Potential Misuse Research Articles

NAVIGATING DISCOMFORT FOR GROWTH: STUDENT EXPERIENCES WITH PROVOCATION PEDAGOGY IN PAKISTAN

The content of this study is a qualitative case study on how the provocation pedagogy was adapted and practiced in an experimental peace education classroom situated within Sialkot, Pakistan. Drawing on reflections from 43 students and the instructors field notes, this research examines how these pedagogical approach influences learning; critiques assumptions around district identity and culture; as well encourages critical analysis of the social justice. This research offers important reflections on transformative qualities of provocation pedagogy, and how this sits with other ethical considerations in order to strengthen its use and protect against potential misuse. Findings add a new layer to the perennial debates about pedagogy of discomfort in learning and site-specific peace education. While this study reflects on hope that provocation pedagogy has to offer in engaging students as critical thinkers and as vehicles for transformative cultural work, it also contains ongoing concerns about ethical issues and risks in diverse contexts. To that end, this study serves as a model for educators looking to integrate the type of culturally relevant transformative learning, particularly as it relates to issues of social justice.

Expectations for the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Research on the Perceptions of Tourism Faculty Students

Rapid transformation and shaping of the education sector by evolving technologies are inevitable. The study aims to explore the transformative potential of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) within higher education, particularly in the tourism sector, and investigate students' perspectives on its usage. Existing research on this topic is limited, prompting a qualitative research approach in this study to obtain more in-depth findings. This involved conducting focus group discussions with nine first-year tourism management students who had attended four training seminars on digital transformation and artificial intelligence applications and possessed basic knowledge of the subject. The outcomes of these discussions, covering students' views on the impact of GenAI on academic performance, critical thinking and research skills, its contribution to post-graduation capabilities, potential misuse scenarios, and likely challenges, were subjected to content analysis. Among the primary research findings was that students are aware of security and ethics issues related to generative AI but are not concerned due to the availability of solutions. They perceive GenAI as an opportunity to enhance their learning experiences, academic performances, and future employability, but emphasize the necessity of using it as an auxiliary tool rather than relying entirely on these applications. Additionally, rather than immediately implementing these applications across all higher education institutions and departments, there is an emphasis on the necessity of transitional phase plans. Consequently, the study aimed to propose recommendations to higher education institutions, educators, and students based on both literature and practical insights to develop a framework aimed at a generative AI-centric approach. Moreover, valuable insights were sought to enhance the educational experience of future tourism professionals.

Analysing the EU Data Privacy Implications Resulting From Executive Order 14086: A Legal Perspective

The exchange of personal data between the EU and the USA has sparked intense debates and contentious discussions. This heightened attention can be attributed to significant disparities in data privacy regulations between the two regions, as well as mounting concerns surrounding the potential misuse of personal information by U.S. companies and government entities. In response to these concerns, the EU implemented the GDPR in 2018, which introduced stringent regulations aimed at safeguarding data privacy. Additionally, the GDPR imposed restrictions on the transfer of personal data to countries outside the EU that lack comparable data protection measures. One of the prominent legal challenges in this context relates to concerns over the adequacy of data protection in the USA, particularly in light of U.S. surveillance programs and the potential for government access to personal data.

Health behavior and psychological treatment utilization in adults with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder symptoms

BackgroundAvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), an eating disorder not associated with weight and shape concerns, results in nutrient or energy deficiencies related with further health consequences and a pronounced need for specialized treatment. These interventions need to be tailored to individual health behavior. However, research about health behavior and treatment utilization in ARFID is scarce, particularly in adults, as ARFID is more common in children despite occurring across the lifespan. One important aspect of health behavior is the individual’s health regulatory focus (i.e., health prevention and health promotion). Additionally, symptoms of eating disorders have generally been associated with various health risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, or unhealthy physical (in)activity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate health behavior and psychological treatment utilization in adults with symptoms of ARFID.MethodsA representative adult population sample (N = 2415) completed several self-report questionnaires assessing symptoms of eating disorders and health behavior. Differences between groups (symptoms of ARFID vs. no symptoms of ARFID) were tested with analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney-U-tests, and binary logistic regression.ResultsIndividuals with symptoms of ARFID (n = 20) did not differ in their health regulatory focus, smoking status, physical activity or psychological treatment utilization from individuals without symptoms of ARFID (n = 2395). However, they reported higher alcohol misuse than individuals without symptoms of ARFID.ConclusionThe findings suggest a relevance of further exploration of the relationship between alcohol misuse and ARFID, given the preliminary nature of these results. This exploration could inform treatment strategies for addressing potential comorbid substance misuse. Furthermore, the low psychological treatment utilization in adults with symptoms of ARFID suggest a need for more specialized psychological treatment services, public education about ARFID being an indication for psychological treatment, and further research about treatment barriers.

