flow and potential of Turkey’s major water basins to demonstrate the potential energy output that can be harnessed from small-scale systems implemented in low-head water sources. In addition, the most recent information on Turkey’s electricity generation and consumption rates are reported.

Antıoxidant and physicochemical properties of chestnut honeys from Turkey

Thanks to its rich flora, it is possible to produce various monofloral honey in Turkey and one of these honey is chestnut honey.The purpose of this research was to determine the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of chestnut honey collected from different geographical regions of Turkey. The color, humidity, HMF, diastase number, proline, acidity and electrical conductivity values of honey samples were determined as 82.1 mm, 17.33 %, 23.83 mg/kg, 15.12 diastase number, 754.12 mg/kg, 28.68 meq/kg and 0.93 MS/cm respectively. The fructose, glucose and sucrose content in honey samples were determined as 37.09 %, 30.41 and 0.02 respectively, while ratios of other sugars were changed between 0.02 % and 1.99. The total phenolic content of chestnut honey samples was determined as 154.12 mgGAE/100g with Folin Ciocalteu method, while antiradical activities (DPPH method) were found as 37.65 %. There is a need to investigate the biological activities of chestnut honey which has important production potential in Turkey

A scrutiny study on wave energy potential and policy in Turkey

Recently new and renewable energy sources began to become prominent as alternatives to fossil fuels. Among these are wind, solar, hydraulic, biomass, geothermal and wave energies. As for Turkey, the least accounted and less applied of these sources is wave energy. The government has established a short-term outlook on utilization of renewable energy sources, named “National Renewable Energy Action Plan” which is a part of Vision 2023 targets. Nonetheless, there is no planned utilization of and/or investment into wave energy in Turkey’s agenda up to the year 2023. This might be mainly because of the complex structure of wave energy conversion systems, marine conditions, mechanical difficulties and high initial investment costs. However, this type of energy is environmentally friendly, cheap and clean, and a great potential is available especially in Turkey which is surrounded on three sides by sea. Although Turkey has neither coasts to oceans nor a long stretch of west coastline, which have the highest energetic waves thanks to the prevailing west-to-east winds; the Black Sea basin, as well as the south-western Mediterranean region, may offer a good potential for development as an energetic regime, often comparable to oceanic sites in terms of wave heights, induced by strong wind patterns. In this study, wave energy potential in Turkey and recent studies made on determination of suitable sites for evaluation of wave energy in Turkey are discussed.

A new model for predicting the global solar radiation

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for renewable energy due to the population growth and decline in fossil energy resources as well as the developing technology. Solar energy is the most important renewable energy source and the global solar radiation is the primary variable for evaluating solar energy systems. The main subject of this study is to show that there is enough solar energy potential in Turkey with using global solar radiation data of chosen region where is between Adana and Mersin cities. The new solar radiation models of selected region were developed with determining Angstrom coefficients and obtained results of new developed models were compared some models in the literature. In this study, the global radiation model correlations which were developed for Turkey and some other countries were investigated for selected region. The compatibility of some models in literature were tested by determining the nearest model to measured data. In addition to that climate data of selected region, four different new models were developed and brought into the literature. The performance of these proposed models has been examined at different regions. To comparative the efficiency of all used models the following statistical indicators were used: the percentage of the relative error, mean percentage error, analysis of variance, mean absolute percentage error, the squared relative error, total relative standard error, and T‐statistic. The obtained results reveal that the new proposed models gives very appropriate results for solar radiation estimation in selected region. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 870–880, 2018

Civic space in Turkey: a social capital approach to civil society

ABSTRACTThe present study explores civil society organizations’ (CSOs) civic and political potential in Turkey. For this purpose, it generates original data from Antalya and utilizes social network analysis to analyze the CSOs’ cooperation structure. The analysis points out certain levels of dynamism and diversity in terms of the CSOs’ cooperative connections. Yet it also shows variance between the public-goods oriented Putnam-type CSOs and the special-interest oriented Olson-type CSOs in terms of their civic and political potential. This observed variance, in turn, is likely to influence their respective potential to articulate common interests on the one hand, to affect politics on the other hand.

Utilization of waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel for Turkey.