The Role of Transparency in Digital Contact Tracing During COVID-19: Insights from an Expert Survey.

Health technologies such as apps for digital contract tracing [DCT] played a crucial role in containing and combating infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their primary function was to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by consistently generating and disseminating information related to various events such as encounters, vaccinations or infections. While the functionality of DCT has been well researched, the necessity of transparency in the use of DCT and the consent to share sensitive information such as users' health, vaccination and location status remains unclear. On one hand, DCT enabled the continuous monitoring of various risk factors, including data-based calculations of infection probabilities. On the other hand, digital monitoring of health risks was closely associated with various uncertainties, such as the ambiguous storage of personal data and its potential future misuse, e.g., by tech companies or health authorities. Our contribution aims to retrospectively analyze the COVID-19 pandemic from a post-pandemic perspective and utilize it as a case study for the implementation of new technological measures. We argue that under the condition of voluntary use of DCT, transparency plays a key role in convincing individuals to install health technologies on their mobile devices, keep them activated and consent to the sharing of sensitive data. We support our argument with qualitative data from an expert survey conducted between 2020 and 2021 and analyzed according to the principles of Grounded Theory.

Authentic and Creative Assessment in a World with AI

Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) presents challenges and opportunities for higher education. The challenge is to incorporate the benefits of AI while minimizing its potential for misuse and undermining of learning. The opportunity is that AI allows instructors to assess learning authentically by fostering creative, engaging, realistic, and reflective assessments. Statement of the Problem Drawing on some of the current practices of AI use in the classroom, I discuss how authentic assessment can be achieved while incorporating AI. Literature Review First, I review what authentic assessment is, how it is implemented, and some of its positive outcomes. Then, I present sample activities that use AI to design, implement, and evaluate assessments to serve the APA Learning Goals for the Undergraduate Psychology Major. Teaching Implications The activities and assessments here and in the online Supplemental Materials (Miserandino, 2024, May 23) help fulfill additional learning goals and build academic skills (e.g., critical thinking, reading, writing). Conclusion By using these activities and assessments or drawing on them to create their own, instructors can improve their teaching and student learning outcomes.

A Systematic Deconstruction of Human-Centric Privacy & Security Threats on Mobile Phones

Mobile phones are most likely the subject of targeted attacks, such as software exploits. The resources needed to carry out such attacks are becoming increasingly available and, hence, easily executable, putting users’ privacy at risk. We conducted a systematic literature analysis to understand the relationship between resources and attack feasibility and present a categorisation of social engineering and side-channel attacks on mobile phones focusing on the resources attackers require. Our proposed categorisation levels facilitate an in-depth understanding of how mobile phone attacks can be executed using different combinations of partly simple resources. The analysis reveals that discrete protection mechanisms are insufficient to provide all-inclusive protection. The proposed categorisation assists in building novel solutions for safeguarding users’ privacy from diverse attacks by carefully considering the potential misuse of resources. We conclude by outlining future research directions highlighting the urgent need for a holistic user defense.

Video livestreaming from medical emergency callers’ smartphones to emergency medical dispatch centres: a scoping review of current uses, opportunities, and challenges

BackgroundTimely dispatch of appropriate emergency medical services (EMS) resources to the scene of medical incidents, and/or provision of treatment at the scene by bystanders and medical emergency lay callers (referred to as ‘callers’ in this review) can improve patient outcomes. Currently, in dispatch systems worldwide, prioritisation of dispatch relies mostly on verbal telephone information from callers, but advances in mobile phone technology provide means for sharing video footage. This scoping review aimed to map and identify current uses, opportunities, and challenges for using video livestreaming from callers’ smartphones to emergency medical dispatch centres.MethodsA scoping review of relevant published literature between 2007 and 2023 in the English language, searched within MEDLINE; CINAHL and PsycINFO, was descriptively synthesised, adhering to the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews.ResultsTwenty-four articles remained from the initial search of 1,565 articles. Most studies were simulation-based and focused on emergency medical dispatchers’ (referred to as ‘dispatcher/s’ in this review) assisted video cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), predominantly concerned with measuring how video impacts CPR performance. Nine studies were based on real-life practice. Few studies specifically explored experiences of dispatchers or callers. Only three articles explored the impact that using video had on the dispatch of resources. Opportunities offered by video livestreaming included it being: perceived to be useful; easy to use; reassuring for both dispatchers and callers; and informing dispatcher decision-making. Challenges included the potential emotional impact for dispatchers and callers. There were also concerns about potential misuse of video, although there was no evidence that this was occurring. Evidence suggests a need for appropriate training of dispatchers and video-specific dispatch protocols.ConclusionResearch is sparse in the context of video livestreaming. Few studies have focussed on the use of video livestreaming outside CPR provision, such as for trauma incidents, which are by their nature time-critical where visual information may offer significant benefit. Further investigation into acceptability and experience of the use of video livestreaming is warranted, to understand the potential psychological impact on dispatchers and callers.

Redefining Duty of Care: Challenges and Solutions for Network Service Providers

With the rapid development of Internet and algorithm technology, how to judge the "duty of care" of network service providers has become a new problem in the field of network infringement. The main topic of this paper is to focus on what kind of duty of care network service providers should bear, and how to solve the problem of responsibility division and commitment in practice. It begins with a comprehensive analysis of the current legal frameworks in China, comparing them with global standards, particularly focusing on the United States' "Safe Harbor" principle and the European Union's Digital Single Market Copyright Directive. It further discusses the challenges of enforcing the duty of care, emphasizing the variability in judicial interpretations and the difficulties in applying traditional legal principles to modern digital contexts. It highlights the need for clearer definitions and preemptive legal measures to mitigate infringement risks, as demonstrated by proactive copyright declarations like those implemented during the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games. Additionally, it examines the potential misuse of the duty of care in competitive business environments, suggesting judicial and legislative strategies to prevent abuse and ensure a fair application of the law. The conclusion advocates for a collaborative approach to reforming duty of care standards, involving a range of stakeholders from legislators to copyright holders, to ensure they are robust yet flexible enough to accommodate future technological developments.

Reliability of artificial intelligence chatbot responses to frequently asked questions in breast surgical oncology.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven chatbots, capable of simulating human-like conversations, are becoming more prevalent in healthcare. While this technology offers potential benefits in patient engagement and information accessibility, it raises concerns about potential misuse, misinformation, inaccuracies, and ethical challenges. This study evaluated a publicly available AI chatbot, ChatGPT, in its responses to nine questions related to breast cancer surgery selected from the American Society of Breast Surgeons' frequently asked questions (FAQ) patient education website. Four breast surgical oncologists assessed the responses for accuracy and reliability using a five-point Likert scale and the Patient Education Materials Assessment (PEMAT) Tool. The average reliability score for ChatGPT in answering breast cancer surgery questions was 3.98 out of 5.00. Surgeons unanimously found the responses understandable and actionable per the PEMAT criteria. The consensus found ChatGPT's overall performance was appropriate, with minor or no inaccuracies. ChatGPT demonstrates good reliability in responding to breast cancer surgery queries, with minor, nonharmful inaccuracies. Its answers are accurate, clear, and easy to comprehend. Notably, ChatGPT acknowledged its informational role and did not attempt to replace medical advice or discourage users from seeking input from a healthcare professional.

The spread of synthetic media on X

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) models have introduced new complexities and risks to information environments, as synthetic media may facilitate the spread of misinformation and erode public trust. This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of synthetic media on social media platform X from December 2022 to September 2023. Leveraging crowdsourced annotations identifying synthetic content, our analysis reveals an increase in AI-generated media over time, with an initial spike in March 2023, following the release of Midjourney V5. While most synthetic media identified is non-political and non-malicious, concerning deepfakes targeting political figures persist, raising questions on the potential for misuse of AI technologies.

Digital eternity: The holographic resurrection of music icons

Holographic reincarnations blend the allure of the past with the possibilities of modern technology, navigating through ethical quandaries and the redefinition of performance art. Central to this exploration is the fusion of memory and digital perpetuity, pushing the limits of what constitutes a live performance. The holographic rebirth of legends such as Elvis Presley, Amy Winehouse and Whitney Houston sparks debate over the ethics of posthumous consent, the authenticity of such representations and the implications of monetizing the afterlife of artists. This shift towards digital eternity prompts a critical assessment of the moral dimensions involved in resurrecting artists through technology. Exploring the history and development of holography, from historical illusions to contemporary artificial intelligence-enhanced presentations, reveals both the technological achievements and the ethical challenges presented by these endeavours. The drive behind these resurrective projects shines a light on a lucrative industry focused on ‘Delebs’, turning the legacies of deceased celebrities into profitable ventures. Yet the quest to immortalize artists digitally invites scrutiny over potential misuse, privacy breaches and the erosion of the true essence of their legacies. Addressing these complex issues demands a concerted effort from ethicists, legal scholars, technology experts and cultural commentators. The journey into this uncharted domain highlights the necessity of balancing innovation with respect, advocating for a principled approach to honouring those who have passed. The concept of confining artists to a ‘digital purgatory’, where they exist solely for entertainment devoid of self-determination, emphasizes the urgency of establishing ethical guidelines. This digital afterlife, fraught with the risk of diminishing the soul of artistic works to mere commercial assets, calls for a vigilant approach to safeguard the dignity and volition of artists in the realm of digital legacy.