This study is based on three essential considerations concerning biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil: diesel engine emissions of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil, its potential in Turkey, and policies of the Turkish government about environmentally friendly alternative fuels. Emission tests have been realized with 35.8kW, four-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel tractor engine. Test results are compared with Euro non-road emission standards for diesel fuel and five different blends of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The results of the experimental study show that the best blends are B10 and B20 as they show the lowest emission level. The other dimensions of the study include potential analysis of waste cooking oil as diesel fuels, referring to fuel price policies applied in the past, and proposed future policies about the same issues. It was also outlined some conclusions and recommendations in connection with recycling of waste oils as alternative fuels.

Biomass potential of Turkey and energy production applications

ABSTRACTThe fact that fossil-based energy sources will run out requires the efficient use of the existing sources and as well as more effective and widespread use of renewable energy sources. The use of organic waste, which has a significant place among renewable energy resources, gains importance in terms of environment and energy optimization in sustainable development models. One of the renewable energy resources is biogas. In the countries where biogas technology is common, energy is produced by processing all kinds of organic waste in the biogas production facilities. Besides energy production, land, water, and air pollution caused by the waste is reduced to minimum. On the other hand, organic waste from the facilities is used as fertilizer in the vegetable production. In this research, biomass potential, which has an important and different place among renewable energy sources in terms of its existing potential and production technologies, is studied. Animal and vegetable-based waste and the equivalent energy potential of the biogas that can be produced out of these wastes have been identified. In this study, the average amount of dry biomass produced in Turkey in a year and the average heating value of the dry biomass have been calculated. In addition, suggestions have been made for taking advantage of the biomass potential efficiently and extensively. Turkey is rich in biomass and has adequate facilities and environmental conditions in terms of the development of this resource. In order to reduce the dependence of Turkey on foreign energy, transition to energy forestry and energy agriculture, development of obtaining biofuel from them and wastes, and biogas obtained from fertilizers, waste and garbage are required to be given importance.

Utilization of energy from waste potential in Turkey as distributed secondary renewable energy source

Running out of fossil fuels and rising of environmental issues pressurize energy policies in the direction of increasing renewable energy utilization. As a part of full-recycling scheme, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be accounted as an alternative and prevalent source of renewable energy for smart grid applications. This study presents a case study investigating the future of dry combustion in Turkey and gives some projections on Energy from Waste (EfW) utilization potentials as secondary local generators. EfW potential of MSW incineration plants is modeled depending on MSW mass function. An empirical formula for prediction of EfW potential of Turkey is derived by curve fitting to yearly MSW data. Dependence of EfW potential on human population is modeled and thus spread of EfW potential over the territory of Anatolia landscape is illustrated. Analyses reveal that EfW has a potential to be local source of renewable energy for future smart grids due to the fact that EfW exhibits energy generation distribution correlated with city population. We concluded that EfW incineration plants can act on sustainable development of Turkey by serving as a consistent, distributed, near-field generators integrated to waste management systems of cities.

A short overview of energy production based CO2 emissions and wind power development strategy for Turkey

ABSTRACTEnergy is one of the main sources of economical and social developments. Energy demand is increasing day by day on both the global and national scale of many countries. The current energy paradigm is based on fossil fuels but fossil energy sources decrease day by day and go through to a death point. While this process happens, fossil sources constitute the main source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. At this point, the usage and spread of renewable energy sources is taking a place on the agenda of many countries.Wind energy systems have a high learning curve value (92%) and when making a comparison between wind energy and other renewable energy systems according to cost and efficiency parameters wind energy systems are more preferable. At the end of 2010, global installed wind power was 194,390 MW and 250 million tones CO2 emission was prevented with this installed power. The energy production paradigm of Turkey is based on thermal conventional technology. For that reason the CO2 emission level increased 102% according to 1990s value in Turkey and energy production-based CO2 emission ratio increaded to 92% in total CO2 emission value.The theoretical wind energy potential of Turkey is 48,000 MW and nearly 62 million tones of CO2 emission could be prevented with this potential.The goals of this study are that, given information about global and national CO2 emission levels, we can make some explanation about the national trend of the wind energy market and describe a convenient action plan for the Turkish wind energy market.