Social Media Data Privacy Related to Security Awareness and Student Trust Regarding Data on Instagram

Instagram, as one of the most popular social media sites, has brought many new trends. Many people use Instagram to express themselves or share content through photos and videos. While social media data privacy is important, many people still share their daily activities and personal data. This causes a lot of personal information disclosure, which can lead to the potential for crime or misuse of the scattered data, considering that data is crucial today. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine people's social media data privacy and security awareness on Instagram, especially those with a data-related educational background. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods, distributing questionnaires through Google Forms in group chats, personal chats, or questionnaires to respondents directly. The population in this study is made up of students with a computing program background. It also used purposive sampling to determine the number of 153 samples. From the descriptive analysis, it is known that most respondents are aware of the vulnerability of social media data privacy on Instagram. This can be seen from respondents who know what data is used by Instagram, where they also monitor login activity. Respondents also secure their Instagram accounts by not using the same password as other social media accounts. However, in certain cases, some respondents still need to realize this awareness, so education is still needed regarding the importance of social media data privacy, especially on Instagram. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-02-015 Full Text: PDF

Investigating Financial Risk Behavior Prediction Using Deep Learning and Big Data

This paper introduces a sophisticated deep learning model designed to predict high-risk behaviors in financial traders by analyzing vast amounts of transaction data. The model begins with an unsupervised pre-training phase, learning distributed representations that capture complex data relationships autonomously. It then utilizes a deep neural network, enhanced through supervised learning, to classify and predict traders' risk levels effectively. We specifically focus on financial spread trading related to Contracts For Difference (CFD), identifying potential misuse of insider information and assessing the risks it poses to market makers. By distinguishing between high-risk (A-book) and lower-risk (B-book) clients, the model supports strategic hedging decisions, crucial for market stability. Our extensive evaluations confirm the model's robustness and accuracy, highlighting its significant potential for practical implementation in dynamic and speculative financial markets where past trading performance may not predict future outcomes. This advancement not only refines risk management strategies but also contributes broadly to the domain of financial technology.

Discovery and determination of misuse and chemotypes of Pogostemon cablin by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode-array detector.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has garnered significant scientific interest in healthcare but faces increased regulatory scrutiny due to concerns about uncontrolled usage. This study focuses on characterizing Pogostemon cablin (PC) to mitigate potential misuse and identify chemotype differences. Leveraging untargeted metabolomics, we identified 222 distinctive features effectively differentiating PC from Agastache rugosa (AR), reducing misidentification risks. Pogostone and tilianin emerged as potential markers, leading to a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method development for PC and AR discrimination. Evaluation of PC chromatograms revealed notable profile and pogostone level differences among samples, suggesting chemotype associations. Untargeted metabolic profiling identified 78 features with significant differences, highlighting 7,3',4'-tri-O-methyleriodictyol as a potential discriminatory marker between PC chemotypes. The developed HPLC-DAD method quantified pogostone and 7,3',4'-tri-O-methyleriodictyol, effectively discriminating PC chemotypes. This platform differentiates PC and AR and distinguishes chemical types within PC, like pogostone-type and patchoulol-type. Applied to local TCM stores, it ensures PC authenticity. This approach addresses TCM control concerns, enhancing understanding and application of herbal medicine by providing insights into PC chemical composition and discrimination.

AURA-The Privacy Preserving Multifunctional Desktop Voice Assistant

Abstract: The “AURA” is the project which proposes the development of the versatile desktop voice assistant which mainly focuses on the privacy of the user.The convenience of voice interaction has surged in popularity, but concerns about user privacy remain. Conventional cloud-based voice assistants raise anxieties regarding data collection, storage, and potential misuse. This survey paper explores the burgeoning field of privacy-preserving desktop voice assistants powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI). We delve into the core challenges of on-device speech recognition, natural language understanding, and response generation while maintaining user privacy. We conclude by outlining open research questions and future directions for this evolving field, paving the way for the development of secure and user-centric voice interaction experiences on desktops.

CHATGPT: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD IN CYBERSECURITY - EVALUATING RISKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFER AI INTEGRATION

Over the years, natural language processing (NLP) has seen remarkable progress, largely thanks to the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, recent strides in this field can be attributed to the emergence of sophisticated conversational AI systems like ChatGPT. Since its release in November 2022, ChatGPT has captivated millions of users with its impressive features and capabilities. However, there’s a growing concern about its potential misuse by malicious actors. In particular, ChatGPT opens up new avenues for hackers to compromise cybersecurity. This article delves into a comprehensive exploration of how ChatGPT can significantly aid hackers in executing various attacks. The investigation draws from cutting-edge research in this domain. Additionally, we evaluate ChatGPT’s impact on cybersecurity, both positive and negative. The conclusion is clear: ChatGPT has indeed facilitated hacking behaviors and could be exploited for malicious purposes. To mitigate these risks, continuous development and the establishment of appropriate standards are crucial. Policymakers and developers must collaborate, taking into account user concerns and the responsible use of this powerful tool. Ultimately, this research article offers insightful discussions and recommendations to enhance AIbased systems.

BLASPHEMY LEGISLATION IN INDIA: SPOTLIGHT ON PUNJAB'S NEW LAW AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

This article delves into the contentious issue of blasphemy and the specific context of blasphemy laws in India, with a focus on the introduction of such legislation in Punjab, a state in northern India. Blasphemy, defined as the act of showing contempt or disrespect towards religious beliefs or sacred objects, has long been a sensitive subject with implications for religious freedom and social harmony. The article examines the historical and legal background of blasphemy laws in India, highlighting the recent development of Punjab becoming the first state in India to enact its own blasphemy legislation. Through an analysis of the Punjab blasphemy law, the article explores the provisions, controversies, and potential ramifications of such legislation on freedom of expression, religious tolerance, and communal harmony. It also considers the various perspectives surrounding blasphemy laws, including arguments for their necessity in protecting religious sentiments and arguments against them, emphasizing the potential for misuse and stifling of dissent.

Detection and Classification of ChatGPT Generated Contents Using Deep Transformer Models

AI advancements, particularly in neural networks, have brought about groundbreaking tools like text generators and chatbots. While these technologies offer tremendous benefits, they also pose serious risks such as privacy breaches, spread of misinformation, and challenges to academic integrity. Previous efforts to distinguish between human and AI-generated text have been limited, especially with models like ChatGPT. To tackle this, we created a dataset containing both human and ChatGPT-generated text, using it to train and test various machine and deep learning models. Your results, particularly the high F1-score and accuracy achieved by the RoBERTa-based custom deep learning model and Distil BERT, indicate promising progress in this area. By establishing a robust baseline for detecting and classifying AI-generated content, your work contributes significantly to mitigating potential misuse of AI-powered text generation tools.

Benzodiazepine Discharge Prescriptions From Emergency Departments Across the United States Between 2012 and 2019: A National Analysis.

Benzodiazepines are commonly misused medications frequently implicated in overdose deaths. Data show that benzodiazepine prescribing is associated with increased misuse. We sought to determine national trends in benzodiazepine prescribing from the emergency department (ED). This is a retrospective review of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2012 to 2019. Our primary outcome was to evaluate trends in ED visits where a benzodiazepine was prescribed at discharge. Secondarily, we identified commonly prescribed benzodiazepines and assessed trends over time. We examined demographic data and used descriptive statistics and Spearman rho or Pearson correlation coefficient as applicable. Between 2012 and 2019, there were 13,848,578 visits where benzodiazepines were prescribed at ED discharge. In 2012 and 2019, there were 1,407,478 visits (1.1% of all ED visits) and 1,361,372 visits (0.9%), respectively, where benzodiazepines were prescribed (mean [SD], 1,731,072 [287,623] [1.26%]), with no trend ( P = 0.31). Common benzodiazepines prescribed were diazepam (5,980,279 visits, 43.2% of all prescriptions), alprazolam (3,306,549, 23.9%), and clonazepam (2,105,963, 15.2%), with no changes over time. Fifteen percent of prescriptions were for patients 65 years or older. Despite reports of increased misuse, there was no change in ED discharge benzodiazepine prescribing. Concerningly, alprazolam, a benzodiazepine with high misuse potential, was frequently prescribed despite limited ED indications, and there was a large percentage of visits where benzodiazepines were prescribed to older adults despite warnings for adverse effects in this population. Future studies should assess rational prescribing and the role of targeted interventions to curb inappropriate use.